Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Materials Science 6/2017

05-12-2016 | Original Paper

Long-range magnetic interaction in Mn\(_{x}\)Ge\(_{1-x}\): structural, spectromicroscopic and magnetic investigations

Authors: Liviu Cristian Tănase, George-Adrian Lungu, Laura Elena Abramiuc, Ioana Cristina Bucur, Nicoleta Georgiana Apostol, Ruxandra Maria Costescu, Cristian-Alexandru Tache, Dan Macovei, Alexey Barinov, Cristian-Mihail Teodorescu

Published in: Journal of Materials Science | Issue 6/2017

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

We report the structural, electronic and magnetic investigation using extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS), photoelectron microscopy, spin-resolved photoemission and magneto-optical Kerr effect on the properties of Mn\(_{x}\)Ge\(_{1-x}\) systems obtained by molecular beam epitaxy deposition of manganese on Ge(001) wafers annealed on temperatures between 50 and 450 \(^{\circ }\)C. Magnetic ordering can be achieved when the substrate temperature is higher than 250 \(^{\circ }\)C, when the manganese tends to diffuse into the Ge matrix and segregate in Mn\(_{5}\)Ge\(_{3}\)-like compounds, as proved by EXAFS. High spatial resolution photoelectron spectroscopy reveals Mn inhomogeneities in the 5–10 \(\upmu \)m range, even though Mn is found mostly in the same chemical state all over the surface.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference Gałazka RR (1979) Magnetic semiconductors. In: Wilson BLH (ed) Physics of semiconductors. Proceedings of the 14th international conference on physics of semiconductors, Institute of Physics, Bristol, pp 133–142 Gałazka RR (1979) Magnetic semiconductors. In: Wilson BLH (ed) Physics of semiconductors. Proceedings of the 14th international conference on physics of semiconductors, Institute of Physics, Bristol, pp 133–142
2.
go back to reference Dietl T (1994) (Diluted) Magnetic semiconductors. In: Moss TS (ed) Handbook of semiconductors, vol 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1251−1342 Dietl T (1994) (Diluted) Magnetic semiconductors. In: Moss TS (ed) Handbook of semiconductors, vol 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1251−1342
5.
go back to reference Furdyna JK, Kossut J (eds) (1988) Diluted magnetic semiconductors In: Willardson RK, Beer AC (eds) Semiconductors andsemimetals, vol 25. Academic Press, San Diego Furdyna JK, Kossut J (eds) (1988) Diluted magnetic semiconductors In: Willardson RK, Beer AC (eds) Semiconductors andsemimetals, vol 25. Academic Press, San Diego
7.
go back to reference Dietl T, Sato K, Fukushima T, Bonanni A, Jamet M, Barski A, Kuroda S, Tanaka M, Hai PN, Katayama-Yoshida H (2015) Spinodal nanodecomposition in semiconductors doped with transition metals. Rev Mod Phys 87:1311–1377. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.87.1311 CrossRef Dietl T, Sato K, Fukushima T, Bonanni A, Jamet M, Barski A, Kuroda S, Tanaka M, Hai PN, Katayama-Yoshida H (2015) Spinodal nanodecomposition in semiconductors doped with transition metals. Rev Mod Phys 87:1311–1377. doi:10.​1103/​RevModPhys.​87.​1311 CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Dietl T, Awschalom DD, Kaminska M, Ohno M, Weber ER (eds) (2008) Spintronics. Semiconductors and semimetals, vol 82. Academic Press, San Diego Dietl T, Awschalom DD, Kaminska M, Ohno M, Weber ER (eds) (2008) Spintronics. Semiconductors and semimetals, vol 82. Academic Press, San Diego
11.
go back to reference Park YD, Hanbicki AT, Erwin SC, Hellberg CS, Sullivan JM, Mattson JE, Ambrose TF, Wilson A, Spanos G, Jonker BT (2002) A group-IV ferromagnetic semiconductor: Mn\(_x\)Ge\(_{1-x}\). Science 295:651–654. doi:10.1126/science.1066348 CrossRef Park YD, Hanbicki AT, Erwin SC, Hellberg CS, Sullivan JM, Mattson JE, Ambrose TF, Wilson A, Spanos G, Jonker BT (2002) A group-IV ferromagnetic semiconductor: Mn\(_x\)Ge\(_{1-x}\). Science 295:651–654. doi:10.​1126/​science.​1066348 CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Kang JS, Kim G, Wi SC, Lee SS, Choi S, Cho S, Han SW, Kim KH, Song HJ, Shin HJ, Sekiyama A, Kasai S, Suga S, Min BI (2005) Spatial chemical inhomogeneity and local electronic structure of Mn-doped Ge ferromagnetic semiconductors. Phys Rev Lett 94:147202:1–147202:4. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.147202 Kang JS, Kim G, Wi SC, Lee SS, Choi S, Cho S, Han SW, Kim KH, Song HJ, Shin HJ, Sekiyama A, Kasai S, Suga S, Min BI (2005) Spatial chemical inhomogeneity and local electronic structure of Mn-doped Ge ferromagnetic semiconductors. Phys Rev Lett 94:147202:1–147202:4. doi:10.​1103/​PhysRevLett.​94.​147202
14.
go back to reference Massalski TB, Okamoto H, Subramanian PR, Kacprzak L (eds) (1990) Binary alloy phase diagrams, vol 2, 2nd edn. American Society for Metals, Ohio Massalski TB, Okamoto H, Subramanian PR, Kacprzak L (eds) (1990) Binary alloy phase diagrams, vol 2, 2nd edn. American Society for Metals, Ohio
16.
go back to reference Jamet M, Barski A, Devillers T, Poydenot V, Dujardin R, Bayle-Guillemaud P, Rothman J, Bellet-Amalric E, Marty A, Cibert J, Mattana J, Tatarenko S (2006) High-Curie-temperature ferromagnetism in self-organized Ge\(_{1-x}\)Mn\(_x\) nanocolumns. Nat Mater 5:653–659. doi:10.1038/nmat1686 CrossRef Jamet M, Barski A, Devillers T, Poydenot V, Dujardin R, Bayle-Guillemaud P, Rothman J, Bellet-Amalric E, Marty A, Cibert J, Mattana J, Tatarenko S (2006) High-Curie-temperature ferromagnetism in self-organized Ge\(_{1-x}\)Mn\(_x\) nanocolumns. Nat Mater 5:653–659. doi:10.​1038/​nmat1686 CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Li AP, Zeng C, van Benthem K, Chisholm MF, Shen J, Nageswara Rao SVS, Dixit SK, Feldman LC, Petukhov AG, Foygel M, Weitering HH (2007) Dopant segregation and giant magnetoresistance in manganese-doped germanium. Phys Rev B 75:201201:1–201201:4. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.75.201201 Li AP, Zeng C, van Benthem K, Chisholm MF, Shen J, Nageswara Rao SVS, Dixit SK, Feldman LC, Petukhov AG, Foygel M, Weitering HH (2007) Dopant segregation and giant magnetoresistance in manganese-doped germanium. Phys Rev B 75:201201:1–201201:4. doi:10.​1103/​PhysRevB.​75.​201201
19.
go back to reference Arras E, Lançon F, Slipukhina I, Prestat E, Rovezzi M, Tardif S, Titov A, Bayle-Guillemaud P, d’Acapito F, Barski A, Favre-Nicolin V, Jamet M, Cibert J, Pochet P (2012) Interface-driven phase separation in multifunctional materials: the case of the ferromagnetic semiconductor GeMn. Phys Rev B 85:115204:1–115204:10. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.85.115204 Arras E, Lançon F, Slipukhina I, Prestat E, Rovezzi M, Tardif S, Titov A, Bayle-Guillemaud P, d’Acapito F, Barski A, Favre-Nicolin V, Jamet M, Cibert J, Pochet P (2012) Interface-driven phase separation in multifunctional materials: the case of the ferromagnetic semiconductor GeMn. Phys Rev B 85:115204:1–115204:10. doi:10.​1103/​PhysRevB.​85.​115204
20.
go back to reference Rovezzi M, Devillers T, Arras E, d’Acapito F, Barski A, Jamet M, Pochet P (2008) Atomic structure of Mn-rich nanocolumns probed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Appl Phys Lett 92:242510:1–242510:3. doi:10.1063/1.2949077 CrossRef Rovezzi M, Devillers T, Arras E, d’Acapito F, Barski A, Jamet M, Pochet P (2008) Atomic structure of Mn-rich nanocolumns probed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Appl Phys Lett 92:242510:1–242510:3. doi:10.​1063/​1.​2949077 CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Lungu GA, Stoflea LE, Tanase LC, Bucur IC, Radutoiu N, Vasiliu F, Mercioniu I, Kuncser V, Teodorescu CM (2014) Room temperature ferromagnetic Mn:Ge(001). Materials 7:106–129. doi:10.3390/ma7010106 CrossRef Lungu GA, Stoflea LE, Tanase LC, Bucur IC, Radutoiu N, Vasiliu F, Mercioniu I, Kuncser V, Teodorescu CM (2014) Room temperature ferromagnetic Mn:Ge(001). Materials 7:106–129. doi:10.​3390/​ma7010106 CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Costescu RM, Gheorghe NG, Husanu MA, Lungu GA, Macovei D, Pintilie I, Teodorescu CM (2012) Epitaxial ferromagnetic samarium and samarium silicide synthesized on Si(001). J Mater Sci 47:7225–7234. doi:10.1007/s10853-012-6672-z CrossRef Costescu RM, Gheorghe NG, Husanu MA, Lungu GA, Macovei D, Pintilie I, Teodorescu CM (2012) Epitaxial ferromagnetic samarium and samarium silicide synthesized on Si(001). J Mater Sci 47:7225–7234. doi:10.​1007/​s10853-012-6672-z CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Lungu GA, Apostol NG, Stoflea LE, Costescu RM, Popescu DG, Teodorescu CM (2013) Room temperature ferromagnetic, anisotropic, germanium rich FeGe(001) alloys. Materials 6:612–625. doi:10.3390/ma6020612 CrossRef Lungu GA, Apostol NG, Stoflea LE, Costescu RM, Popescu DG, Teodorescu CM (2013) Room temperature ferromagnetic, anisotropic, germanium rich FeGe(001) alloys. Materials 6:612–625. doi:10.​3390/​ma6020612 CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Taguchi T, Harada J, Tohji K, Shinoda K (2002) An innovated laboratory XAFS apparatus. Adv X-ray Anal 45:397–401 Taguchi T, Harada J, Tohji K, Shinoda K (2002) An innovated laboratory XAFS apparatus. Adv X-ray Anal 45:397–401
26.
go back to reference Taguchi T, Ozawa T, Yashiro H (2005) REX2000: yet another XAFS analysis package. Phys Scr T115:205–206CrossRef Taguchi T, Ozawa T, Yashiro H (2005) REX2000: yet another XAFS analysis package. Phys Scr T115:205–206CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Dudin P, Lacovig P, Fava C, Nicolini E, Bianco A, Cautero G, Barinov A (2010) Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and imaging with a submicrometre probe at the SPECTROMICROSCOPY-3.2L beamline of Elettra. J Synchrot Radiat 17:445–450. doi:10.1107/S0909049510013993 CrossRef Dudin P, Lacovig P, Fava C, Nicolini E, Bianco A, Cautero G, Barinov A (2010) Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and imaging with a submicrometre probe at the SPECTROMICROSCOPY-3.2L beamline of Elettra. J Synchrot Radiat 17:445–450. doi:10.​1107/​S090904951001399​3 CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Devillers T, Jamet M, Barski A, Poydenot V, Bayle-Guillemaud P, Bellet-Amalric E, Cherifi S, Cibert J (2007) Structure and magnetism of self-organized Ge\(_{1-x}\)Mn\(_x\) nanocolumns on Ge(001). Phys Rev B 76:205306:1–205306:12. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.205306 CrossRef Devillers T, Jamet M, Barski A, Poydenot V, Bayle-Guillemaud P, Bellet-Amalric E, Cherifi S, Cibert J (2007) Structure and magnetism of self-organized Ge\(_{1-x}\)Mn\(_x\) nanocolumns on Ge(001). Phys Rev B 76:205306:1–205306:12. doi:10.​1103/​PhysRevB.​76.​205306 CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Tardif S, Favre-Nicolin V, Lancon F, Arras E, Jamet M, Barski A, Porret C, Bayle-Guillemaud P, Pochet P, Devillers T, Rovezzi M (2010) Strain and correlation of self-organized Ge\(_{1-x}\)Mn\(_x\) nanocolumns embedded in Ge (001). Phys Rev B 82:104101:1–104101:8. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.82.104101 CrossRef Tardif S, Favre-Nicolin V, Lancon F, Arras E, Jamet M, Barski A, Porret C, Bayle-Guillemaud P, Pochet P, Devillers T, Rovezzi M (2010) Strain and correlation of self-organized Ge\(_{1-x}\)Mn\(_x\) nanocolumns embedded in Ge (001). Phys Rev B 82:104101:1–104101:8. doi:10.​1103/​PhysRevB.​82.​104101 CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Tardif S, Cherifi S, Jamet M, Devillers T, Barski A, Schmitz D, Darowski N, Thakur P, Cezar JC, Brookes NB, Mattana R, Cibert J (2010) Exchange bias in GeMn nanocolumns: the role of surface oxidation. Appl Phys Lett 97:062501:1–062501:3. doi:10.1063/1.3476343 CrossRef Tardif S, Cherifi S, Jamet M, Devillers T, Barski A, Schmitz D, Darowski N, Thakur P, Cezar JC, Brookes NB, Mattana R, Cibert J (2010) Exchange bias in GeMn nanocolumns: the role of surface oxidation. Appl Phys Lett 97:062501:1–062501:3. doi:10.​1063/​1.​3476343 CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Li AP, Shen J, Thompson JR, Weitering HH (2005) Ferromagnetic percolation in Mn\(_x\)Ge\(_{1-x}\) dilute magnetic semiconductor. Appl Phys Lett 86:152507:1–152507:3. doi:10.1063/1.1899768 Li AP, Shen J, Thompson JR, Weitering HH (2005) Ferromagnetic percolation in Mn\(_x\)Ge\(_{1-x}\) dilute magnetic semiconductor. Appl Phys Lett 86:152507:1–152507:3. doi:10.​1063/​1.​1899768
34.
go back to reference Li AP, Wendelken JF, Shen J, Feldman LC, Thompson JR, Weitering HH (2005) Magnetism in Mn\(_x\)Ge\(_{1-x}\) semiconductors mediated by impurity band carriers. Phys Rev B 72:195205:1–195205:9. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.195205 Li AP, Wendelken JF, Shen J, Feldman LC, Thompson JR, Weitering HH (2005) Magnetism in Mn\(_x\)Ge\(_{1-x}\) semiconductors mediated by impurity band carriers. Phys Rev B 72:195205:1–195205:9. doi:10.​1103/​PhysRevB.​72.​195205
35.
36.
go back to reference Ottaviano L, Passacantando M, Verna A, Gunnella R, Principi E, Di Cicco A, Impellizzeri G, Priolo F (2006) Direct structural evidences of Mn dilution in Ge. J Appl Phys 100:063528:1–063528:4. doi:10.1063/1.2337388 CrossRef Ottaviano L, Passacantando M, Verna A, Gunnella R, Principi E, Di Cicco A, Impellizzeri G, Priolo F (2006) Direct structural evidences of Mn dilution in Ge. J Appl Phys 100:063528:1–063528:4. doi:10.​1063/​1.​2337388 CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Gunnella R, Morresi L, Pinto N, Di Cicco A, Ottaviano L, Passacantando M, Verna A, Impellizzeri G, Irrera A, d’Acapito F (2010) Localization of the dopant in Ge: Mn diluted magnetic semiconductors by X-ray absorption at the Mn \(K\) edge. J Phys-Condens Mater 22:216006:1–216006:10. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/22/21/216006 CrossRef Gunnella R, Morresi L, Pinto N, Di Cicco A, Ottaviano L, Passacantando M, Verna A, Impellizzeri G, Irrera A, d’Acapito F (2010) Localization of the dopant in Ge: Mn diluted magnetic semiconductors by X-ray absorption at the Mn \(K\) edge. J Phys-Condens Mater 22:216006:1–216006:10. doi:10.​1088/​0953-8984/​22/​21/​216006 CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Enders A, Skomski R, Sellmyer DJ (2009) Design magnetic nanostructures. In Ping Liu J, Fullerton E, Gutfleisch O, Sellmyer D (eds): Nanoscale magnetic materials and applications. Springer, New York, pp. 67–103. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-85600-1_3 Enders A, Skomski R, Sellmyer DJ (2009) Design magnetic nanostructures. In Ping Liu J, Fullerton E, Gutfleisch O, Sellmyer D (eds): Nanoscale magnetic materials and applications. Springer, New York, pp. 67–103. doi: 10.​1007/​978-0-387-85600-1_​3
42.
go back to reference Lebugle A, Axelsson U, Nyholm R, Mårtensson N (1981) Experimental \(L\) and \(M\) core level binding energies for the metals \(^{22}\)Ti to \(^{30}\)Zn. Phys Scr 23:825–827CrossRef Lebugle A, Axelsson U, Nyholm R, Mårtensson N (1981) Experimental \(L\) and \(M\) core level binding energies for the metals \(^{22}\)Ti to \(^{30}\)Zn. Phys Scr 23:825–827CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Eriksson PEJ, Uhrberg RIG (2010) Surface core-level shifts on clean Si(001) and Ge(001) studied with photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Phys Rev B 81:125443:1–125443:6. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.81.125443 Eriksson PEJ, Uhrberg RIG (2010) Surface core-level shifts on clean Si(001) and Ge(001) studied with photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. Phys Rev B 81:125443:1–125443:6. doi:10.​1103/​PhysRevB.​81.​125443
44.
go back to reference Niikura R, Nakatsuji K, Komori F (2011) Local atomic and electronic structure of Au-adsorbed Ge(001) surfaces: scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Phys Rev B 83:035311:1–035311:6. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.83.035311 Niikura R, Nakatsuji K, Komori F (2011) Local atomic and electronic structure of Au-adsorbed Ge(001) surfaces: scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Phys Rev B 83:035311:1–035311:6. doi:10.​1103/​PhysRevB.​83.​035311
Metadata
Title
Long-range magnetic interaction in MnGe: structural, spectromicroscopic and magnetic investigations
Authors
Liviu Cristian Tănase
George-Adrian Lungu
Laura Elena Abramiuc
Ioana Cristina Bucur
Nicoleta Georgiana Apostol
Ruxandra Maria Costescu
Cristian-Alexandru Tache
Dan Macovei
Alexey Barinov
Cristian-Mihail Teodorescu
Publication date
05-12-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Materials Science / Issue 6/2017
Print ISSN: 0022-2461
Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0618-9

Other articles of this Issue 6/2017

Journal of Materials Science 6/2017 Go to the issue

Premium Partners