Leadership and Organizational Outcomes

Frontmatter

Conceptual PerspectivesPerspectives on LeadershipLeadership

Abstract

From a historical development perspective, numerous approaches and theories based on these approaches have been developed to explain the nature of leadership. We can state that each approach or theory has brought about a different perspective in terms of the conceptualization of leadership. The trait approach, behavioral approach, situational approach and contemporary approach complement one another chronologically and are all valid in certain ways. The main reason for the intensive research on the concept of leadership and the various approaches and theories is that the results are either directly or indirectly observed in organizations. A leader and his/her behaviors affect the performance of employees, job satisfaction, perceptions of justice, sense of trust toward one another and toward the organization, and—more essentially and generally—the culture and atmosphere that determine the entire dynamic of an organization. In this chapter, the concept of the leadership is explained by associating to organizational outputs. The leadership and organizational outputs are tried to be analyzed theoretically in the axis of some research findings.

Nazım Çoğaltay

Introduction to Meta-Analysis

Abstract

As a means to synthesize the results of multiple studies, the chronological development of the meta-analysis method was in parallel to a variety of definitions in the literature. Meta-analysis can be defined in different ways: as a means of summarizing and combining the quantitative results of research or as a method used to reach the quantitative effect size based on individual studies. Meta-analysis uses many quantitative approaches and calculation formulas when compiling multiple research findings. In this sense, no researcher needs to be an expert in all types and calculation formulas for all types of meta-analysis. However, if the researcher lacks familiarity with at least some of the main concepts of meta-analysis, then the correct results may not be obtained. This chapter aims to explain some of the main concepts of meta-analysis.

Nazım Çoğaltay, Engin Karadağ

The Effect of LeadershipLeadership on Job Satisfaction

Abstract

The effect of leadership on job satisfaction was examined in this meta-analysis study. A total of 602 research studies were collected during the literature review, out of which 318 were included in the meta-analysis. The 318 research studies were compiled to obtain a sample size of 148,501 subjects. The results of the random effect model showed that leadership has a medium-level positive effect on job satisfaction. The moderators identified for the study were leadership style/approach, sample group/sector, publication type and year of publication, of which leadership style/approach and sample group/sector were found to be moderator variables.

Esra Çakmak, Özge Öztekin, Engin Karadağ

The Effect of Leadership Leadership on Organizational Commitment Commitment

Abstract

The effect of leadership on organizational commitment was examined in this meta-analysis study. A total of 420 research studies were collected as a result of the review activity, out of which 202 were included in the meta-analysis. The 202 research studies were compiled to obtain a sample group size of 63,753 subjects. The analysis results of the random effect model showed that leadership has a medium-level positive effect on organizational commitment. Of the moderators identified, such as sample group/sector, type of publication, leadership style/approach, year of publication and type of commitment, it was found that only type of publication was a moderator variable.

Özge Öztekin, Sabiha İşçi, Engin Karadağ

The Effect of Leadership Leadership on Organizational Trust Trust

Abstract

The effect of leadership on organizational trust was examined in this meta-analysis study. A total of 218 research studies were collected as a result of the review activity, out of which 70 were included in the meta-analysis. The 70 research studies were compiled to obtain a sample size of 24,059 subjects. The analysis results of the random effect model showed that leadership has a strong positive effect on organizational trust. The sample group, leadership style/approach, publication type and year of publication were found to be moderator variables in the study.

Fatma Uslu, Erdem Oklay

The Effect of Leadership Leadership on Organizational Citizenship

Abstract

The effect of leadership on organizational citizenship was examined in this meta-analysis study. A total of 74 research studies were collected as a result of a literature review, out of which 55 were included in the meta-analysis. The 55 research studies were compiled to obtain a sample size of 140,395 subjects. The analysis results of the random effect model showed that leadership has a medium-level positive effect on organizational citizenship. In the study of the sample group/sector, year of publication, and leadership style/approach moderators, only year of publication was found to be a moderator variable.

Cemal Öztürk, Yusuf Ay

The Effect of Leadership Leadership on Organizational Culture Culture

Abstract

The effect of leadership on organizational culture was examined in this meta-analysis study. A total of 974 research studies were collected as a result of the review, out of which 48 were included in the meta-analysis. The 48 research studies were compiled to obtain a sample size of 17,092 subjects. The analysis of the random effect model showed that leadership has a medium-level positive effect on organizational culture. Of the moderators sample group/sector type, publication type, leadership style/approach and culture type, only leadership style/approach was found to be a moderator variable.

Mehmet Koçyiğit

The Effect of Leadership Leadership on Organizational Climate Organizational climate

Abstract

The effect of leadership on organizational climate was examined in this meta-analysis study. A total of 270 research studies were collected as a result of the review, out of which 99 were included in the meta-analysis. The 99 research studies were compiled to obtain a sample size of 43,698 subjects. The analysis results of the random effect model showed that leadership has a large positive effect on organizational climate. Of the moderators identified, such as leadership style/approach, climate type, publication type, year of publication and sample group/sector, it was found that only leadership style/approach was a moderator variable.

Sabiha İşçi, Esra Çakmak, Engin Karadağ

The Effect of LeadershipLeadership on Organizational Performance

Abstract

The effect of leadership on organizational performance was examined in this meta-analysis study. A total of 598 research studies were collected as a result of the review, out of which 270 were included in the meta-analysis. The 270 research studies were compiled to obtain a sample group/sector size of 101,232 subjects. The analysis results of the random effect model showed that leadership has a medium-level effect on organizational performance. Of the moderators identified, such as leadership style/approach, sample group/sector, publication type and publication year, it was found that leadership style/approach and publication year were moderator variables.

Şahin Danişman, Şule Betül Tosuntaş, Engin Karadağ

The Effect of Leadership Leadership on Organizational Stress Organizational stress

Abstract

The effect of leadership on organizational stress was examined in this meta-analysis study. A total of 190 research studies were collected as a result of the review, out of which 41 were included in the meta-analysis. The 41 research studies were compiled to obtain a sample group/sector size of 25,650 subjects. The analysis results of the random effect model showed that leadership has a small negative effect on organizational justice. Sample group/sector type, leadership style/approach and the leadership scales used in the research studies were moderator variables of the study, and it was found that publication type and publication year were not moderator variables.

Yusuf Ay, Sevil Orhan

The Effect of Leadership Leadership on Organizational Burnout Organizational burnout

Abstract

The effect of leadership on organizational burnout (OB) was examined in this meta-analysis study. A total of 97 research studies were collected as a result of the review activity, out of which 37 were included in the meta-analysis. The 37 research studies were compiled to obtain a sample size of 17,368 subjects. The analysis results of the random effect model showed that leadership has a small negative effect on OB. Of the moderators identified for the study, such as sample group/sector, leadership style/approach, publication type, publication year, and the leadership and burnout scales used in the research studies, only the leadership scale was found to be a moderator variable.

Erdem Oklay, Fatma Uslu

The Effect of Leadership Leadership on Organizational Health Health

Abstract

The effect of leadership on organizational health was examined in this meta-analysis study. A total of 67 research studies were collected as a result of the review, out of which 6 were included in the meta-analysis. The six research studies were compiled to obtain a sample size of 3,031 subjects. The analysis results of the random effect model showed that leadership has a large positive effect on organizational health. Leadership style, sample group, publication type and publication year were identified as moderator variables for this study, and it was found that leadership style, sample group and year of publication were moderators with a positive effect, whereas the publication type was not found to be moderator.

Sevil Orhan, Şule Betül Tosuntaş

The Effect of Leadership Leadership on Organizational Learning

Abstract

The effect of leadership on organizational learning was examined in this meta-analysis study. A total of 170 research studies were collected as a result of a literature review, out of which 31 were included in the meta-analysis. The 31 research studies were compiled to obtain a sample size of 11,944 subjects. The analysis results of the random effect model showed that leadership has a large effect on organizational learning. In the study, of the moderators publication type, publication year, sample group/sector, leadership style/approach and leadership scale, only leadership style/approach was found to be a moderator variable.

Şule Betül Tosuntaş, Şahin Danişman

The Effect of Leadership Leadership on Conflict Conflict Management Management

Abstract

The effect of leadership on conflict management was examined in this meta-analytic study. A total of 485 research studies were identified as a result of a literature review, out of which 32 were included in the meta-analysis. The 32 research studies were compiled to obtain a sample size of 6,838 subjects. The analytic results of a random effects model showed that leadership has a small-magnitude, significant effect on conflict management. In the study, none of a set of variables, including the sample group, leadership style, publication type or year of publication, was found to be a moderator.

Evren Erzen, Yasir Armağan

The Effect of Leadership Leadership on Organizational Justice Justice

Abstract

The effect of leadership on organizational justice was examined in this meta-analytic study. A total of 141 research studies were compiled as a result of the review activity, out of which 27 were included in the meta-analysis. The 27 research studies were collapsed to obtain a sample size of 16,639 subjects. The analytic results of the random effects model showed that leadership has a medium-magnitude, positive effect on organizational justice. Of the moderators identified, such as the publication type, year of publication, sample group/sector, leadership style/approach, leadership scale and organizational justice scale, it was found that the publication type, leadership style /approach, leadership scale and organizational justice scale were moderating variables.

Yasir Armağan, Evren Erzen

Discussion, Limitations and Suggestions

Abstract

The correlational values obtained from research studies investigating the relationship between leadership and organizational outputs were quantitatively analyzed in this meta-analytic study. To determine the impact magnitudes of 13 organizational outputs of leadership, a sample group with a total of 600,201 subjects was compiled using 1,250 pieces of correlational data. The findings showed that leadership had a small-magnitude, positive effect on conflict management, medium-magnitude, positive effects on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational culture, organizational citizenship and performance and large-magnitude, positive effects on organizational trust, organizational climate, organizational health, organizational learning and organizational justice. In contrast, a small-magnitude, negative effect was found for stress and burnout with regard to the effect of leadership.

Engin Karadağ, Ş. Koza Çiftçi, Fatih Bektaş

Backmatter