Proceeding of International Conference on Intelligent Communication, Control and Devices

This paper presents a novel One-shot pulse Generator Circuit, which is composed of only one differential voltage current conveyor (DVCC) as the active element. The application circuits utilizing the DVCC are introduced and implemented. Only one DVCC and two resistors and one capacitor are required to construct every circuit. Each circuit is able to provide a pulse-shaped response having changeable width via a positive-edge triggered signal. The first one is a general one-shot pulse generating circuit. The second design can reduce the recovery time after applying triggered signals. Is-Spice is the simulation software to simulate every model. To fabricate the models commercially available ICs (AD844AN) and passive elements are required. Program and experimental outputs satisfy theoretical results.

The research work presented in this paper explores the ways in which, people who are unable to speak, can communicate easily with the people around. The research incorporates a system comprising of a glove-based mechanism, constituting sensors and a controlling system to recognize the hand gestures and movements and communicate accordingly. This research work is significant as there are a number of ways to convey the message, which includes, display on LCD, on a Bluetooth device and as well as via a speaker. This hardware is integrated with a program embedded in a microcontroller chip capable of correctly determining the specified alphabets from the hand positions with the use of flex sensors. With the use of minimum tools and maintaining the efficiency certain alphabets and few common words used in conversations have been implemented, further scope for more with complex glove system.

This is a study of human-level problems vis-a-vis automation in the air Law regulation. The article addresses various legal issues concerning automation in the context of pilot, airport tower managers, design/maintenance management, passenger ticketing, and cargo handling. Case laws and international conventions are discussed along with social paradigm of the more generic position of the entire field of automation and man’s inability to cope with reference to Alvin Toffler’s “Future shock.” The question how much of automation is at balance with comfort levels and the probability of risk avoidance is addressed. Negligence concepts in warranty and torts are still evolving and remain in limbo at international air conventions. Future shock is revisited man’s possible redundancy in the face of automations questioned. The article crescendos to the future of automation and into the Zen of machine takeover and leaves many questions still unanswered.

In this study, the meteorological parameters of weather station of University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, India, has been considered for solar radiation prediction models based on adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) have been proposed considering different inputs on daily basis for the year 2015. There are different metrological variables considered for solar energy prediction. To check the different suitable input parameters and different outputs like global radiation prediction, direct radiation prediction and diffused radiation, three models have been proposed in this paper.

Private browsing is a common feature in modern web browsers to ensure the privacy of the user by disabling the history and other cached information about web browsing. User can browse the Internet after enabling private browsing feature in which no user data will be stored such as browsing history, auto fill data, user credentials, and cookie information. It is important to retrieve residual data related to one’s normal and private browsing sessions available in his computer to prove his role in an offence or incident. This is critical and tricky in any cybercrime or physical crime where a computer is being used by the accused to browse Internet as conviction rates of cybercrimes are less than 10 % due to lack of proper evidences. This project is an analysis for residual artifacts from private browsing sessions in Linux platform using popular web browsers. Analysis result shows the possibility of retrieving evidences in such browsing scenarios and they are purely based on real-world web browsing sessions. Both Static and Live memory analysis are used. The tools and techniques used in this project are widely used and forensically sound.

Voltage collapse is the possible outcome of voltage instability. Voltage collapse occurs when the transmission lines are operating very close to their maximum capacity limits. This paper focuses on the usefulness of two voltage stability indices to find out the weak bus so that the appropriate measures can be taken in advance to avoid voltage collapse. In this paper, WSCC 3 Machine, nine bus test system has been considered and comparison of different voltage stability indices is done to predict voltage collapse.

One of the critical and challenging aspects in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is to optimally manage the limited energy of nodes without degrading the routing efficiency. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient adaptive routing mechanism (EE-ARM) for WSNs which saves energy of nodes by removing the much delayed packets without degrading the real-time routing efficiency of the used routing protocol. It uses the adaptive transmission power algorithm which is based on the attenuation of the wireless link to improve the energy efficiency. Integrated in PATH, the well-known real-time routing protocol based on two-hop neighborhood information, the results show that the proposed routing mechanism perform good in terms of energy consumption per packet (ECPP) and deadline miss ratio (DMR).

Mitigation and analysis of very fast transient over voltages (VFTO) is very important in gas-insulated substations (GIS). In this paper a power transformer rating of 1500 MVA in 1000 kV GIS has been considered and different techniques for mitigation and analysis of VFTOs at the transformer are applied and the same results are analyzed by the application of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) as wavelet transform gives the accurate results. The proposed system has been designed with Mat Lab software platform and the system is simulated to evaluate the peak values of VFTOs generated at the both at transformer and open end of the transformer with and without RC filter, ferrite ring, and a nonocrystilline. The results show that the peak value of VFTOs can be considerably reduced by introducing RC filter ferrite ring and nano crystalline methods. The outcomes are explored to wavelet transform for transient information. By the application of wavelet transform it has concluded that an exact measurement VFTOs can be obtained and is shown in the results.

This paper proposes particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique to optimize the gains of an integral controller for automatic generation control (AGC) of a three unequal area thermal power system. Every control area takes into consideration dynamics of the thermal systems. Load frequency of interconnected multiarea thermal power system is also controlled for obtaining a better steady-state response of system. Further, results of PSO technique are compared with the bacterial-foraging (BF) technique that reveals superior performance of PSO technique over BF technique.

Neurofeedback (NF) or electroencephalography (EEG) biofeedback is a capable of expansion of brain–computer interface (BCI). It uses the fact of training subjects to achieve cortical oscillation modulations which has been facilitated using human–machine interface by making use of computer softwares. Up till now, many reports have focused on efficacy of NF in context of clinical and non clinical applications. In that direction, this work is focused to evaluate the spectral analysis of EEG signals for tomographic NF (a solution to EEG inverse problem). z-Score standardized low resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) NF has been provided to a patient detected with depression. Proposed work observed the increase in alpha, theta/beta ratio and decrease in beta after providing the 16 sessions. It illustrates the fact that tomographic NF could have greater impact on depression.

In this paper, an adaptive routing in Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) is presented using special neighbors on different routes. The routing table of each node is computed and stored in a metric. The path with the minimum cost is selected as the primary routing path among all feasible paths. The Adhoc On—Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing protocol is modified in such a way that only the destination node will respond to a route request which greatly reduces the transmission of control data packets in a network. The performance of modified AODV is evaluated based on metrics such as throughput, packet delivery ratio, and normalized routing overhead.

This chapter presents the discovery and area of deficiency in underground links by wavelet change as it is a standout among the most effective instruments for dissecting nonstationary signs. The wavelet technique is productive and intense to assess issues when they occur in underground links, and it has been broadly utilized as a part of electrical force frameworks. Estimation and determination of the issue in an underground link is critical to clear the shortcoming rapidly and to restore the supply with the least intrusion. The high voltage power link 11 kV, 100 km is demonstrated using a MATLAB® platform. Mexican Hat and coif let wavelet transform are utilized to extract the transient signals and the waveforms are demonstrated. The outcomes demonstrate that the wavelet transform is superior to all other conventional methods.

Low-power flip-flop plays a crucial role in low-power digital system. Flip-flops are the basic unit in the design of digital circuits which consumes a large amount of power in redundant transitions and clocking. In order to achieve power-efficient designs, reducing its power to improve the performance is an important issue in very large scale integration field. In this paper, the comparative study of few existing design techniques of master–slave falling edge triggering of D flip-flops are done. The synchronous nature of clock signal used to activate along with the input data signal in the techniques is used. Among different techniques, push-pull isolation flip-flop provides least transition delay and high performance which improves the overall efficiency. Simulations were performed in cadence virtuoso gpdk 180 nm/1.8 V CMOS technology.

Wrist Pulse Signal (Pulse Diagnosis) has successfully established an influential impact all over the world for promoting health conditions. With the increase in belief of traditional pulse diagnosis method, the need of computer-generated pulse signal waveforms for wrist pulse analysis has become an essential stage. The paper focuses primarily on the traditional feature extraction method for the study and analysis of pulse waveforms by means of virtual instrumentation (VI). The authors presented a first derivative method to obtain various time domain features using VI’s. Digital Signal Processing techniques have been implemented and processed successfully to extract justifiable and valuable features from the wrist pulse waveforms.

There is a tremendous growth in telecommunication networks due to the emergence of various communication techniques. Optical communications have been the major contributors to it. Free space optical communication (FSO) is a technique based on transmission of data by propagating the light in free space. This is an effective technique to transmit the data at high bit rate over short distance with the added advantage of easy and fast installation and high security. Hybrid RF/FSO technique improve the overall reliability of the system. In this paper, aerial application of the RF/FSO system, i.e., airborne Internet which includes the use of optical links in the network of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is given. Different formations of UAV swarms, few methods to combat the problems faced by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and high altitude platform (HAPs) for research work have been discussed. A model is also proposed to improve the reliability of the swarm network.

This paper brings an active fractional order device realization using an Op-amp (LM741) and few passive components. The fractional device model is derived from the rational approximation of fractional-order operator. Here continued fraction expansion is used to obtain the transfer function for the active realization of s±0.5. RC-RC decomposition technique is used to synthesize the transfer function. The verification of the design is done using PSPICE to validate the theoretical as well as ideal result.

It is seen that most of the industrial processes are delayed processes. In this work, a first-order mathematical system with dead time has been obtained from second-order plus dead time system using Skogestad’s half rule for HVAC process. For PID controller designing different tuning techniques have been used. On the basis of the comparison of the set-point tracking of the controller for step response, best tuning technique has been examined for the selected process model.

Free space optical communication (FSO) is a promising technology where optical fiber installation is not feasible. Performance of FSO system is affected by atmospheric attenuation caused by changing weather condition, such as haze, fog, snow, rain, etc., and scintillation induced by atmospheric turbulence. This article demonstrated the performance of coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing FSO (CO-OFDM FSO) system under the atmospheric turbulences and haze weather condition which performs better than traditional direct detection system. System is analyzed for different number of subcarriers under the influence of moderate to strong turbulence by adjusting the value of refractive index structure parameter. There is a degradation of 2–8 dB in SNR from moderate to strong turbulence up to the range of 30 km.

Communication in large area wireless sensor networks that consists of more than 1000 nodes should be reliable in real-time event detection system. All nodes are active and transmit event information to the base station. Due to large number of packet transmission, network gets congested. This causes large number of packet loss. Missing of single packet of information can cause a big event. This paper presents a reliable and fast data transmission protocol for WSN. There are two improvements in this mechanism over previous mechanisms. First is the utilization of packet transmission waiting time and second is adjustment of sending window size according to packet drop ratio. The network capacity is measured according to packet loss ratio. The implementation of proposed technique is done in QualNet 5.0. Results are described in the paper.

Free-space optics (FSO) proved to be a complete replacement of radio frequency (RF) communications in recent years. The performance characteristics of FSO channel is affected by varying climate conditions such as fog, haze, rain, etc. due to their major influence on the laser beam quality propagation through the atmosphere. Attenuation due to fog conditions results in severe effect on the received power. Because of this still FSO has not achieved a mass success in the market. The quality of FSO system is analysed in terms of its signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper, the performance is analysed for different foggy weather conditions like dense, continental, maritime, stable, advection and dense haze using Kim and Kruse models. The density of the fog is governed by liquid water content (LWC) present in the atmosphere. The data rate at an optical wavelength of 1550 nm has also been studied here.

Free space optics has proved out to be an exalted technique for fast and cost-effective information exchange. Proficient in removing bandwidth limitation, it also solves the last mile problem. But as air is used as medium, it suffers from atmospheric effects which limit its achievable link distance. In this paper, a system is proposed to increase the maximum link range under different weather conditions and results have been compared with those of the previously existing system.

A compact multiband antenna is designed using HFSS on FR4 substrate with permittivity of 4.4. The dimension of substrate is 50 × 75 × 1.6 mm3. An M-shaped antenna with symmetrical slots is proposed in this paper. Inset feeding is made to make it simple and compact. Multibands are obtained in S₁₁ versus frequency plots. Lower bands are obtained from 3.7–3.9 to 5.5–5.9 GHz. The higher bands are 9.3–10.3, 11.4–12.7, and 12.9–13.5 GHz. The higher bands are highly useful for X-band and Ku-band radar applications.

In order to conduct health assessment of refinery process piping which undergo extensive corrosion damage, periodic inspections are carried out by refiners. However, such inspection of inaccessible regions is very difficult, time consuming, and labor intensive. Therefore, as a part of aiding such inspections, a robotic carrier is desired to be made that can provide access to inaccessible regions for conducting dimensional measurements as well as carry other handheld inspection tools. The present work aims at development of a prototype of a robotic carrier with a suitable mechanical design as well as electronics.

The increase in smart phone devices has lead to an exponential growth in the number of MUs (mobile user). With increasing number of MUs, the demand for data rate also increases. So, femtocells are deployed in indoor regions to give efficient coverage. Users on entering the system gets randomly connected to one of the femtocell under its coverage. This leads to some femtocell being overloaded and some femtocells remaining underutilized. In this paper, a non-cooperative game is played between the users for deciding among the femtocells under its coverage which gives an optimum performance; without hampering the performance of other users. The critical selection is based on reaching Nash Equilibrium of the game with the help of the utility function. This function is based on two important network parameters path loss and data rate of the femtocell. Simulations shows this approach helps in balancing the overall load of the system.

This paper evaluates four conventional algorithms of determining the compensating current for a PV inverter used for integrating PV array with grid. The algorithms studied are synchronous reference frame (SRF) theory, unit template, instantaneous reactive power (IRP) theory, and conductance Fryze. The system has been modeled and implemented in MATLAB along with Simulink toolbox. Simulation results of the performance of four algorithms are presented and analyzed for control of power flow and harmonics reduction in PV-based grid-connected microgrid system.

In this paper, optical communication system at 10.24 Tb/s using NRZ modulation for 1024 channels with channel spacing of 0.2 nm has been simulated. The performance of the designed dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system has been executed for evaluation in terms of BER, Q-factor, and eye diagrams. It has been observed that signal received at highest distance without dispersion compensation in good quality is 90 km with an average BER of 10−9 in S, C, L, U-bands and up to 1728.3 nm wavelength; moreover Q-factor is above the threshold value for DWDM system to implement an optical communication link. The system with NRZ modulation format shows good performance up to 90 km in all spectral bands designated for optical fiber communication, but at the distance of 120 km communication link is possible in S, C, and L-bands and at 150 km up to 1565 nm, i.e., C-band only.

An artificial neural network model for Binary Distillation Column (BDC) is presented in this work. The recurrent neural networks have been used for the modeling to represent the nonlinear behavior of distillation process. The data for neural network training has been acquired from continuous BDC setup available in laboratory. The available model contains nine trays. The neural network model is composed of two layers. The activation function chosen for the first layer is a hyperbolic tangent sigmoid function, whereas a pure linear function is utilized as activation functions in the second layer. The validation of developed neural network based model has been done by an extensive data set of real-time data acquired from the BDC set up.

This paper proposes a new active simulator of grounded inductance using single voltage differencing voltage transconductance amplifier (VDVTA), one grounded capacitor and one grounded resistance. The presented configuration is electronically controllable, exhibits low nonideal effects and has low values of active and passive sensitivity. The working of the presented active inductor simulator is confirmed by employing it in designing of a voltage mode (VM) band-pass biquad filter. The performance of proposed inductor simulator and band-pass filter is demonstrated by SPICE simulations with TSMC CMOS 0.18 µm process parameters.

The various parameters which are used to measure the generators (which are used in substation) are their input power (in KVA-kilo volt amperes), terminal voltage, current, and power factor. Various methods came into existence in order to measure these parameters and some of them are by the use of Heffron–Phillips model, load model, and so on. But here we are using LabVIEW software as DATA LOGGER which will be helpful to monitor these given parameters more effectively and efficiently. Proteus simulation model is also developed to check its accuracy. In order to monitor these parameters, received data will be again transmitted through virtual serial port at 9600 baud rate and it is being received and displayed in the graphical user interface. This system will be easy to use with the help of this software and further studies can also be conducted so as to make it easier to use in the future years.

This paper provides detailed study of performance parameters of interleaved topology of coupled inductor boost system with induction motor load. This study emphasizes on measurement of harmonic distortions for faults introduced in the system. The faults under consideration are commonly occurring fault in practical established drive system. The simulation results are tabulated.

Today in twenty-first century, we have totally migrated to highly efficient wireless sensor technology as it offers various advantages over the conventional wired technology. An important task of a wireless sensor network is to capture and forward data to the specified destination. This gives rise to a whole new area of research of localization system and technologies. It is highly imperative to out the location from where the data has been collected. Localization is a process of determining the location of sensor nodes with suitable algorithms. Localization of sensor nodes is an intriguing area of research, and many works have been done till date. Today in this fast evolving world, there is a requirement for developing and designing a low-cost and efficient localization technique for WSNs. In this paper, we discuss localization technique based on the RSSI and real-time data acquisition on LabVIEW (i.e., LabVIEW is used as a data logger). Then, received data gets analyzed using LabVIEW.

Stimulated Raman Scattering-(SRS) induced crosstalk is one of the sources of attenuation in optical fiber link. This paper focuses on the impact of modulation index on the SRS-induced crosstalk. The SRS-induced crosstalk has been reported against modulation frequency, optical power, and transmission length at varied modulation indexes. It is observed that there is significant effect of modulation index on the SRS-induced crosstalk. As the modulation index is increased from 0.3 to 0.9, the crosstalk levels are enhanced by 5 dB approx. It is also revealed that, when modulation frequency is increased, the crosstalk is decreased. Crosstalk increases with increasing optical power and minor increase in the crosstalk levels with increasing transmission length.

The research article presents the design and FPGA implementation of 32-point FFT algorithm. DFT has the symmetry and periodicity property, but requires more hardware, delay for the calculations in butterfly structure because twiddle factor is loaded in each stage. Twiddle factor has the real and imaginary parts and utilize inefficient memory. FFT computation requires less number of clock cycles because the periodicity and symmetry property of the twiddle factors in several stages together optimize the memory utilization and storage area due to twiddle factors. In the research article 32-point FFT processor is designed using VHDL programming language. It is based on pipelined architecture and can be used for high-speed applications and modulation techniques like Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing in 4G mobile communication. The design is carried in Xilinx ISE 14.2 and functional checked in Modelsim 10.1 and synthesized on Virtex 5 FPGA.

Free Space Optics (FSO) is gaining huge market due to its numerous advantages as compared to other communication networks. But the main drawback is attenuation caused by weather conditions. In this paper, different configurable arrangements of optical amplifiers in FSO have been analysed to get optimum performance for 2.5 Gbps data rate with 35 dB power level of laser for three rain conditions. The pre-existing system is compared with the proposed system and the results are analysed. It is noticed that the proposed system is more efficient both in performance and cost.

Hybrid vehicles are widely considered as the emerging solutions for green technology in the field of transportation due to their user and eco-friendly interface. Generally speaking the hybrid energy system is prone to multiple types of faults and an intelligent monitoring layer can ensure smooth operation and inform any maintenance issues. In this work, we present an interface which integrates multiple AI and signal processing techniques to control the functioning of hybrid vehicles and detect the different faults interrupting smooth performance in a very short span of time. We demonstrate the thought process, simulation, final software interface, and test results to confirm its effectiveness.

When it comes to security no one can be trusted, there may be situations, when sender’s and receiver’s authentication is required. Digital signature is used to provide the authentication to assure receiver about the message and its sender. Digital signature is an authentication mechanism which generates a unique code with the message, now this attached code (i.e., signature) is responsible for the validation of sender and message. As all know that digital signature provides authentication, message integrity, and non-repudiation services, but does not provide the confidentiality of data as well as signature which is most important during data transfer. This paper proposed a modified digital signature scheme for secure communication. This work includes the concept of public key encryption for secrecy of data. This work will reduce the well-known drawbacks of digital signature scheme. The aim of this technique is to provide the secure communication that includes the security for the data, private key, and digital signature.

In this paper, a control scheme is proposed based on the fuzzy logic for a hybrid wind-battery power system under dynamic wind speed. The control scheme comprises three controllers such as blade pitch angle (BPA) control; voltage control and switching control. BPA control is utilized for constant wind turbine (WT) torque, voltage control maintains the voltage of the wind energy conversion system (WECS) at the reference voltage and switching control is used for switching between WECS and battery systems efficiently. The entire proposed system is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The overall system performance is estimated under dynamic wind speed in terms of WT torque, battery parameters, and duty ratio control of the buck/boost converter. The performance of overall system is found satisfactory under dynamic condition.

Digital text watermarking is a challenging task which attempts to secure all types of digital text content. Specifically implementation of linguistic text watermarking experiences more difficulties because of variation in the appearance of the text information of different natural languages. This paper presents extended work of previously implemented Marathi language text watermarking technique. Here we test for performance analysis of the proposed technique. We further investigate this technique against different possible text watermarking attacks using standard corpus of varying lengths. Our aim is to verify whether the technique predominates the essential properties of typical text watermarking system. The constructive experimental outcomes confirm the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed technique.

Image segmentation is a crucial part of medical imaging technology. Threshold-based image segmentation is very effective for medical images. A good segmentation helps in correct diagnosis. In this paper, entropy-based thresholding is used for automatic segmentation of hypo and hyperpigmented skin disease. Here threshold values are selected based on Shannon and Gini entropy. A comparison study with Otsu and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) method is carried out based on rand index (RI) to prove efficiency of entropy-based thresholding. The rand index value indicates that Gini entropy-based thresholding is the best choice for hypo and hyperpigmented skin diseases segmentation.

In today’s life, road traffic accidents are increasing at alarming rate. Most of the people lost their life due to unavailability of medical services. A device has been developed for any two-wheeler automobile that can send the SMS of the location of the incident as soon as accident occurs. As to make our vehicle safe from theft, anti-theft feature is added to the device. Another feature is added that corresponds to the people who used to forget to park their vehicle. To deal with this problem added third feature to the system can send the location of the vehicle automatically as soon as vehicle is parked. An effective system is developed that deals with these situations with the help of sensors, GPS, GSM and embedded system technology.

The most crucial section in chemical processes based industries is Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). CSTR is the example of non-linear dynamical systems. In order to obtain the desired product, it is necessary to have the proper analysis of CSTR in chemical industries. Temperature is the important parameter which is required to be controlled in exothermic CSTRs. The reason for this is the huge temperature variations. These variations are the cause of side reactions which in turn can result in wrong final product. It is desirable that CSTR operates on the desired temperature. Hence, controlling the temperature of CSTR is of prime concern for any process engineer. This paper presents two controllers (viz., Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID), Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC)) designed to control the temperature of the CSTR and a comparative analysis of both the controllers have been presented. The behaviour of CSTR has been tested in presence of step disturbance and then the control methodologies have been developed to control the temperature.

Remote controlling or wireless communication is emerging technology with innumerable applications. In process industry closing the control loop over the network adds value to the systems but time delay and packet dropout are the two significant constraints while designing the systems. In this paper, the tuning of control valves (actuators) of petroleum pipe line connected to the controller/s through internet is carried out by a method in which uses frequency response of the plant. The performance of the system is compared on the basis of time delay, jitter, and throughput using different protocols as dynamic source routing DSR protocol, ZRP and OLSR protocol. QualNet 5.0 and MATLAB10.0 is used to simulate the above model.

The input to the sugar factory is the sugarcane billets and the output is the crystal sugar. There are many subprocesses with significant multivariable interaction involved within this process which is cane preparation, juice extraction by crushing mill, heating, clarification and filtration, evaporation, and crystallization. In the present paper, the Smith predictor is designed using MATLAB in order to compensate the dead time present in heat exchanger system of the crystallization process and its performance is compared to that of a conventional PI controller with no dead time compensation.

This paper presents the design and performance analysis of AMC (artificial magnetic conductor)-based bowtie-shaped slotted antenna at a solution frequency 1.56 THz for a frequency range of 1.1–1.8 THz. In fact, a metamaterial-inspired structure, which acts as an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC), is used along with ground plane to enhance overall performance of the design. The characteristic parameters like return loss, VSWR, gain, and radiation pattern of proposed design have been presented and analyzed to exhibit the performance of the design proposed. The simulated results demonstrate that the designed antenna exhibits multiband in nature. The maximum gain of 6.14 dB and return loss of −20.14 dB are achieved at 1.56 and 1.4940 THz, respectively. HFSS simulation software is used for simulating the design.

In the present paper, an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) based intelligent diagnosis tool for investigating the health of a typical small aircraft fuel system simulation was proposed. The system was designed for identifying the faults present in the aircraft fuel system and to diagnose those conditions with a proper fuel flow to the engine. The ANFIS intelligent tool works based on the logical rules of an expert system, which are developed as per the engine’s fuel consumption and the fuel flow from the tanks. The inputs to train the ANFIS are the fuel flow at the previous instant and the engine’s fuel consumption and the corresponding target is the fuel tank’s control signals. Training of ANFIS, generates the control signals as per the fuel requirement of the engine and the fuel flow to the tanks. The proposed intelligent controller model was implemented in the platform of MATLAB/Simulink and a comparison with the other techniques allowed the effectiveness of the proposed model.

In India, Electric power system network becomes very complex and Flexible AC transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers are deployed for overall control of system. In this paper, most efficient FACTS controller Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC) is used for studying the dynamic control of reactive power of RES (Renewable Energy Sources)-based hybrid isolated power system (HIPS). The extensive time-domain simulations are carried out in the proposed HIPS test system. This paper presents the reactive power compensation capability and illustrating the other control features of this controller. UPFC has been implemented in test system for dynamic compensation and improving voltage regulation. The present paper describes the analysis of combination of the UPFC, machines, and the network has been done in SIM POWER SYSTEM/MATLAB software.

The objective is to study the usability of microwave remote sensing in the detection of ships and evaluate the potential of SVM in improving the semi-automatic detection accuracy of ships. The research limits use of SAR-Synthetic Aperture Radar (TerraSAR-X High-Resolution Spotlight imagery), ERDAS Imagine, and MATLAB for analysis. EO image interpretation done manually is accurate but is limited by processing cost and time and adverse weather conditions like fog or clouding. While Microwave SAR remote sensing offers cost-effectiveness with better efficiency and flexibility for the identification of ship under all weather conditions. Large amounts of image data generated by SAR systems can quickly overburden a human observer. The paper discusses a robust method of image analysis for visualization and classification of image using SVM (support vector machines) to assess data toward detection of ships and ascertain the accuracy of feature detection in proposed method.

The Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, Code Division Multiple Access (DSSS-CDMA) is the one of the medium access technology in the future mobile communication systems because of its potential and immunity against noise. The CDMA has a unique feature, i.e., spectrum-spreading process which employs a pseudo random noise (PN) sequence. These systems suffer from Multiple Access Interference. The most important issue in spread spectrum approach is near-far effect. Spreading codes plays a very important role in DSSS-CDMA system. In this paper, DSSS-CDMA system is implemented in VHDL for field programmable gate array (FPGA) so as to remove near-far effect for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET). Modelsim Xilinx Edition 10.2 (MXE) tool is used for functional simulation as well as logic verification. For synthesis, Xilinx Synthesis Technology (XST) of Xilinx ISE tool 14.2 is used for transmitter and receiver on Virtex 5 FPGA.

There are several ways for human computer interaction in the modern era of electronics. In the present day, computers motion recognition is used very efficiently for playing games. The work done in this paper presents a simple and low-cost device for the movement of cursor on computer screen or to rotate the three-dimensional images. For the movement of cursor the data of accelerometer sensor (according to hand movement) is fed to the controller unit and after processing it is sent serially to the computer through RS 232 protocol. The developed device is used for all applications as accomplished with mouse. The proposed device senses the end user action with the help of accelerometer and push buttons. The air mouse is comfortable to wear, and does not considerably obstruct entering. It functions completely as serial mouse available in the market, and even has the feature of scrolling as the conventional mouse. This innovative approach improves the end user’s experience with day-to-day task and playing games in computer.

In this study, a novel approach for continuous pain intensity estimation based on facial feature deformations is presented. The proposed approach is based on the fact that the shape and appearance of facial features get deformed due to pain. The shape deformation caused due to pain is computed using Thin Plate Spline (TPS). The non-rigid parameters are used as representative of facial feature deformations and affine transformation parameters are ignored. The deformation of appearance features is extracted using local binary pattern features. The shape and appearance features are fed to relevance vector regression separately and jointly for pain intensity estimation. The pain intensity estimation is carried directly (by estimating the pain intensity from facial feature deformation) and indirectly by first estimating the Action Unit intensity and then computing the pain intensity. For assessment of the proposed approach, we have selected the popularly accepted UNBC-McMaster Shoulder Pain Expression Archive Database. Experimental results ensure the efficacy of the proposed approach for pain intensity estimation.

Forest fires in recent years have been devastating both for natural ecosystem, biodiversity and forest economy. With increasing population pressure and change in global climate scenario, there is an increase in percentage of forest fires that are a major cause of declining Indian forests. According to forest survey report of India, 50 % of forest areas in country are fire prone (ranging from 50 to 90 % in some states of country). About 6 % of the forests are prone to severe fire damages. The designed system and research paper aims to identify forest fire in the initial stage. This system will monitor each tree and will give respective data to the control room. The hardware will be equipped with node, head and main server having application like exact location identifier (GSM Modem), fire detectors and RF system for data transferring and devices which will be helpful in forest surveillance.

The need to develop an alternative source of energy is increasing day by day. The fashion of youth going to the disco and clubs is also increasing. How is it if we make power generating dance floors and use it for a life time period to run the equipments of disco or night club using a piezoelectric crystal which is an alternate source of energy? It would also decrease the load of an area where the club is located and also there is saving of electricity without any pollution. Here we have shown how the power can be generated in a club using piezoelectric crystals.

This paper presents a successful designing of microstrip patch antenna at the center frequency of 5.9 GHz with cylindrical metallic PINs structure in between two dielectric materials. The bandwidth is increased by inserting cylindrical PINs structure and using the capacitive coupled coplanar strip feed. The PINs are made by copper wire. The bandwidth of prototype is approximately 3.25 GHz. Prototype structure is on a RT/Duroid substrate, with the dielectric constant of 3.0, thickness of the substrate is 1.56 mm, and the feeding is provided by capacitive coupled feeding patch of the dimensions of 3.7 mm × 1.2 mm. The structure has then been modeled and simulated using Ansoft HFSS.

In this paper, first a new Analog Building Block (ABB) viz. the Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNFET)-based voltage-controlled current conveyor (VCCC) is presented. Thereafter, a voltage-mode resistor-less quadrature oscillator is proposed which employs three CNFET-based VCCCs and three capacitors. The proposed Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) can provide two sinusoidal quadrature voltage outputs. The bias voltage of VCCC can be adjusted to electronically control the frequency of oscillation and condition of oscillation of the Quadrature Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (QVCO). VCOs find applications in Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs) and receivers for amplitude modulation systems. The VCO output can also be used to generate a clock signal for a digital system. Results of HSPICE simulations using 32 nm CNFET parameters at ±0.75 V biasing voltages show good agreement to theoretical assumptions. The THD performance of the proposed quadrature VCO was found to be excellent with the distortion values lying well below 3 % for both the voltage outputs.

Vedic mathematics is an illustration of 16 mathematical sutras which were introduced by Sri Bharti Krishna Tirthaji. Vedic mathematics defines the distinctive methods of calculation on the basis of 16 sutras. This paper proposes the design of a 2-bit multiplier for multiplying two quadratic equations using Vedic Technique ‘Urdhva Tiryakbhyam’. This paper presents implementation and simulation of Vedic multiplier circuit using Cadence Virtuoso on 180 nm process technology and this is CMOS logic designing. Further, the power consumption of the proposed circuit is also being observed.

Three-phase induction motors which are designed for rated voltages but operating under the rated voltages particular in the rural areas increases stator and copper losses which leads to reduction in efficiency, temperature rise, and shorter life time of the machine. Far from the utility centers the voltage profile in most of the distribution networks is poor due to reactive power demand. This paper describe a consideration in design of a three-phase induction motor which can give desirable performance under the rated voltages even when operating without any protection system. The objective of this paper is to improve the design of the induction motors to get its rated performances which are designed for the rated voltage, but generally operating under the rated voltages.

The present analysis is based upon evaluation and optimization of the structural behavior of wings used in airplanes, as given by advanced material and transport aircraft structure. The main goal is to reduce mass and volume cum the stress and deformation in the plane geometry. The main focus of the analysis is on the factor of safety or level of safety, which is optimized to remain constant for both standard and new model. The analysis of the wing is kept organized only as far as structural and stress analysis is concerned. The aerodynamics analysis can be done for this geometry.

This paper proposes a new current-mode universal filter utilizing third-generation current conveyor (CCIII) and an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) as an active device. This current-mode filter requires a minimum and all grounded passive elements. Only one grounded resistor and two grounded capacitors are required to get all the five, i.e., low pass, high pass, band pass, band reject, and all pass responses, without changing any hardware configuration. The current input is at low impedance port and current output is at high impedance port which makes this circuit a better composition. PSPICE simulation has been done to test and verify the theoretical and simulated results.

CMOS operational amplifier is now an integral part of analog and mixed mode designs. In this article, CMOS op-amp with 30 MHz bandwidth is designed. This configuration of op-amps finds huge application in active filters. The op-amp showed the unity gain bandwidth of about 30 MHz and DC gain of about 56.94 dB and slew rate of about 29.9 V/µs. This circuit is designed using Cadence virtuoso environment gpdk 045 nm CMOS technology.

In the present work, intelligent approach is presented for the placement of distributed generation (DG) unit in order to relieve congestion in transmission lines. Loss flow index is employed to find the optimal locations for the incorporation of DG unit to the existing network. The index presented in this work is based on mathematical form of real power losses which is drawn from conventional power flow solution. The proposed method of obtaining optimal placement is applied on IEEE 30 bus system, and obtained results are compared with respect to DGs. The suboptimal places are also determined in view of geographical suitability of the DG installation with respect to the optimal location. Results conveyed that the approach of optimal placement is good enough in comparison to other approaches presented in the past literature.

The Android-based robot can be used for applications such as spy bots, it can also be used for supplying medicines to the patients. This Android-based robot which is driven by the “to and fro” movement of Android phone can also distribute medicines to the suffering patients. The robot is connected to the Android phone through Bluetooth module. In this research, a wireless robot is designed by using serial communication and Bluetooth process for wireless transmission of data and an Android mobile. A Bluetooth module has been interfaced with CPLD device and connected with Android operating system-based mobile. By using this mobile APP transmission of data to CPLD is done and it will receive data by using Bluetooth module and according to the requirement the robot will work. This application in mobile will transmit ASCII of the characters—“W,” “A,” “S,” and “D” to the robot. The robot will receive these characters using Bluetooth module and it will perform the operations—“Forward,” “Backward,” “Left,” and “Right.”

Integration of renewable energy resources is a good solution for electrifying the remote unelectrified villages. In this paper, optimal and economical combination of renewable energy resources has been done using Homer software for the electrification of remote village, Kadura in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The renewable energy resources that we have considered in our case are hydro, solar, and wind. First the commercial, domestic, industrial, agricultural, and irrigation load demand have been estimated of this particular area. The optimized combination provided cost-effective and reliable electricity to this remote unelectrified village. The paper also explains sensitive analysis of external disturbances like climatic changes or technical snags that would affect the overall optimal combination. The combination provided by integrating renewable energy resources is environment friendly which is the most challenging task for modern power sector.

In this paper, the emphasis has been the application of Internet of the things (IoT) system on an urban (Dehradun) prospective, that is a broader category which has been subdivided into specific application domain. Urban IoT’s are planned to support modern smart cities. The prime objective behind IoT-based smart cities is to harness the advanced communication technologies to support the value-added services of city administration for the citizen. This paper provides a proposed in-depth suitable technologies, protocol, and network architecture for Dehradun city.

This paper presents a Linear Quadratic Regulator Controller design for Temperature Control of an Electric Furnace System using MATLAB. Also, Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Controller is designed for control of an Electric Furnace. The three PID parameters K_p, K_i, and K_d are obtained using two tuning methods, Ziegler Nicholas and Tyreus Luyben. Performance of the system using LQR and PID (using Ziegler Nicholas and Tyreus Luyben) control techniques for an Electric Furnace Temperature System is compared by analyzing the Time Response of the system. The result of simulation shows that LQR technique gives better performance for the given system.

Safety is of utmost importance in any nuclear power plant, as even minor accidents may pose huge danger due to radiation leakage. The paper highlights the need of radiation leakage monitoring for nuclear power plant. Whenever radioactive radiations would increase beyond the safety level, alarms would indicate it. Thus, it will help to take safety measures before leading to serious problems. The system comprises of radiation sensor, fire sensors, and temperature sensors to detect any possibility of leakage and fire. XBee is used as communication media for the system. All the information is collected at a control room and analyzed through LabVIEW.

This paper presents a successful designing of the theremoelectric refrigerator system based on Peltier effect at very low cost. In this system semiconductor-based electronic components are used which is the function of small heat pumps. On giving a low DC voltage (4 V) to the thermoelectric module system, heat moves through the module from one side to the other. One side of the module is therefore cooled, while the other side simultaneously heats up. The module can sink the heat from one side. The system is very useful for medicine which required the constant temperature such as insulin for diabetic patients.

Geyser which is a pressurized hot water container utilized in household causes the high power consumption and at the same time degrading the efficiency of the heating element due to heat loses, i.e., overheating of the element. This paper presents the smart geyser which operates in two modes (i) Autonomous Mode (ii) User Mode. A temperature sensor probe is used as a control switch which is used to regulate the water temperature of geyser by adjusting the heating duration of the element. The study reveals the control topologies used to reduce the power consumption and to increases the efficiency of the geyser. The system consists of Atmega16 microcontroller which determines the hot water profile through temperature probe in Autonomous Mode and in User Mode the controller regulates the temperature of geyser as per the demand profile developed by user. From the result it is apparent that by controlling the temperature of the geyser, the heat loses in the Geyser element and saving of electricity power consumption can be made.

The two-link inverted pendulum on cart (TLIPOC) is a widely known system having underactuation property. TLIPOC is a highly unstable and nonlinear system. The modelling of TLIPOC is obtained using Euler–Lagrangian approach. In this paper use of optimal control minimizing a quadratic cost functional is discussed. The aim of the paper is to stabilize the TLIPOC using linear quadratic regulator (LQR) technique. MATLAB simulations are used to show the efficiency and feasibility of proposed approach.

This paper presents a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based optimized switching scheme for seven-level cascaded hybrid bridge (CHB) inverter, which results in minimized total harmonic distortions (THD) in the output waveform. A set of transcendental equations characterizing the inverter’s output waveform is solved by PSO. With aid of PSO, optimized three switching angles for seven-level inverter have been calculated. The proposed technique is validated in MATLAB simulink by designing a three-phase CHB inverter for seven-level. The results obtained through simulations show the minimized harmonics in the inverter’s output waveform.

Abnormal conditions occur in the power system. The intelligent techniques can be applied to know about the fault nature. The identification of fault in the power system is very important for the safeguard of the equipments from the abnormal conditions which arises due to fault. When the faults are identified, then the classification of the fault and after clearing the fault for studying the stability in the system is paramount. For the identification and classification, the use of intelligent techniques in which identification through wavelet transform and classification through ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System) is proposed in this paper. Wavelet transform identifies the fault in terms of energy and classification of fault by the ANFIS as well as fuzzy inference system which display the type of fault. The fault identifications are based on the fault current which is more dominant for line faults.

Brain-computer interface (BCI) system is the direct interaction between the human brain and the external electronic devices like robotic arms, electronic wheel chair, etc., through desired mental tasks which enable the different amplitude of brainwaves inferring to humans’ different mental activities. It uses the electrical activity of brain caused by the communication between the two neurons. The neurons communicate with each other in the form of electrical impulses which generate low amplitude and low frequency electromagnetic wave termed as electroencephalogram (EEG), In the past years, different Paradigms have been used to design BCI like Motor imaginary, P300, SSVEP, etc. The objective of this paper is to estimate the power spectral density (PSD) of the SSVEP signal (Steady-state Visual evoke Potential) from recoded EEG Data using AR Model approach.

A robust market-clearing price (MCP) forecasting tool is needed for efficient and profitable power market execution. The work predicts MCPs for the months of April, May, and June using artificial neural networks (ANNs). A very large ANN with varying input data may lead to poor prediction in comparison with smaller ANN with similar input data due to its highly sensitive characteristic. Grouping of similar data accelerates the learning process of ANNs along with more accurate and efficient prediction result. In this paper, input data set is arranged into homogeneous groups of hours with similarity in prices, based on correlation matrix and peak, off-peak values of prices. Mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs) are evaluated to find out the best grouping technique and forecasting model for Indian Electricity Markets. MAPE results are shown for the best two consecutive days and the whole month to demonstrate the effectiveness of grouping techniques.

The outage performance of dual-hop multi-relay decode-and-forward system for generalized ($$ \eta $$η-$$ \mu $$μ) fading channels is analyzed with the help of outage capacity. The channels between source to destination, direct or through relays are assumed to be generalized ($$ \eta $$η-$$ \mu $$μ) fading channels. This derived expression of outage capacity is for the considered system model. This paper contributes an exact formula for outage capacity for dual-hop multiple-relay generalized fading channels. Derived formulation is in infinite series form nevertheless the series converges promptly and therefore can be precisely approximated by considering finite number of terms. Examples are presented for dissimilar values of parameters $$ \eta $$η and $$ \mu $$μ. The derived expression is upheld by simulation.

The main aim of the paper is to use the robust-based control design technique keeping the entire structured uncertainty model. Here mass spring system has been taken which is having numerous applications in real life. In Robust Control system, mainly sensitivity and disturbances are considered for the design of the system. Matlab software has been used for the frequency response analysis for calculating sensitivity and complementary function. Also the Bode and Nyquist plot has been obtained for the analysis of uncertain system.

The research article proposed the 3D mesh topological network on chip (NoC) and its hardware chip implementation. 3D NoC improves the performance of on-chip communication network because the connection of the switches and their length to connecting links is shorter and the data can be switched across the on-chip communication network with the help of less number of switches. The cluster size of the designed 3D mesh NoC is chosen as 4 × 4 × 4. The addressing scheme and intercommunication among nodes is verified in the scalable design. The proposed 3D mesh NoC is designed with the help of VHDL programming language, simulated in ModelSim 10.1 and synthesized in Xilinx ISE 14.2 as software tools. The communication is realized based on look ahead XYZ routing algorithm. The targeted FPGA is Virtex-5 and hardware and timing parameters are also analyzed in the same design.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) systems are extremely sensitive to changes in environmental variables. Correct design and control of the system’s parameters are essential to maximize process efficiency, increase stability, and prevent system failure. Automation systems can both raise plant availability and help meet the transparency requirements of the process. A fully automated continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) of 40 m3 capacity was designed for jatropha waste and installed at University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun (India). This is first fully automated digestor at pilot scale which can be monitored by remote sensing all over the country. Parameters (pH, temp, feeding rate, energy consumption) were attained from a CSTR plant online by using remote monitoring system. Pilot scale CSTR was operated using cow dung:jatropha de-oiled cake (CD:JDOC) in a optimized ratio of 1:3. The reactor was run continuously for 120 days. Average biogas produced per day was 25 m3 per day.

The efficient mapping of numerical problems over parallel architectures is a desirable and challenging task. Bi-Swapped Networks (BSN) is a new class of network architecture related to the family of Swapped or Optical Transpose Interconnection System (OTIS) Networks. The architectural advancement of BSN ensures vertex symmetry and thus improves algorithmic efficiency. Further, it ensures regularity, modularity, scalability, robustness of the network. In the present article, parallel implementation of Lagrange’s interpolation over BSN-Mesh is performed. The architectural properties of BSN make it a desirable network for the efficient parallel mapping over it. The parallel algorithm for LaGrange’s interpolation is designed over BSN-Mesh and then analyzed accordingly. The proposed parallel algorithm claims to map LaGrange’s interpolation over BSN-Mesh in 12(n−1) electronic and five optical moves.

Microstrip antenna suffers from narrow bandwidth. The bandwidth would be enhanced by use of slot. Different sizes and shapes of slots on the patch are of great interest for obtaining optimum results in antenna design. A suitable dimension of the patch along with the position and dimension of the slot is critical in the broadening effect of the antenna. Present study proposed the method of a broadband microstrip patch antenna using slot. The slot used on the patch’s surface affects the radiation characteristics of microstrip patch antenna. This study also presents the choice of size and position of the slot for the broadband antenna. The simulations are conducted using HFSS and ADS, and results of the simulation studies are discussed in this paper.

The paper reports effective real-time implementation for specific object detection in an image or sequence of images. For the present work, car key has been taken as an object under consideration. The classifier is developed using OpenCV-Python. The procedure encompasses training and detection. A wide variety of object images are used for training purpose. The developed xml classifier is then tested on separate test images. The classifier has a good success rate with minimal false object detection rate.

Wireless Sensor is one of the important communication device through which data can be collected and transmitted from any type of terrain. The collection of sensors constitutes a network that is a self-organized autonomous network which is called Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). A number of security challenges are addressed in WSN and one of the security issues is worms or virus attack. To study the attack and analysis of the spread and control of worms, the epidemic mathematical model becomes an important tool. We propose Susceptible (S), Infective (I), Treated (T), Highly infected (H), Recovered (R), SITHR model to describe the nonlinear dynamics of model. In this model, we propose that some infected individuals should move from treated phase to infected phase even after the use of a protection mechanism. The universal dynamics of the transmission of the worms can be analyzed by mathematical model and spreading behavior of a worm in WSN can be determined by the value R₀ basic reproduction number.

Nowadays the building energy management systems (BEMS) or implementing control automation in buildings is very significant and well known, because they can play an important role in regular energy management and therefore these type of system can achieve the possible both cost and energy savings. The key driver of the building automation market is focused upon better facilitation to the user in terms of comfort at reduced operation cost. Energy efficiency improvement will also contribute to environmental protection. Therefore, there have been regulations and rating systems made that mandates the requirement of energy monitoring and control in a building. For example, the above mentioned building utilities and equipment’s control and automation plays an integral role in achieving the green building rating points from certifying authorities such as GRIHA and IGBC. The proposed system includes the control of various active systems such as lighting including artificial lighting (On/Off and dimming control) and day lighting (motorized blinds or shutters), air conditioners and safety features like fire alarm and gas alarm. In future the existing idea can be implemented for the whole building, i.e., various rooms or areas, and then all of them can be integrated on a common platform for monitoring and control of different energy consuming equipment. Also, it can be further extended to the integration of different building systems in a particular area on a single platform.

The paper presents an optimized FLC using GA for AGC of a two-area non-reheat thermal system. The design of the FLC is carried out by automatically tuning the parameters of membership functions of the FLC using GA by minimizing the integral time absolute error (ITAE) based fitness function. The effectiveness of GAFLC is shown over GA-tuned PI controller (GAPI) for the same model.

This paper describes the implementation of a 16-bit Vedic multiplier enhanced in terms of propagation delay when compared with array multiplier and Vedic multiplier using ripple carry adder. In our design, we have utilized ripple carry adder, 4-bit novel adder, 3:2 Compressor. The propagation delay comparison was extracted from the synthesis report and static timing report as well as circuits have to be designed and simulated using DSCH3.1 and the results are to be compared with different technologies.

In this paper, mutlimodal approach has been used for segmenting Tumor core in MRI images using T1-Contrast enhanced, T2-weighted, and FLAIR imaging modalities. Segmentation techniques working on single modality fails to segment brain tumor where the contrast in MR images is low or when sufficient disparity is not present in the intensity of tumor and background region. The proposed method overcome above stated problems by fusing the images of three modalities to form one image. The entire process is divided into five stages: Image Acquisition, Preprocessing, Segmentation, Tumor Extraction, and Evaluation. Two separate segmentation algorithms, Fuzzy C Means and K Means have been used. The results were evaluated using manually segmented Ground Truth. The average Dice accuracy for 18 real tumors (including 12 high grade Glioma and 06 low grade Glioma) is 86 % using Fuzzy C Means as well as K Means. Hence, the proposed method is highly efficient in segmenting tumor core.

Power demand of the country is mostly met through conventional plant which generates bulk amount of power centrally. Power generation using photovoltaic (PV) technology is very promising in terms of power generation ranging from kWs to MWs and helps to great extent increasing the installed capacity and can help electric utility companies in meeting increasing load demand along with minimizing distribution losses. The concept of grid-connected solar PV system is mounted on vacant unutilized area of commercial buildings; small-scale industry rooftops are likely to add to generation capacity and thus meet renewables portfolio standard targets of utility. This paper analyzes and designs a PV array and defines inverter sizes for a grid-connected PV system. The proposed site selected is Zirakpur (Punjab) with latitude 30.40° N and longitude 76.50° E. Various inputs like peak power, module voltage, global irradiance and tilt angle are given, and a detailed report on the losses of PV array as well as the inverter are obtained using software PVsyst.

Fault analysis is the main concern for the system configuration and design. Three-phase analysis is required as for the industrial function so that the current signature analysis is performed in the three phase. As ZSI was introduced for the boost and buck operation in the same circuitry. The input cannot change but the output can be modified according to requirement using the passive components. The aim of this inverter is to efficiently transform a DC power source to a high-voltage AC using the two port setup.

In recent years, multiband filters have been acquiring more interest in modern wireless communication systems. Here a novel quadband filter design is proposed to produce four passbands with good skirt selectivity. First, second, and fourth passbands are generated due to the external set of a stub-loaded resonators and internal set is responsible to produce third pass band. To make a circuit compact, one set of resonators are surrounded by the one more set of resonators. Due to its simple structure, compact size, and excellent performance, the proposed quadband filter is expected to be good candidates for use in various future wireless communication systems.

In this paper we use Multiple Wavelet Coherence (MWC) for the recognition of human using gait. MWC is analogous to multiple correlation which results coherence of multiple independent signals on dependent one. It describes the region of proportionate wavelet power of independent signals. We extract 1D dependent signals generated due to shoulders and hand movement and independent signals generated due to leg movement. We compute MWC of each sequence of all 20 subjects of CASIA-A gait database walking at an angle 0° to the image plane. Experimental results show that MWC preserves significant discriminant information of walking individual. Finally PCA is used to train the proposed system and for testing we use nearest neighbor method. Cumulative match score is used to evaluate the proposed system.

This paper focuses on the development of an accurate neonatal brain MRI segmentation algorithm and its clinical application to characterize normal brain development and investigate the neuro anatomical correlates of cognitive impairments. Neonatal brain segmentation is more challenging field because of anatomical variation and rapid brain development in the neonatal period. Segmentation of neonatal brain MR images is a fundamental process in the study and assessment of newborn brain development. Adult brain MRI segmentation techniques are not suitable for neonatal brain, because of substantial contrasts in tissue and structure properties between neonatal and adult brains. In this paper, we proposed an atlas free model to segment the newborn brain MRI images, using neural network approach. The segmentation of the neonatal brain in MR Imaging is a prerequisite to obtain quantitative measurements of regional brain structures.

With the introduction of VANET, inter-vehicular communication and communication between vehicle and network infrastructure has become very convenient. This advancement has brought in challenges with itself. The vehicles are mobile; moving around with very high speed whereas infrastructure is stationary. Thereby handoff plays a critical role in VANET. In our approach, we have used radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for efficient hand off mechanism with reduced delay. RFID tags are deployed in the chassis of every vehicle containing the unique MAC address of that vehicle. RFID scanners are deployed on road which scans the RFID tags and sends the MAC address to the handoff gateway which communicates the information to the nearest access point. This makes the access point aware of the incoming vehicle thereby reducing the delay. Using this novel approach not only the delay in handoff is reduced but also hand off is performed efficiently with minimal information.

Digital image forgery is the alteration of an image in any form. Increasing advancements in the quality of image capturing devices and photo editing softwares have made the process of image forgery easy. Copy move forgery is the most frequent type among the various types of forgery. This paper presents a novel technique to detect copy move forgery that uses Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) keypoints. First, the image is sectioned into nonoverlying blocks using Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC) algorithm. After this, the feature points are selected using SURF. The matching of the SURF points of different segmented regions is done using cosine similarity. The matched regions represent the forged areas. This method has a low computational complexity and shows good results even if the forged area is rotated or scaled.

Nowadays, the performance of wireless sensor network (WSN) in a variety of applications plays a pivotal role in the research field and variety of parameters is used for its functioning. While designing WSN, some issues may arise out of which one issue is energy consumption. Energy efficiency is a serious issue for distributed WSNs deployed in varied environments. The energy efficient cluster-based protocols play a vital role for energy saving in hierarchical WSN. In modelling, probability plays its important role. While selecting the CH at the beginning of the network, one important parameter used is distance. The probability definition is different for different approaches. Most of the protocols consider probability of all the nodes to become CH at the beginning of the network is fixed but the present paper is an approach to consider varying probability of the nodes to become CH at the beginning on the basis of distance from BS. These results show that the present approach has improved performance when compared to existing algorithms with their results. Simulations are carried out to demonstrate and compare the performance of the proposed algorithms.

Due to hectic and running lifestyle nowadays most of the people in the world are suffering from several physiological disorders such as hypertension, emotional stress, and cardiac diseases. Hence it becomes necessary to have a device that monitors our physiological parameters in day-to-day life which is portable and handy. This paper proposes a wearable device to monitor stress by the acquisition of skin resistance (GSR), standing for Galvanic Skin Response. GSR sensors allow to spot such strong emotions by simply attaching two electrodes to two fingers on one hand. There are mainly two types of stress like Physical stress and Physiological stress which can also be a cause of degradation in performance and also leads to higher psychological stress levels. The major cause of stress can be from lifestyle, daily living activities like visual stress, car driving, gaming control. These signals were procured using Data Acquisition System, then interfaced to the LabVIEW using microcontroller. Experimental setup is done using GSR connection with LabVIEW for data logger.

Electrocardiogram is a register of heart’s electrical activity. A wide range of heart conditions can be interpreted using ECG. It is increasingly used in medical sciences and technologies as a valuable medical diagnostic tool. For interpretation of ECG, amplifiers play an important role for such instrumentation systems. There is a growing demand for affordable, portable ECG machine. So by choosing the appropriate components suitable for portable applications, portable ECG machines can be developed. The objective is to develop a 3-lead portable feasible user-friendly and economical ECG system which can be managed by a common man.

India being the second largest populated country, it has become difficult to keep a track of the basic necessities of every individual. This research describes a device monitoring the water level as well as quality of the water supply in households. The system is automated using a microcontroller for the process of pumping water and monitoring the quality of water. This is an IOT-based system in which the different sensor nodes communicate via RF module and Wi-Fi technology. The data has been sent on the Internet using Wi-Fi module.

A low power-high speed C2MOS, divide-by-16/17 dual modulus prescaler design is presented. By adopting C2MOS designing technique over simple CMOS implementation, the power dissipation is reduced by 29.48 % and the speed of the circuit is improved by 77 %. It also reduces the chip area as the overall number of transistors used in the proposed circuit is reduced. The circuit is implemented in 0.18 µm CMOS technology. The frequency of operation of the circuit is 10 MHz and it operates at a supply voltage of 2 V.

The loss or mishandling of luggage in airports is increasing nowadays, tremendously raising its associated costs. It is expected that the constant monitoring detects possible errors in a timely manner, allowing a proactive attitude when correcting this kind of situations. There are several devices in the market but all have some problems such as power consumption, location, portability, etc. The current research provides a novel idea to track the luggage in real time with the help of a microcontroller system, which is wearable and handy. Using wireless communication techniques the proposed system has been designed. Power consumption is the most important feature in the luggage tracking system. With the inclusion of accelerometer, the device consumes less power. The proposed system increases the monitoring detail when compared to current monitoring systems because it allows the individual tracking of luggage. It has also a web application to know about location of luggage and GSM module for the text application.

This paper shows the difference in device performance of a novel structure namely Top Source Bottom Drain (TSBD) organic transistor in comparison with the existing Bottom Gate Bottom Contact (BGBC) device structure. The novel structure showed advanced performance in terms of mobility and threshold voltage than the BGBC structure. The TSBD structure also showed an upright control over the drain current henceforth a good saturation of its drain current is obtained. The drain current improved 4–5 times as compared with the novel structure. Even without changing the device parameters and materials this large difference in the electrical parameters shows that, the structure of the device can also play a very important role in affecting the parameters of the device. The analysis by varying the thickness of the contact for the novel structures has also been done with thickness varied from 1 to 50 nm.

Adaptive digital filter finds its prime applications in the field of science and industry. It is a core technology in the field of Digital Signal Processing. Adaptive digital filter plays a vital role to enhance the performance of the system as well as to reduce the resource utilization. Digital signal processing processes with the digital signal using complex techniques from basic filters and signal transform. The design is implemented using the MATLAB tools which had enabled the design of basic building block faster and more accurate. In this paper, we have implemented the various adaptive filter structures using Simulink. Adaptive filter structure such as NLMS-, RLS-, and BLMS-based model is implemented and error is estimated based on it. Original signal and noisy signal are added together and applied as an input to various adaptive filter modela. Thus, the desired signal that is the original signal is recovered by using NLMS, RLS, and BLMS.

Accumulation of environmental dust on PV module reduces the solar radiations. The results of this phenomenon are observed in terms of reduction in efficiency of PV module. Various types of dust samples at different weights have been considered for study, presented in this paper. For the investigations, the dust samples such as Badarpur-1, Badarpur-2, Fly Ash, and Rice Husk are taken. An artificial lightening source of radiation is designed to maintain the constant radiation levels for the experimental study. The investigation is carried out with all dust samples and it is observed that the Rice Husk dust sample has maximum impact on PV module performance among the considered dust samples.

In this paper, the mathematical analysis of electrochemical model of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system has been done for MATLAB/Simulink modeling. Furthermore, the possible mechanism of the parameter influences effects and their interrelationships are discussed comprehensively. To investigate the performance of SOFC, the V and I characteristics, power density, current density, etc., analyzed by the influence effect of the important parameters. For this investigation, various important parameters, e.g., reactants’ flow pressure, operating temperature, membrane resistance, etc., are considered. This study is very helpful to predict the performance of the SOFC.

In this paper, the performance investigation of artificial neural network (ANN) controller-assisted small hydro power generation system (SHPGS) has been presented. The mathematical modeling of SHPGS is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink software. As the turbine speed and output power are directly proportional to the water flow rate and net head, an ANN controller has been implemented to control these parameters under varying load demand. A comprehensive investigation of the system under steady state and dynamic state has been done in terms of demand power, water flow rate, net head, turbine power, load voltage and current. The results validate that the ANN controller has satisfactory performance under dynamic conditions.

The present work is focused on efficient control of biomass concentration in continuous bioreactor. A two degree of freedom PID (2DOFPID) controller is therefore designed for the purpose. The controller parameters are optimized with the help of genetic algorithm (GA). The proposed controller may provide good control performance as it utilizes the advantages of GA and 2DOFPID. The optimization is also carried out using pattern search (PS) and simulated annealing (SA) for comparative analysis. The performance of designed controllers is analyzed for set point tracking, and disturbance rejection. Results reveal that GA-2DOFPID outperforms the other implemented controllers.

Increasing population is demanding to convey the information in an easy way to access the information in less time. In a large volume of population, it is impossible to provide any kind of information via mouth regularly, so there is a need for some substitute, which would easily convey the message to the crowd without any regular human/PC interference. The paper focuses on the design, and hardware implementation of LED matrix-based display system, which is developed to display information regularly or the message in scrolling form. The system takes input directly from the keyboard and the typed message is displayed. The intelligence and control are done using ATMEGA 16 microcontroller to display the message. The same is targeted with the help of SPATAN 6 FPGA and comparative results are estimated with frequency and timing.

Software reliability is the determinant factor of software reliability prediction and software quality estimation during software testing period. This report offers an ensemble technique model of different artificial neural networks for forecasting of software reliability. The experimental results of the proposed model are compared with other states of the traditional models and it is noted that the proposed architectural model outperforms its competent models. The proposed architectural ensemble model has been adequately tested on three benchmark datasets and its results tested with an artificial neural network approach and a mathematical linear model. The experimental result demonstrates that the ensemble model yields better performance than other models.

Hospitals need to be equipped with facilities and services to monitor the patients at all times. Due to large number of patients and limited number of doctors, it gets difficult for the doctors to visit each and every patient, and keep track of their improving or deteriorating health condition. This paper presents the structure of an embedded system that could monitor and keep a track of the patients’ position and health condition at all times. It makes use of a Wireless Sensor Network of Xbee radios to acquire data, which is then saved in a local database of the central system and simultaneously, also uploaded on an online database to be made available for the doctors to access at all times. The system makes use of active RFID cards to track the position of the patients and along with it the data from the heart beat sensor is transmitted, for each patient separately.

The design mentioned in this paper represents a three-sided maple leaf planar fractal antenna. A prototype of the antenna has been designed on FR4-Epoxy substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness h = 1.6 mm with a microstrip feed of length L = 1.6 mm and slot width W = 2 mm. The simulation result of this antenna exhibits super wide band characteristics from frequency 5 to 32 GHz (S11) and has the VSWR < 2. The proposed antenna has the maximum gain of 8 at 23 GHz. This antenna can be used for energy harvesting. The E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are nearly omnidirectional. The resistive part and reactive part which affects the impedance matching can be balanced by the slots and cuts. The antenna band exhibits the characteristics of three major bands used worldwide—X band (8–12 GHz), Ku band (12–18 GHz) and K Band (18–26 GHz). The ultra wide band (UWB) system, microwave imaging, precision position system, radar tracking system, TV transmission, satellite transmission and 5G communication systems are the common applications of this proposed maple leaf planar fractal antenna.

The performance of dual metal-double gate tunnel field effect transistor (DMG-DGTFET) with different dielectric gate materials is discussed. The dual metal gate technique (DMG) when applied to a DGTFET boosts the I_ON current and simultaneously decreases the OFF state current, which results in a substantial increase in the I_ON/I_OFF ratio. In DMG-DGTFET, gate consists of two different metals with different work function which can be used to modulate the width of tunneling barrier at the source to body junction. It is shown in this paper that by appropriately engineering the work function of the metals at the gate the good performance can be achieved for low-power design applications. All the simulations were done in 2-D TCAD. Nonlocal tunneling model is been used to calculate band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) tunneling current across the junction.

With growing capacity of main memory, in-memory big data management and processing is developing and being used in many big data applications. It supports interactive data analysis by improving I/O throughput. Memory-centric distributed file systems such as tachyon and in-memory data clustering framework like Apache Spark are being used in analytical problems where both speed and fault tolerance are mandatory. In order to achieve high-speed big data processing, we proposed a system design which involves two-tier storage architecture which is the combination of HDFS and in-memory-based file system tachyon. Also, our architecture involves Apache Spark, an open-source in-memory-based data processing tool to analyse the big data. In this framework we would utilise the main memory by integrating caching algorithm to improve the data processing time. As the experimental result, we would demonstrate the comparison between performance of traditional Hadoop MapReduce and this in-memory-based framework. In this paper, we survey the existing storage and computation infrastructures, their performance while integrating together and contribution of such infrastructures in solving many I/O intensive analytical issues.

Heterojunction double-Gate tunnel field-effect transistor based on strained SiGe/Si source and pocket implant near to the source is simulated in TCAD using the non-local band-to-band tunnelling (BTBT) model. The dual-metal gate (DMG) and single-metal gate (SMG) technique were discussed separately for the proposed device structure. The use of strained SiGe/Si source and halo/pocket implant near to the source to boost the $$ I_{\text{ON}} $$ION state current in SMG-DGTFET. The DMG technique results in a better performance when compared to SMG-DGTFET, and as in DMG, we have two different metals which are used at the gate to control the different portions of the transfer characteristics. The SMG and DMG-DGTFET are analysed for different dielectrics as well. The $$ I_{\text{ON}} /I_{\text{OFF}} $$ION/IOFF ratio comes out to be in the ratio of 4.12 × 1010 in SMG-DGTFET, and the average subthreshold slope also improves from 41.1 mV/decade in SMG-DGTFET to 23.7 mV/decade in DMG-DGTEFT. All the simulations were done in Synopsys TCAD for a channel length of 25 nm using the non-local tunnelling model.

Nowadays, there is an increase in the number of users to use different web services for various activities such as online shopping and online payment transactions. Currently, most of these web servers are suffering from distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, which results in unavailability of services to valid users. Intrusion detection system (IDS) is one of the best solutions adopted by various organizations for these types of attack detection. This paper proposes the distributed intrusion detection mechanism (DIDM) for efficient DDoS attacks. The proposed intrusion detection takes place with the help of server IDS and client IDS placed on a central server and individual clients, respectively. This type of mechanism extends the scalability and overcomes the limitation of central server failure in a distributed environment.

In order to have sustainable development, we should focus more toward the renewable energy resources. A high-relative velocity between wind and train causes more air drag to the moving train. The drag is produced because of the energy delivered by the engine to move forward. This paper is all about the harvesting of energy from the air drag and utilizing it into useful applications. The proposed system is highly efficient with an approximate efficiency of around 72.56 %. In this system, air drag is used to rotate the fans, which are mounted on the roof top of the trains, inclined at an angle of 10o to maximize the harvested energy from the air drag.

In the modern world, the transportation of goods and services plays an important role in establishing good connections between the nations. The main source of transportation of major energy sources like fuel gases, petroleum, and other flow of gases and liquid has been done through pipelines, any crack, blowholes, or damage inside the pipe may lead to major economic loss and can catches fire therefore the internal inspection of pipelines is needed. For inspection of narrow, deep, and hazardous environment inside the pipeline the robots is used. The control of robot has been done by programmable logic controller (PLC) and internal control of robot has been through human–machine interface (HMI). The control of robot has two parts in terms of programming. First, the development of ladder logic is done in Indraworks Engineering Software according to the sequence of operations and then simulates it on software itself to check the fulfillment of objectives. Second, developing the HMI Interface is for internal control of robot and easy access of operation. Touch screen has been used as HMI which is helpful in opting the size of pipe accordingly pipeline inspection robot will adjust its arms.

Exercise is very beneficial to our health but evidence show that intense training and heavy exercises out by fortitude athletes can cause skeletal muscle damage, which is known as muscle fatigue. For athletes, muscle fatigue is perhaps one of the major causes of degradation in their performance. There are various methods to monitor the muscle fatigue, of which surface electromyography is an important one. In this research work, a system is proposed to monitor muscle fatigue continuously and transmit the data wirelessly to a handheld portable device using RF module. A threshold point is set by calculating the average mean and in case of any danger a notification will be given by the device indicating onset of fatigue.

This paper presents the novel design of an Off Road Quadruped (ORQ) Robot having multiple purposes to be applied in uneven terrain. The proposed design is characterized by modular design, heavy payload and high mobility capabilities. The design includes the four 2-DOF Flipper, the robot body and its controlling electronics components. The proposed robot is able to smoothly traverse on simple tracks and off road tracks as well while carrying additional payloads with high mobility. Through this paper we have been induced a quadruped robot design, energy stored by robot and its sufficient used to perform critical actions like uneven terrain. We proved mathematically the design mobility and compared the ORQ robot with other existing quadruped robots w.r.t. speed, payload, navigation technique, accessibility range, design cost, working locations, etc.

A Hindi dialect (Bangro) Spoken Language Recognition (HD-SLR) System is designed to recognize language from a given spoken utterance. Paper focuses on the influence of Hindi dialects, i.e., Haryanvi spoken by males and females of different age groups ranging from 18 to 40 years. The system is trained and tested with the help of Sphinx3 toolkit on Linux platform. Also, it has been tried with semicontinuous speech corpus in clean environment of around 5 h that includes 1000 distinct Hindi dialect words spoken in different parts of Haryana. The dialectal information of the input speech signals is extracted with the help of MFCC technique and the same system is then tested on the basis of utterance level. The Speaker Independent Semicontinuous (SISC) word recognition system has an average of 75–85 % accuracy rate by native and nonnative speakers of Hindi dialect.

Finger prints are the one of the many forms of biometrics used to verify an individual’s identity. Finger print identification refers to the automated system of verifying a match between two human finger prints. This research aims at extracting the primary uniqueness of the images obtained from the finger print. A finger print constitutes of a series of grooves/ridges on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a finger print can be determined by these patterns. Minutiae points are local groove characteristics that occur at either a groove bifurcation or a groove ending. Here an approach of identification of minutia in terms of ending, bifurcation, and region of interest (ROI) has been proposed. Extraction of minutiae from the image is attained using termination and bifurcation process and then elimination of false minutia is done from the image using the distance formula. The ROI, i.e., the region which is most densely concentrated with minutiae is extracted.

In this paper, a self-designed PV module of Series–Parallel (SP) configuration has been developed using mono-crystalline solar cells for performance investigations under partial shading and dust accumulation conditions. For this study two moving shading patterns (horizontal and diagonal) and four dust samples of different particle properties have been considered at three irradiation levels. Comprehensive investigations are carried out on the considered system and results are obtained in terms of I–V, P–V characteristics, PV power, weight of dust accumulated on PV panel and irradiation level. The results show that diagonal partial shading pattern and ash dust sample have more significant effect on the PV module performance among all the considered shading patterns and dust samples.

In industry data acquisition covers the most demanding applications of real-time monitoring. The multi-channel data acquisition is used for the acquisition and monitoring of various industrial sensor signals. The data obtained are processed in real-time execution. For future work, we can access the stored data from an external memory. The proposed design is implementing by combination of EDA tools and nios II Processor. This processor provides an ideal embedded solution that includes the following: flexibility, high performance, low cost, long life for real-time processing. This document entails the design of a network data acquisition system which consists of a number of links RS 422 to communicate with various devices connected to it. The hardware development is to generate VHDL code for implementing the hardware inside the FPGA. Real-time processing and signal processing of data acquisition attains by FPGA. It also involves the development of test routines for simulation and verification of VHDL code.

Mind deviation from the normal is a noteworthy cause of handicap and passing in person. Mind Abnormality is an unusual development of cells inside the cerebrum. It is the mass of tissue in which a few cells become wildly. For right on time conclusion of abnormality in tissue tests innovative work exercises are focused on the investigation of programmed picture examination. Attractive Resonance Tomography (ART) or Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging is one of the significant systems utilized by the radiologist to analyze mind inner structure. This strategy utilizes radiofrequency beats of the attractive field to inspect diverse organs. The yield of this method is MR picture in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) position that can be seen on a computer. This paper audits some momentous works from writing alongside the essential ideas identified with programmed cerebrum variation from the norm recognition procedures using k-means and Support Vector Machines (SVM).

The dual gate organic thin film transistor (DG-OTFT), at present is one of the most attractive devices in the field of organic electronics because of its overall better performance in comparison to single gate (SG) organic transistors. Organic electronics have shown good mechanical flexibility, lower temperature fabrication at lower cost in comparison to conventional MOSFET devices. They may not stand as a challenge for the MOS devices as of now but still due to their numerous advantages they are being chosen alternative future candidate by the industries, academia and R and D sections. The dual gate OTFT device analysis and its performance parameters extraction has been done in this paper. Besides this, comparison of different modes of operation of the dual gate device has been made, that justifies our working in the dual gate-based devices and circuits. The dual gate organic inverter circuit that has been analyzed is in the diode load logic (DLL) configuration because of its delay is small and speed of operation is better in comparison with zero-Vgs load logic (ZVLL) configuration.

Leaky wave antennas (LWA) have inherent property of beam scanning. As the energy travels from one end to another end of waveguide, it leaks/radiates from the discontinuity introduced in it. In this communication, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) LWA is proposed, showing scanning properties in backward direction (−41° to −24°) and in forward direction (+11° to +53°), with a wide bandwidth of 3.6 GHz. SIW is designed with cutoff frequency at 11 GHz with a tapered T slot which radiates energy in both backward and forward directions. Simulated results are reported for an array of 7 unit cells operating partial in Ku band (11.3–14.9 GHz). The model is designed and simulated using Ansys.

This paper presents the solution of dynamic load dispatching problem using particle swarm optimization (PSO) evolutionary technique. The PSO is used for minimizing the cost with subject to constraints such as capacity of generation and analyses the two different cases on IEEE 30 bus, 6-generator data. It found that the proposed method is capable to provide feasible results for the generating power.

Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) is one of the most recent emerging area of research that are very popular among the researcher from industries and academia. OLED possess many advantages like larger viewing angle, many times thinner than LCD and are brighter, hence it does not require backlight. In this paper, we have analyzed the improvement in the performance of OLED’s in terms of current by introducing an additional layer. This additional layer is used to increase the recombination rate by reducing the mobility of the injected holes. The balanced recombination can be achieved by matching the mobility of the injected holes and electrons. Now as the Langevin recombination is directly proportional to the number of photons produced, hence, efficiency increases.

Video object extraction and its tracking is one of the fundamental tasks of computer vision that require a close observation on video content analysis. However, these tasks become sophisticated due to spatial and temporal changes in the video background. In this work, we have proposed a background subtraction algorithm that efficiently localizes the object in the scene. In the next stage, a regional level process is integrated by calculating the Shannon energy and entropy to correctly examine the nonstationary pixels in the frames. In order to extract the object efficiently, the background model is updated to the dynamics changes that reduces the false negative pixels on foreground. Further, an adaptive Kalman filter is integrated to track the object in consecutive frames. Qualitative and quantitative analysis on some experimental videos shows that the method is superior to some existing background subtraction methods used in tracking.

This research paper emphasizes on the impact of gate thickness variation and gate dielectric on the performance of an organic static induction-type vertical organic thin film transistor (VOTFT). The electrical behavior of VOTFT is analyzed and performance parameters extraction is carried out using Atlas 2-D numerical device simulator. VOTFTs have high-speed operation in comparison to conventional organic thin film transistor (OTFT) due to shorter channel length that corresponds to thickness of organic semiconductor (OSC) layer. Majority carrier flow from source to drain is controlled by varying gate voltage (V_G) applied to Schottky gate electrode. Effect of gate thickness variation is analyzed by varying gate thickness of device from 10 to 50 µm with a step size of 20 µm. Pentacene is used as OSC channel material. A device having additional thin layers of Al₂O₃ dielectric above and below buried grid-type gate electrode has also been analyzed. The results obtained demonstrate that with 80 % reduction in gate electrode thickness, $${{I_{\text{on}} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{I_{\text{on}} } {I_{\text{off}} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {I_{\text{off}} }}$$IonIoff ratio increases by 48 %. This analysis shows control of drive current (I_DS) with gate electrode thickness variation. Device having gate dielectric layers has shown very low off current of 7.01 × 10−9 A that can be attributed to reduction in leakage between gate and source due to use of gate dielectric.

This research paper is an attempt to present a depth study and performance parameters extraction of organic solar cell. Subsequently, this paper also discusses various recent advancements in organic solar cells in terms of material, structures, and other performance influencing factors. Furthermore, analysis of organic solar cells is included in terms of transmittance of PEDOT: PSS material, Absorption spectrum of PCBM film, photocurrent at different thickness of CuPc, Dark and light I–V characteristics of CuPc/PCBM bilayer. Besides this, depth performance analysis of organic solar cell is carried out using 2-D numerical device Atlas simulator; subsequently, impact of thickness variation of bilayer organic solar cells on performance parameters is also analyzed.

The research article presents the hardware chip design and FPGA implementation of the four-stage telecommunication switching system. The switching capacity of the exchange is increased with the implementation of the programmable multistage network. In multistage network, there are alternate paths to provide the availability of the network. The four-stage switching provides more capacity in comparison to three-stage switching. Modular design approach is used to build the large-scale network, which can be fabricated easily using VLSI technology. The design is carried for 8 × 8 switching network. The work is carried out in Xilinx ISE 14.2 software using VHDL programming language and synthesized on Vitex-5 FPGA.

Nanoparticles of barium ferrite were synthesized by citrate precursor method and nanocomposite of barium ferrite@poly(o-toluidine) and barium ferrite@polyaniline were prepared by in situ polymerization. The electromagnetic properties were investigated in the frequency range of 8–12 GHz. Shielding effectivenesses of nanoferrite/poly(o-toluidine) and nanoferrite/polyaniline composites were obtained as 10.9 dB and 42.5 dB, respectively. The value of SE suggests that the barium ferrite@polyaniline composite shows much better electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding results than barium ferrite@poly (o-toluidine).

The paper comprises the design and simulation of a bowtie-shaped slotted rectangular patch antenna at frequency 1.56 THz for frequency range of 1.2–1.8 THz. GaAs material is used as substrate to achieve better antenna performance. The performance characteristic parameters (return loss, VSWR, gain, and radiation pattern) of proposed design have been portrayed and analyzed to show the performance of antenna. The analyzed results exhibit that the antenna designed shows multiband nature. The overall maximum gain of 7.13 dB is obtained at 1.60 THz and maximum return loss of 32.27 dB is at frequency 1.73 THz. HFSS simulation tool is used to provide platform for simulating the proposed design.

High-speed VHDL interfaces are used for transmission of huge amount of data. This paper deals with the development of VHDL code for interfacing with high-speed serial data link: Triple-Speed Ethernet (TSE) IP core. It includes the use of high bandwidth structure, Qsys system as System On Programmable Chip (SOPC) builder system for connecting components. Qsys interconnects the components either available in library or the customized components developed by user with VHDL or Verilog code (using Avalon interface interconnect). Modelsim simulator is used to simulate the developed code, and generated Qsys structure is verified and tested with TCL script in system console. Signal Tap II analyzer is used to analyze the behavior of signals used internally in the design. Data packets are generated using data packet module from the processed data and transmitted over communication channel in order to attain the high-speed data transmission. Transfer of these data packets to data archiving server on Ethernet over open core UDP/IP stack at 1 Gbps data rate.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the technology used to encode the data on multiple carrier frequencies in 4G mobile communication, digital TV, power line communications and broadband applications. The paper discusses the channel capacity and cumulative distribution function (CDF) simulation with MIMO OFDM system with different cluster size in MATLAB. The channel capacity of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system increases with increment in the transrecievers. The theoretical and simulated values are estimated with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel at signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 3 dB.

Pollution in water caused by sewage, industrial waste, oil pollution, and various bacteria and viruses damage inhabitants in water and affects the entire biosphere. As water is one of the major resources which we consume directly and indirectly, so it must be protected. To avoid this water quality degradation, it is required to construct the real-time monitoring system which determines the quality of water by assessment of pollutants present. In this study, the real-time monitoring system which consists of computer, image processing toolbox which takes images of polluted water as input has been developed and examined to assure the adaptability of monitoring the pollutants in water. The results of examining will lead to monitoring the pollutants and estimating the pollutants.

In this article the basic operating principles of CMOS smart temperature sensors are demonstrated. In this article a CMOS temperature sensor with sigma-delta analog to digital converter (ADC) is proposed, which have widespread use due to their low cost, low power consumption and small size. The sigma-delta ADC was implemented by the switch capacitor circuit. For the implementation of sensor high-performance signal conditioning circuits are required as interfacing circuit and for these bias circuits have been designed. The accuracy of sensor is mainly limited by offset and 1/f noise, which is canceled by the autozeroing circuit with the help of switch capacitor circuit. The sensor circuit is designed with biasing subcircuit for controlling the curvature correction.

The main focus of this study is the altitude estimation are based on FM based 2-D Radar. This method carries out the measurements of desecrate signals mathematically based on the algorithms provides for the 2D principles. By applying airborne RADAR altimeter technique, centimeter level of accuracy can be measured. The 2-D method can be employed to estimate the height information. The method is completely based on the assumption that the target aircraft has enough velocity so that the variation of signal transmission and receptions can further be calculated and estimated. The method shows the good result and can be able to distinguish between high and low targets on normal 2D radars. The results provide the good estimate for the resolution of 100 m which can be considered as the optimized result for the height calculation.

The increase in number of deaths after accident with two-wheeler is due to the negligence towards wearing helmet. So it is required to develop a system to limit this negligence at the manufacturer end. The concept is to develop a RFID and FSR based system, which doesn’t allow the rider to start two-wheeler unless he wears helmet. The ignition of the vehicle is controller through the cumulative decision from RFID reader placed on vehicle and FSR located in the helmet. The whole system is analysed with LabVIEW and real prototype is developed to prove the concept. The analysis is done for FSR sensors and RFID reader to encode the system with required values.