Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics
Published in: Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 23/2020

04-11-2020 | Review

Performance of OLED under mechanical strain: a review

Authors: Nan Sun, Chengming Jiang, Qikun Li, Dongchen Tan, Sheng Bi, Jinhui Song

Published in: Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics | Issue 23/2020

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

OLEDs with convenient portability, low power consumption, and mechanical flexibility have successfully demonstrated their wide range of applications in display, lighting, and medical devices. With the biological requirement and continuous development of electronic technology, the OLEDs have opened up new possibilities for wearable electronic devices. Plentiful reports have revealed the progress of OLED devices with excellent performance of mechanical strain, involving flexible electrodes, processing technology, and advanced fabrication. In this review, the OLED processing methods are systematically discussed, and the development of flexible electrodes has been focused in terms of mechanical strain. In addition, the OLED performance with flexible electrodes also is described. The review provides a comprehensive understanding of OLEDs that can withstand the mechanical strain and achieve commercial maturity.
previous article Ferroelectric photovoltaic effect and resistive switching behavior modulated by ferroelectric/electrode interface coupling
next article Optical, electrical and electronic properties of SnS thin films deposited by sol gel spin coating technique for photovoltaic applications

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
Literature
1.
C.W. Tang, S.A. VanSlyke, Organic electroluminescent diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 51(12), 913–915 (1987)
2.
G. Gustafsson, Y. Cao, G.M. Treacy et al., Flexible light-emitting-diodes made from soluble conducting polymers. Nature 357(6378), 477–479 (1992)
3.
J. Kido, M. Kimura, K. Nagai, Multilayer white light-emitting organic electroluminescent device. Science 267(5202), 1332–1334 (1995)
4.
S. Tokito. Flexible OLED displays using high-efficiency phosphorescent materials, USA, Research-Areas = Optics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Engineering (provided by Clarivate Analytics) (2005)
5.
Q. Zhang, B. Li, S. Huang et al., Efficient blue organic light-emitting diodes employing thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Nat. Photonics 8(4), 326–332 (2014)
6.
O.E. Kwon, J. Shin, H. Oh et al., A prototype active-matrix OLED using graphene anode for flexible display application. J. Inf. Display 21(1), 1–8 (2019)
7.
D. Zhao, W. Huang, L. Dong, et al. 5.5 inch full screen flexible high-resolution OLED display fabricated by ink jet printing method. In: SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 2019, vol. 50, pp. 945–948
8.
C. Vega-Colado, B. Arredondo, J. Torres et al., An all-organic flexible visible light communication system. Sensors 18(9), 3045 (2018)
9.
W. Li, Y.Q. Li, Y. Shen et al., Releasing the trapped light for efficient silver nanowires-based white flexible organic light-emitting diodes. Adv. Opt. Mater. 7(21), 1900985 (2019)
10.
J.T. Smith, B.A. Katchman, D.E. Kullman et al., Application of Flexible OLED display technology to point-of-care medical diagnostic testing. J. Display Technol. 12(3), 273–280 (2016)
11.
Y. Khan, D. Han, A. Pierre et al., A flexible organic reflectance oximeter array. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115(47), E11015–E11024 (2018)
12.
C. Adachi, S. Tokito, T. Tsutsui et al., Electroluminescence in organic films with three-layer structure. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 27(2), L269–L271 (1988)
13.
R.Q. Ma, R. Hewitt, K. Rajan et al., Flexible active-matrix OLED displays: challenges and progress. J. Soc. Inf. Display 16(1), 169–175 (2008)
14.
O. Prache, Active matrix molecular OLED microdisplays. Displays 22(2), 49–56 (2001)
15.
X. Zhou, M. Pfeiffer, J.S. Huang et al., Low-voltage inverted transparent vacuum deposited organic light-emitting diodes using electrical doping. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(5), 922–924 (2002)
16.
Q. Li, S. Bi, K. Asare-Yeboah et al., High performance vertical resonant photo-effect-transistor with an all-around OLED-gate for ultra-electromagnetic stability. ACS Nano 13(7), 8425–8432 (2019)
17.
S. Bi, Q. Li, Z. He et al., Highly enhanced performance of integrated piezo photo-transistor with dual inverted OLED gate and nanowire array channel. Nano Energy 66, 104101 (2019)
18.
S. Li, S. Wu, Y. Wang et al., Management of excitons for highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes with reduced triplet exciton quenching: synergistic effects of exciplex and quantum well structure. J. Mater. Chem. C 6(2), 342–349 (2018)
19.
K. Asare-Yeboah, Q. Li, C. Jiang et al., High performance and efficiency resonant photo-effect-transistor by near-field nano-strip-controlled organic light emitting diode gate. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11(16), 6526–6534 (2020)
20.
S. Bi, Q. Li, K. Asare-Yeboah et al., Ultra-high-responsivity vertical nanowire-based phototransistor under standing-wave plasmon mode interaction induced by near-field circular OLED. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11(10), 3947–3954 (2020)
21.
S. Kwon, E. Lee, K. Kim et al., Efficient micro-cavity top emission OLED with optimized Mg: Ag ratio cathode. Opt. Express 25(24), 29906 (2017)
22.
S. Jeong, S. Jung, H. Kang et al., Controlling the chromaticity of white organic light-emitting diodes using a microcavity architecture. Adv. Opt. Mater. 8(1), 1901365 (2020)
23.
C. Tang, C. Jiang, S. Bi et al., Photoelectric property modulation by nanoconfinement in the longitude direction of short semiconducting nanorods. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8(17), 11001–11007 (2016)
24.
J. Na, S. Bi, C. Jiang et al., Achieving the hypsochromic electroluminescence of ultraviolet OLED by tuning excitons relaxation. Org. Electron. 82, 105718 (2020)
25.
M.A. Baldo, D.F. O’Brien, M.E. Thompson et al., Excitonic singlet-triplet ratio in a semiconducting organic thin film. Phys. Rev. B 60(20), 14422–14428 (1999)
26.
M.A. Baldo, D.F. O’Brien, Y. You et al., Highly efficient phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devices. Nature 395(6698), 151–154 (1998)
27.
H. Sasabe, J. Kido, Recent progress in phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2013(34), 7653–7663 (2013)
28.
29.
W. Chen, C. Lee, Q. Tong, Blue-emitting organic electrofluorescence materials: progress and prospective. J. Mater. Chem. C 3(42), 10957–10963 (2015)
30.
Y. Im, S.Y. Byun, J.H. Kim et al., Recent progress in high-efficiency blue-light-emitting materials for organic light-emitting diodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(13), 1603007 (2017)
31.
L. Yao, B. Yang, Y. Ma, Progress in next-generation organic electroluminescent materials: material design beyond exciton statistics. Sci. Chin. Chem. 57(3), 335–345 (2014)
32.
T. Nakagawa, S. Ku, K. Wong et al., Electroluminescence based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence generated by a spirobifluorene donor-acceptor structure. Chem. Commun. 48(77), 9580–9582 (2012)
33.
A. Endo, K. Sato, K. Yoshimura et al., Efficient up-conversion of triplet excitons into a singlet state and its application for organic light emitting diodes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(8), 83302 (2011)
34.
H. Uoyama, K. Goushi, K. Shizu et al., Highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes from delayed fluorescence. Nature 492(7428), 234–238 (2012)
35.
T. Huang, W. Jiang, L. Duan, Recent progress in solution processable TADF materials for organic light-emitting diodes. J. Mater. Chem. C 6(21), 5577–5596 (2018)
36.
S. Kim, H. Kwon, S. Lee et al., Low-power flexible organic light-emitting diode display device. Adv. Mater. 23(31), 3511–3516 (2011)
37.
M.A. McCarthy, B. Liu, E.P. Donoghue et al., Low-voltage, low-power, organic light-emitting transistors for active matrix displays. Science 332(6029), 570–573 (2011)
38.
S. Wang, J. Yang, T. Xu et al., Highly efficient and foldable top-emission organic light-emitting diodes based on Ag-nanoparticles modified graphite electrode. Org. Electron. 64, 146–153 (2019)
39.
H. Sim, C. Kim, S. Bok et al., Five-minute synthesis of silver nanowires and their roll-to-roll processing for large-area organic light emitting diodes. Nanoscale 10(25), 12087–12092 (2018)
40.
J. Hast, M. Tuomikoski, R. Suhonen, et al. 18.1: invited paper: roll‐to‐roll manufacturing of printed OLEDs. In: SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 2013, vol. 44(1), pp. 192–195
41.
V. Bulović, P. Tian, P.E. Burrows et al., A surface-emitting vacuum-deposited organic light emitting device. Appl. Phys. Lett. 70(22), 2954 (1997)
42.
E. Lee, Simulation of the thin-film thickness distribution for an OLED thermal evaporation process. Vacuum 83(5), 848–852 (2009)
43.
S. Kim, M. Lee, K. Woo et al., A study on thin film uniformity in a roll-to-roll thermal evaporation system for flexible OLED applications. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 18(8), 1111–1117 (2017)
44.
G. Gu, P.E. Burrows, S. Venkatesh et al., Vacuum-deposited, nonpolymeric flexible organic light-emitting devices. Opt. Lett. 22(3), 172–174 (1997)
45.
M.A. Baldo, V.G. Kozlov, P.E. Burrows et al., Low pressure organic vapor phase deposition of small molecular weight organic light emitting device structures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 71(21), 3033–3035 (1997)
46.
B. Wang, Z. Wang, J. Liang et al., Flash-evaporated small molecule films toward low-cost and flexible organic light-emitting diodes. J. Mater. Chem. C 5(41), 10721–10727 (2017)
47.
J. Wu, M. Agrawal, H.A. Becerril et al., Organic light-emitting diodes on solution-processed graphene transparent electrodes. ACS Nano 4(1), 43–48 (2009)
48.
49.
D. Wang, J. Hauptmann, C. May, OLED manufacturing on flexible substrates towards roll-to-roll. MRS Adv. 4(24), 1367–1375 (2019)
50.
R. Abbel, I. de Vries, A. Langen et al., Toward high volume solution based roll-to-roll processing of OLEDs. J. Mater. Res. 32(12), 2219–2229 (2017)
51.
S.J. Lee, Y. Kim, J.K. Kim et al., A roll-to-roll welding process for planarized silver nanowire electrodes. Nanoscale 6(20), 11828–11834 (2014)
52.
D.H. Lee, J.S. Choi, H. Chae et al., Highly efficient phosphorescent polymer OLEDs fabricated by screen printing. Displays 29(5), 436–439 (2008)
53.
K. Mori, T.L. Ning, M. Ichikawa et al., Organic light-emitting devices patterned by screen-printing. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 39(9AB), L942–L944 (2000)
54.
T. Lee, Y. Choi, S. Nam et al., Color filter patterned by screen printing. Thin Solid Films 516(21), 7875–7880 (2008)
55.
S.C. Chang, J. Liu, J. Bharathan et al., Multicolor organic light-emitting diodes processed by hybrid inkjet printing. Adv. Mater. 11(9), 734–737 (1999)
56.
J. Li, F. Ye, S. Vaziri et al., Efficient inkjet printing of graphene. Adv. Mater. 25(29), 3985–3992 (2013)
57.
Y. Gao, W. Shi, W. Wang et al., Inkjet printing patterns of highly conductive pristine graphene on flexible substrates. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53(43), 16777–16784 (2014)
58.
B.J. de Gans, P.C. Duineveld, U.S. Schubert, Inkjet printing of polymers: state of the art and future developments. Adv. Mater. 16(3), 203–213 (2004)
59.
E.B. Secor, S. Lim, H. Zhang et al., Gravure printing of graphene for large-area flexible electronics. Adv. Mater. 26(26), 4533–4538 (2014)
60.
J. Seong, S. Kim, J. Park et al., Online noncontact thickness measurement of printed conductive silver patterns in Roll-to-Roll gravure printing. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 16(11), 2265–2270 (2015)
61.
C. Cho, W. Hwang, K. Eun et al., Mechanical flexibility of transparent PEDOT:PSS electrodes prepared by gravure printing for flexible organic solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95(12), 3269–3275 (2011)
62.
K. Choi, J. Lee, J. Park et al., Multilayer slot-die coating of large-area organic light-emitting diodes. Org. Electron. 26, 66–74 (2015)
63.
K. Choi, J. Lee, D. Shin et al., Investigation on slot-die coating of hybrid material structure for OLED lightings. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 95, 119–128 (2016)
64.
D. Kim, H. Shin, E. Ko, et al. Roll-to-roll slot-die coating of 400 mm wide, flexible, transparent Ag nanowire films for flexible touch screen panels. Sci. Rep. 6(1), (2016)
65.
J.Y. Seok, M. Yang, A novel blade-jet coating method for achieving ultrathin, uniform film toward all-solution-processed large-area organic light-emitting diodes. Adv Mater. Technol. 1(3), 1600029 (2016)
66.
K. An, J.B. Kim, D.G. Yoon et al., High speed nozzle jet printing for bendable organic light emitting diodes. Flex. Print. Electron. 4(1), 15009 (2019)
67.
Z. Qin, Q. Wang, C. Wang et al., Electrospun Janus nanofibers for white-light emission through efficient spatial isolation to control two-step energy transfer. J. Mater. Chem. C 7(4), 1065–1071 (2019)
68.
69.
D. Cho, O.E. Kwon, Y. Park et al., Flexible integrated OLED substrates prepared by printing and plating process. Org. Electron. 50, 170–176 (2017)
70.
Y. Tsai, A. Chittawanij, L. Hong et al., Multi-solution processes of small molecule for flexible white organic light-emitting diodes. Thin Solid Films 604, 94–101 (2016)
71.
W. Zhao, I.I. Nugay, B. Yalcin et al., Flexible, stretchable, transparent and electrically conductive polymer films via a hybrid electrospinning and solution casting process: in-plane anisotropic conductivity for electro-optical applications. Displays 45, 48–57 (2016)
72.
73.
J. Eccher, W. Zajaczkowski, G.C. Faria et al., Thermal evaporation versus spin-coating: electrical performance in columnar liquid crystal OLEDs. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7(30), 16374–16381 (2015)
74.
K. Tong, X. Liu, F. Zhao et al., Efficient light extraction of organic light-emitting diodes on a fully solution-processed flexible substrate. Adv. Opt. Mater. 5(18), 1700307 (2017)
75.
A. Sugimoto, H. Ochi, S. Fujimura et al., Flexible OLED displays using plastic substrates. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 10(1), 107–114 (2004)
76.
B.J. May, A.T.M.G. Sarwar, R.C. Myers, Nanowire LEDs grown directly on flexible metal foil. Appl. Phys. Lett. 108(14), 141103 (2016)
77.
K. Hong, H.K. Yu, I. Lee et al., Flexible top-emitting organic light emitting diodes with a functional dielectric reflector on a metal foil substrate. RSC Adv. 8(46), 26156–26160 (2018)
78.
J.H. Cheon, J.H. Choi, J.H. Hur et al., Active-matrix OLED on bendable metal foil. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 53(5), 1273–1276 (2006)
79.
S. Garner, D. Chowdhury, S. Lewis, Ultrathin glass substrates for thin, lightweight, flexible OLED lighting. Inf. Display 35, 9–12 (2019)
80.
Y. Sung, R.E. Malay, X. Wen et al., Anti-reflective coating with a conductive indium tin oxide layer on flexible glass substrates. Appl. Opt. 57(9), 2202 (2018)
81.
N. Formica, P. Mantilla-Perez, D.S. Ghosh et al., An indium tin oxide-free polymer solar cell on flexible glass. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7(8), 4541–4548 (2015)
82.
R.E. Triambulo, J. Park, Heat evolution and dissipation in organic light-emitting diodes on flexible polymer substrates. Org. Electron. 28, 123–134 (2016)
83.
H. Xu, D. Luo, M. Li et al., A flexible AMOLED display on the PEN substrate driven by oxide thin-film transistors using anodized aluminium oxide as dielectric. J. Mater. Chem. C 2(7), 1255–1259 (2014)
84.
X. Huang, F. Zhang, Y. Liu et al., Flexible and colorless shape memory polyimide films with high visible light transmittance and high transition temperature. Smart Mater. Struct. 28(5), 55031 (2019)
85.
Y. Lim, O.E. Kwon, S. Kang et al., Built-in haze glass-fabric reinforced siloxane hybrid film for efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(33), 1802944 (2018)
86.
Y. Liu, M. An, Y. Bi et al., Flexible efficient top-emitting organic light-emitting devices on a silk substrate. IEEE Photon. J. 9(5), 1–6 (2017)
87.
J. Tao, R. Wang, H. Yu et al., Highly Transparent, highly thermally stable nanocellulose/polymer hybrid substrates for flexible OLED devices. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12(8), 9701–9709 (2020)
88.
X. Song, S. Yang, X. Liu et al., Transparent and water-resistant composites prepared from acrylic resins ABPE-10 and acetylated nanofibrillated cellulose as flexible organic light-emitting device substrate. Nanomaterials 8(9), 648 (2018)
89.
Y. Yao, J. Tao, J. Zou et al., Light management in plastic–paper hybrid substrate towards high-performance optoelectronics. Energy Environ. Sci. 9(7), 2278–2285 (2016)
90.
P. Lennie, J. Pokorny, V.C. Smith, Luminance. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A Opt. Image Sci. Vis. 10(6), 1283–1293 (1993)
91.
X. Wang, A. Grimoldi, K. Håkansson et al., Anisotropic conductivity of cellulose-PEDOT:PSS composite materials studied with a generic 3D four-point probe tool. Org. Electron. 66, 258–264 (2019)
92.
L. Kinner, E.J.W. List-Kratochvil, T. Dimopoulos, Gentle plasma process for embedded silver-nanowire flexible transparent electrodes on temperature-sensitive polymer substrates. Nanotechnology 31(36), 365303 (2020)
93.
S. Zhang, Z. Gao, W. Wang et al., A natural biopolymer film as a robust protective layer to effectively stabilize lithium-metal anodes. Small 14(31), 1801054 (2018)
94.
C. Hsu, Y. Lin, H. Wu et al., Deposition of silicon-based stacked layers for flexible encapsulation of organic light emitting diodes. Nanomaterials 9(7), 1053 (2019)
95.
L. Lee, K.H. Yoon, J.W. Jung et al., Ultra gas-proof polymer hybrid thin layer. Nano Lett. 18(9), 5461–5466 (2018)
96.
T. Nam, Y.J. Park, H. Lee et al., A composite layer of atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3 and graphene for flexible moisture barrier. Carbon 116, 553–561 (2017)
97.
M.G. Helander, Z.B. Wang, J. Qiu et al., Chlorinated indium tin oxide electrodes with high work function for organic device compatibility. Science 332(6032), 944–947 (2011)
98.
L.V. Kayser, D.J. Lipomi, Stretchable conductive polymers and composites based on PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS. Adv. Mater. 31(10), 1806133 (2019)
99.
A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6(3), 183–191 (2007)
100.
J. Schneider, P. Rohner, D. Thureja et al., Electrohydrodynamic NanoDrip printing of high aspect ratio metal grid transparent electrodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(6), 833–840 (2016)
101.
S. Ye, A.R. Rathmell, Z. Chen et al., Metal nanowire networks: the next generation of transparent conductors. Adv. Mater. 26(39), 6670–6687 (2014)
102.
103.
H.J. Park, J. Kim, J.H. Won et al., Tin-doped indium oxide films for highly flexible transparent conducting electrodes. Thin Solid Films 615, 8–12 (2016)
104.
J.Y. Park, H.J. Park, Optoelectric property and flexibility of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) thin film. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 20(6), 3542–3546 (2020)
105.
D.M. Wirth, L.J. Waldman, M. Petty et al., Communication-polyaniline electrodeposition on flexible ito substrates and the effect of curved electrochemical conditions. J. Electrochem. Soc. 166(13), D635–D637 (2019)
106.
H. Wang, S. Liao, X. Bai et al., Highly flexible indium tin oxide nanofiber transparent electrodes by blow spinning. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8(48), 32661–32666 (2016)
107.
Y. Li, X. Hu, S. Zhou et al., A facile process to produce highly conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films for ITO-free flexible OLED devices. J. Mater. Chem. C 2(5), 916–924 (2014)
108.
M.S. White, M. Kaltenbrunner, E.D. Głowacki et al., Ultrathin, highly flexible and stretchable PLEDs. Nat. Photon. 7(10), 811–816 (2013)
109.
M. Aleksandrova, V. Videkov, R. Ivanova et al., Highly flexible, conductive and transparent PEDOT:PSS/Au/PEDOT:PSS multilayer electrode for optoelectronic devices. Mater. Lett. 174, 204–208 (2016)
110.
L. Zhou, M. Yu, X. Chen et al., Screen-printed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) grids as ITO-free anodes for flexible organic light-emitting diodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(11), 1705955 (2018)
111.
M. Ohsawa, N. Hashimoto, Bending reliability of flexible transparent electrode of gravure offset printed invisible silver-grid laminated with conductive polymer. Microelectron. Reliab. 98, 124–130 (2019)
112.
113.
D. Kim, D. Lee, Y. Lee et al., Work-function engineering of graphene anode by bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide doping for efficient polymer light-emitting diodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(40), 5049–5055 (2013)
114.
H. Shin, W.M. Choi, D. Choi et al., Control of electronic structure of graphene by various dopants and their effects on a nanogenerator. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132(44), 15603–15609 (2010)
115.
T. Wu, C. Yeh, W. Hsiao et al., High-performance organic light-emitting diode with substitutionally boron-doped graphene anode. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(17), 14998–15004 (2017)
116.
S. Jia, H.D. Sun, J.H. Du et al., Graphene oxide/graphene vertical heterostructure electrodes for highly efficient and flexible organic light emitting diodes. Nanoscale 8(20), 10714–10723 (2016)
117.
B. Che, D. Zhou, H. Li et al., A highly bendable transparent electrode for organic electrochromic devices. Org. Electron. 66, 86–93 (2019)
118.
H.D. Yun, J. Kwak, S. Kim et al., High performance all-carbon composite transparent electrodes containing uniform carbon nanotube networks. J. Alloys Compd. 675, 37–45 (2016)
119.
S. Jiang, P.X. Hou, M.L. Chen et al., Ultrahigh-performance transparent conductive films of carbon-welded isolated single-wall carbon nanotubes. Sci. Adv. 4(5), 9264 (2018)
120.
D.S. Ghosh, T.L. Chen, V. Pruneri, High figure-of-merit ultrathin metal transparent electrodes incorporating a conductive grid. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(4), 41109 (2010)
121.
M. Kang, M. Kim, J. Kim et al., Organic solar cells using nanoimprinted transparent metal electrodes. Adv. Mater. 20(23), 4408–4413 (2008)
122.
S.K. Bae, D.C. Choo, H.S. Kang et al., Transparent ultra-thin silver electrodes formed via a maskless evaporation process for applications in flexible organic light-emitting devices. Nano Energy 71, 104649 (2020)
123.
M. Morales-Masis, F. Dauzou, Q. Jeangros et al., An indium-free anode for large-area flexible OLEDs: defect-free transparent conductive zinc tin oxide. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26(3), 384–392 (2016)
124.
J.H. Kwon, Y. Jeon, K.C. Choi, Robust transparent and conductive gas diffusion multibarrier based on Mg- and Al-doped ZnO as indium tin oxide-free electrodes for organic electronics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(38), 32387–32396 (2018)
125.
S. Lee, H. Koo, T. Kim et al., Asymmetric ITO/Ag/ZTO and ZTO/Ag/ITO anodes prepared by roll-to-roll sputtering for flexible organic light-emitting diodes. Surf. Coat. Technol. 343, 115–120 (2018)
126.
H.W. Bae, S.K. Kim, S. Lee et al., Thermally evaporated organic/Ag/organic multilayer transparent conducting electrode for flexible organic light-emitting diodes. Adv. Electron. Mater. 5(10), 1900620 (2019)
127.
D. Kim, Y.C. Han, H.C. Kim et al., Highly transparent and flexible organic light-emitting diodes with structure optimized for anode/cathode multilayer electrodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(46), 7145–7153 (2015)
128.
H. Cheong, R.E. Triambulo, G. Lee et al., Silver nanowire network transparent electrodes with highly enhanced flexibility by welding for application in flexible organic light-emitting diodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6(10), 7846–7855 (2014)
129.
T. Ye, L. Jun, L. Kun et al., Inkjet-printed Ag grid combined with Ag nanowires to form a transparent hybrid electrode for organic electronics. Org. Electron. 41, 179–185 (2017)
130.
S. Jun, Y. Kim, B. Ju et al., Extremely flexible, transparent, and strain-sensitive electroluminescent device based on ZnS:Cu-polyvinyl butyral composite and silver nanowires. Appl. Surf. Sci. 429, 144–150 (2018)
131.
J. Lee, K. An, P. Won et al., A dual-scale metal nanowire network transparent conductor for highly efficient and flexible organic light emitting diodes. Nanoscale 9(5), 1978–1985 (2017)
132.
S. Kim, B. Hwang, Ag nanowire electrode with patterned dry film photoresist insulator for flexible organic light-emitting diode with various designs. Mater. Des. 160, 572–577 (2018)
133.
S. Lee, Y. Cho, D. Kim et al., Enhanced light extraction from mechanically flexible, nanostructured organic light-emitting diodes with plasmonic nanomesh electrodes. Adv. Opt. Mater. 3(9), 1240–1247 (2015)
134.
L. Lian, X. Xi, D. Dong et al., Highly conductive silver nanowire transparent electrode by selective welding for organic light emitting diode. Org. Electron. 60, 9–15 (2018)
135.
136.
B. Wei, X. Wu, L. Lian et al., A highly conductive and smooth AgNW/PEDOT:PSS film treated by hot-pressing as electrode for organic light emitting diode. Org. Electron. 43, 182–188 (2017)
137.
K. Ok, J. Kim, S. Park et al., Ultra-thin and smooth transparent electrode for flexible and leakage-free organic light-emitting diodes. Sci. Rep. 5, 9464 (2015)
138.
139.
S. Shin, H.B. Lee, W. Jin et al., Improving light extraction of flexible OLEDs using a mechanically robust Ag mesh/ITO composite electrode and microlens array. J. Mater. Chem. C 6(20), 5444–5452 (2018)
140.
D. Kim, E. Ko, K. Kim et al., Transparent and flexible Ag nanowire network covered by a thin ITO layer for flexible organic light emitting diodes. ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 5(7), R124–R128 (2016)
141.
R. Niu, M. Jin, J. Cao et al., Self-healing flexible conductive film by repairing defects via flowable liquid metal droplets. Micromachines 10(2), 113 (2019)
142.
Q. Tang, H. Shen, H. Yao et al., Preparation of silver nanowire/AZO composite film as a transparent conductive material. Ceram. Int. 43(1), 1106–1113 (2017)
143.
A.G. Ricciardulli, S. Yang, G.A.H. Wetzelaer et al., Hybrid silver nanowire and graphene-based solution-processed transparent electrode for organic optoelectronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28(14), 1706010 (2018)
144.
D. Lee, H. Lee, Y. Ahn et al., High-performance flexible transparent conductive film based on graphene/AgNW/graphene sandwich structure. Carbon 81, 439–446 (2015)
145.
H. Dong, Z. Wu, Y. Jiang et al., A flexible and thin graphene/silver nanowires/polymer hybrid transparent electrode for optoelectronic devices. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8(45), 31212–31221 (2016)
146.
J. Miao, S. Chen, H. Liu et al., Low-temperature nanowelding ultrathin silver nanowire sandwiched between polydopamine-functionalized graphene and conjugated polymer for highly stable and flexible transparent electrodes. Chem. Eng. J. 345, 260–270 (2018)
147.
Y. Yang, W. Liu, Q. Huang et al., Full solution-processed fabrication of conductive hybrid paper electrodes for organic optoelectronics. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8(8), 3392–3400 (2020)
148.
J.W. Han, B. Jung, D.W. Kim et al., Transparent conductive hybrid thin-films based on copper-mesh/conductive polymer for ITO-Free organic light-emitting diodes. Org. Electron. 73, 13–17 (2019)
149.
T. Sekitani, H. Nakajima, H. Maeda et al., Stretchable active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display using printable elastic conductors. Nat. Mater. 8(6), 494–499 (2009)
150.
151.
152.
P. Shi, W. Wang, D. Liu et al., Structural and electrical properties of flexible ITO/In2O3 thermocouples on PI substrates under tensile stretching. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 1(7), 1105–1111 (2019)
153.
154.
S. Ziaei, Q. Wu, J. Fitch et al., Channel cracking and interfacial delamination of indium tin oxide (ITO) nano-sized films on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates: experiments and modeling. Exp. Mech. 59(5), 703–712 (2019)
155.
S. Won, J. Jang, H. Choi et al., A graphene meta-interface for enhancing the stretchability of brittle oxide layers. Nanoscale 8(9), 4961–4968 (2016)
156.
J.H. Kwon, J. Park, M.K. Lee et al., Low-temperature fabrication of robust, transparent, and flexible thin-film transistors with a nanolaminated insulator. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(18), 15829–15840 (2018)
157.
Y. Chen, Y. Chen, P. Dong et al., Benchmarked photoelectrochemical water splitting by nickel-doped n-type cuprous oxide. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3(2), 1373–1380 (2020)
158.
159.
S.M. Mehdi, M. Akhtar, S.Z. Qamar, Electromechanical response of delaminating polymer thin films on rough elastomeric substrate. J. Elast. Plast. 49(8), 696–705 (2017)
160.
C. Shih, Y. Lin, M. Gao et al., A rapid and green method for the fabrication of conductive hydrogels and their applications in stretchable supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 426, 205–215 (2019)
161.
162.
J.H. Lee, Y.R. Jeong, G. Lee et al., Highly conductive, stretchable, and transparent PEDOT:PSS electrodes fabricated with triblock copolymer additives and acid treatment. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10(33), 28027–28035 (2018)
163.
C. Yeon, G. Kim, J.W. Lim et al., Highly conductive PEDOT:PSS treated by sodium dodecyl sulfate for stretchable fabric heaters. RSC Adv. 7(10), 5888–5897 (2017)
164.
M.Y. Teo, N. Kim, S. Kee et al., Highly Stretchable And Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS/ionic liquid composite transparent electrodes for solution-processed stretchable electronics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9(1), 819–826 (2017)
165.
K.S. Kim, Y. Zhao, H. Jang et al., Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes. Nature 457(7230), 706–710 (2009)
166.
P. Xu, J. Kang, J. Suhr et al., Spatial strain variation of graphene films for stretchable electrodes. Carbon 93, 620–624 (2015)
167.
K. Yong, S. De, E.Y. Hsieh et al., Kirigami-inspired strain-insensitive sensors based on atomically-thin materials. Mater. Today 34, 58–65 (2020)
168.
J. Hong, W. Kim, D. Choi et al., Omnidirectionally stretchable and transparent graphene electrodes. ACS Nano 10(10), 9446–9455 (2016)
169.
N. Liu, A. Chortos, T. Lei et al., Ultratransparent and stretchable graphene electrodes. Sci. Adv. 3(9), e1700159 (2017)
170.
Y.R. Lee, J. Park, Y. Jeong et al., Improved mechanical and electrical properties of carbon nanotube yarns by wet impregnation and multi-ply twisting. Fibers Polym. 19(12), 2478–2482 (2018)
171.
J. Zhuang, X. Jiang, J. Wang et al., Stretchable electrode composed of carbon nanotube-SBS hybrid film and its application on biosensor. J. Electrochem. Soc. 164(14), H1028–H1032 (2017)
172.
173.
Z. Niu, H. Dong, B. Zhu et al., Highly stretchable, integrated supercapacitors based on single-walled carbon nanotube films with continuous reticulate architecture. Adv. Mater. 25(7), 1058–1064 (2013)
174.
Y. Yu, S. Luo, L. Sun et al., Ultra-stretchable conductors based on buckled super-aligned carbon nanotube films. Nanoscale 7(22), 10178–10185 (2015)
175.
Y. Zhang, C.J. Sheehan, J. Zhai et al., Polymer-embedded carbon nanotube ribbons for stretchable conductors. Adv. Mater. 22(28), 3027–3031 (2010)
176.
M.K. Shin, J. Oh, M. Lima et al., Elastomeric conductive composites based on carbon nanotube forests. Adv. Mater. 22(24), 2663 (2010)
177.
D.J. Lipomi, M. Vosgueritchian, B.C. Tee et al., Skin-like pressure and strain sensors based on transparent elastic films of carbon nanotubes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6(12), 788–792 (2011)
178.
Y. Kim, J. Zhu, B. Yeom et al., Stretchable nanoparticle conductors with self-organized conductive pathways. Nature 500(7460), 59–77 (2013)
179.
X. Wang, H. Hu, Y. Shen et al., Stretchable conductors with ultrahigh tensile strain and stable metallic conductance enabled by prestrained polyelectrolyte nanoplatforms. Adv. Mater. 23(27), 3090 (2011)
180.
F. Liang, Y. Chang, C. Kuo et al., A mechanically robust silver nanowire-polydimethylsiloxane electrode based on facile transfer printing techniques for wearable displays. Nanoscale 11(4), 1520–1530 (2019)
181.
H. Fan, K. Li, Q. Li et al., Prepolymerization-assisted fabrication of an ultrathin immobilized layer to realize a semi-embedded wrinkled AgNW network for a smart electrothermal chromatic display and actuator. J. Mater. Chem. C 5(37), 9778–9785 (2017)
182.
H. Liu, B. Pan, G. Liou, Highly transparent AgNW/PDMS stretchable electrodes for elastomeric electrochromic devices. Nanoscale 9(7), 2633–2639 (2017)
183.
184.
H. Jung, H. Go, G. Park et al., Silver nanowire-based stretchable transparent electrode for flexible organic light-emitting diode. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 19(4), 2044–2048 (2019)
185.
Y. Huang, Y. Tian, C. Hang et al., TiO2-coated core–shell ag nanowire networks for robust and washable flexible transparent electrodes. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2(4), 2456–2466 (2019)
186.
R. Yin, S. Yang, Q. Li et al., Flexible conductive Ag nanowire/cellulose nanofibril hybrid nanopaper for strain and temperature sensing applications. Sci. Bull. 65(11), 899–908 (2020)
187.
P. Lee, J. Lee, H. Lee et al., Highly stretchable and highly conductive metal electrode by very long metal nanowire percolation network. Adv. Mater. 24(25), 3326–3332 (2012)
188.
J. Liang, L. Li, K. Tong et al., Silver Nanowire percolation network soldered with graphene oxide at room temperature and its application for fully stretchable polymer light-emitting diodes. ACS Nano 8(2), 1590–1600 (2014)
189.
J. Lee, D. Shin, J. Park, Fabrication of silver nanowire-based stretchable electrodes using spray coating. Thin Solid Films 608, 34–43 (2016)
190.
191.
192.
C.S. Lee, J.E. Yoo, K. Shin et al., Carbon nanotube-silver nanowire composite networks on flexible substrates: high reliability and application for supercapacitor electrodes. Physica (a) 211(12), 2890–2897 (2014)
193.
194.
M. Lee, K. Lee, S. Kim et al., HIGH-performance, transparent, and stretchable electrodes using graphene-metal nanowire hybrid structures. Nano Lett. 13(6), 2814–2821 (2013)
195.
C. Kim, C. Jung, Y. Oh et al., A highly flexible transparent conductive electrode based on nanomaterials. NPG Asia Mater. 9(10), e438 (2017)
196.
Y. Zhu, N. Li, T. Lv et al., Ag-Doped PEDOT:PSS/CNT composites for thin-film all-solid-state supercapacitors with a stretchability of 480%. J. Mater. Chem. A 6(3), 941–947 (2018)
197.
T.Q. Trung, C. Kim, H.B. Lee et al., Toward a stretchable organic light-emitting diode on 3D microstructured elastomeric substrate and transparent hybrid anode. Adv. Mater. Technol. 5(2), 1900995 (2019)
198.
L. Jheng, C. Hsiao, W. Ko et al., Conductive films based on sandwich structures of carbon nanotubes/silver nanowires for stretchable interconnects. Nanotechnology 30(23), 235201 (2019)
199.
200.
201.
C. Jiang, Q. Li, N. Sun et al., A high-performance bionic pressure memory device based on piezo-OLED and piezo-memristor as luminescence-fish neuromorphic tactile system. Nano Energy 77, 105120 (2020)
202.
203.
204.
Y. Jeon, H.R. Choi, K.C. Park et al., Flexible organic light-emitting-diode-based photonic skin for attachable phototherapeutics. J. Soc. Inf. Display 28(4), 324–332 (2020)
205.
A.M. Zamarayeva, A.E. Ostfeld, M. Wang et al., Flexible and stretchable power sources for wearable electronics. Sci. Adv. 3(6), e1602051 (2017)
206.
Z. Zhao, H. Wu, Monolithic integration of flexible lithium-ion battery on a plastic substrate by printing methods. Nano Research 12(10), 2477–2484 (2019)
207.
W.H. Cheong, B. Oh, S. Kim et al., Platform for wireless pressure sensing with built-in battery and instant visualization. Nano Energy 62, 230–238 (2019)
208.
H. Lee, E. Kim, Y. Lee et al., Toward all-day wearable health monitoring: an ultralow-power, reflective organi pulse oximetry sensing patch. Sci. Adv. 4(11), s9530 (2018)
209.
S. Kwon, H. Kim, S. Choi et al., Weavable and highly efficient organic light-emitting fibers for wearable electronics: a scalable, low-temperature process. Nano Lett. 18(1), 347–356 (2017)
210.
M. Dai, X. Xiao, X. Chen et al., A low-power and miniaturized electrocardiograph data collection system with smart textile electrodes for monitoring of cardiac function. Australas. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med. 39(4), 1029–1040 (2016)
211.
C. Murawski, A. Mischok, J. Booth et al., Narrowband organic light-emitting diodes for fluorescence microscopy and calcium imaging. Adv. Mater. 31(42), 1903599 (2019)
Metadata
Title
Performance of OLED under mechanical strain: a review
Authors
Nan Sun
Chengming Jiang
Qikun Li
Dongchen Tan
Sheng Bi
Jinhui Song
Publication date
04-11-2020
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics / Issue 23/2020
Print ISSN: 0957-4522
Electronic ISSN: 1573-482X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04652-5

Other articles of this Issue 23/2020

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 23/2020 Go to the issue

OriginalPaper

Bi-nanoparticle-decorated BiPO4 nanorods with improved photocatalytic activity

OriginalPaper

Improved electrical properties of sputtering Pb1.10(Zr0.52,Ti0.48)O3/Pb1.25(Zr0.52,Ti0.48)O3 multilayer thin films

OriginalPaper

Novel (MnO2/Al) thermite colloid: an opportunity for energetic systems with enhanced performance

OriginalPaper

Green synthesis of blue-fluorescent carbon nanospheres from the pith of tapioca (Manihot esculenta) stem for Fe(III) detection

Review

Structural, electrical properties and complex impedance analysis of Pr0.67Ba0.22Sr0.11Mn1−xTixO3 perovskites

OriginalPaper

Buoyant polymer wrapped BiFeO3 heterostructure as a floatable, visible light-driven photocatalyst for ammonia wastewater treatment