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2022 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Space Weather General Concepts

Author : Maria A. Sergeeva

Published in: Space Weather Impact on GNSS Performance

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Space Weather (SW) unites a combination of the near-Earth space phenomena that can affect modern technology. This chapter provides an introduction to physical phenomena important in this regard (solar activity cycle, active regions, coronal holes, solar flares, Solar Energetic particle events, CME, etc.). Quiet and disturbed SW conditions are defined. In particular, we mention solar flares, solar radio bursts and geomagnetic storms features and list the main SW and geomagnetic field parameters. The ionosphere principles, characteristic structures of the ionosphere at different latitudes (auroral, subauroral and polar cap regions, MIT, EIA, plasma bubbles, TIDs) and an overview of ionospheric indices are given. Intense SW events can seriously affect five strategic sectors: power generation and distribution, aviation, satellites, GNSS (timing and positioning) and communications. Critical infrastructure vulnerability is illustrated with the historical evidence (Carrington, Halloween and September, 2017 events). A reliable diagnostics of the near-Earth space is critical to mitigate the deleterious effects. Different programs aimed at being ready for strong events are developed. We illustrate current SW initiatives and describe the operation of National SW Services. Forecasts, warnings, alerts and environmental data are provided to government and private-industry by ISES members. The UNCOPUOS, COSPAR, SCOSTEP, WMO and ICAO SW initiatives are presented. Current state of the art for operational service that provides the real-time and worldwide SW information is described.

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Metadata
Title
Space Weather General Concepts
Author
Maria A. Sergeeva
Copyright Year
2022
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15874-2_3