Introduction
Background
The Importance of Biotechnological Literacy
International Studies on Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Biotechnology
Teachers’ Attitudes and Knowledge Towards Biotechnology
Aim and Research Questions
Methods
Participants and Data Collection
Instrument Design
Number | Item | Correct answer | Responded correctly (%) | Responded incorrectly (%) | Don’t know (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | AIDS is a genetic disease | False | 83 | 14 | 4 |
2 | Bacteria are used in the elaboration of daily products (cheese, vinegar, vitamin C) | True | 80 | 6 | 14 |
3 | Only when we eat GM food we eat genes | False | 78 | 7 | 15 |
4 | In our body, there are more bacteria than people in the world | True | 77 | 8 | 14 |
5 | A good hygiene helps to prevent genetic diseases | False | 75 | 15 | 9 |
6 | Children resemble their parents because they share the red blood cells | False | 72 | 8 | 21 |
7 | It is possible to change the genetic characteristics of a plant to make it more resistant to a given plague | True | 65 | 9 | 26 |
8 | Mutations are only possible by genetic manipulation in the laboratory | False | 65 | 16 | 19 |
9 | A high production of vitamins by a fruit is only possible by genetic manipulation of that fruit | False | 63 | 11 | 26 |
10 | Through genetic modification, foods with higher nutritional values can be achieved | True | 50 | 13 | 37 |
11 | Microorganisms are used to purify sewage | True | 48 | 11 | 41 |
12 | A yogurt is a biotechnological product | True | 41 | 17 | 42 |
13 | Insulin is obtained by the use of genetically modified (GM) bacteria | True | 38 | 16 | 46 |
14 | Genetic material exchange between different species is only possible by manipulation in the laboratory | False | 35 | 32 | 32 |
15 | The most powerful toxic substances are naturally occurring | True | 34 | 30 | 36 |
16 | GMO have a high number of toxic substances | False | 33 | 19 | 48 |
17 | Chemically, the genetic material (DNA) is identical in all the organisms | True | 32 | 41 | 28 |
18 | In the kidney cells genome, you can also find the information about the color of your hair | True | 27 | 26 | 47 |
19 | Genetically modified organisms (GMO) are larger than normal | False | 21 | 26 | 53 |
20 | Crocodiles have the same genetic material as ostriches | True | 17 | 34 | 50 |
21 | A GMO is always a transgenic | False | 8 | 22 | 70 |
Statistical Analysis
Results
Knowledge of Biotechnology
Attitudes Towards Biotechnology
Attitude (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Item | Average rating | SD rating | Loading item factor | Strongly negative | Negative | Positive | Strongly positive |
Factor 1: general opinion of GMO applications | ||||||||
1 | Consumption of GM foods is dangerous.*d | 2.58 | 0.81 | 0.68 | 9.68 | 33.55 | 45.81 | 10.97 |
2 | Genetically altering living beings is to play God.* | 2.68 | 1.00 | 0.61 | 14.19 | 28.39 | 32.26 | 25.16 |
3 | Genetic manipulation will drive to the extinction of a large number of species.* | 2.50 | 0.77 | 0.58 | 9.68 | 37.42 | 45.81 | 7.10 |
4 | I would forbid the sale of transgenics in my country.* | 2.47 | 0.78 | 0.57 | 9.68 | 41.29 | 41.29 | 7.74 |
5 | The genetical modification of fruits and plants to be fresh for a longer time.C | 2.87 | 0.84 | 0.54 | 3.23 | 32.26 | 38.71 | 25.81 |
6 | Genetic manipulation is no ethical.* | 2.63 | 0.74 | 0.53 | 5.81 | 34.84 | 49.68 | 9.68 |
7 | The addition of genes to a plant to make it plague-resistant is unacceptable.* | 2.65 | 0.79 | 0.53 | 7.74 | 30.97 | 49.68 | 11.61 |
8 | The fast evolution of science threatens humanity.* | 2.79 | 0.89 | 0.49 | 9.03 | 25.16 | 43.87 | 21.94 |
9 | There should be limits to what can and cannot be investigated.*b | 2.50 | 0.94 | 0.47 | 14.84 | 36.13 | 32.90 | 16.13 |
10 | I am opposed to the transfer of genes between plants and animals.*d | 2.30 | 0.82 | 0.46 | 17.42 | 41.29 | 35.48 | 5.81 |
11 | Genetic manipulation should be more strictly regulated | 2.76 | 0.77 | 0.43 | 5.81 | 27.10 | 52.26 | 14.84 |
12 | The application of biotechnology will make the future more dangerous.* | 2.43 | 0.76 | 0.40 | 11.61 | 38.71 | 45.16 | 4.52 |
13 | If I get a dish in a restaurant made out of transgenic food, I would not eat it.*c | 2.47 | 0.82 | 0.39 | 11.61 | 38.71 | 40.65 | 9.03 |
14 | The genetic modification of a sheep to produce medicines.a | 2.43 | 0.84 | 0.33 | 12.26 | 43.23 | 34.19 | 10.32 |
Factor 2: personal feelings towards GMO | ||||||||
1 | If genetically modified food was cheaper, I would buy it | 1.92 | 0.79 | 0.72 | 30.32 | 51.61 | 13.55 | 4.52 |
2 | The alteration of the genes of a fruit to make it more tasty.c | 1.84 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 34.84 | 48.39 | 14.84 | 1.94 |
3 | The labeling of the transgenic products is clear enough | 1.85 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 27.74 | 60.00 | 12.26 | 0.00 |
4 | I would buy GM food | 2.14 | 0.81 | 0.60 | 22.58 | 44.52 | 29.03 | 3.87 |
5 | If genetically modified food was healthier, I would eat them more often.c | 2.50 | 0.93 | 0.59 | 18.06 | 26.45 | 43.23 | 12.26 |
6 | I would feed my children with food produced with GM bacteria | 1.95 | 0.74 | 0.57 | 27.10 | 52.90 | 17.42 | 2.58 |
7 | The genetic modification of a bacteria to produce food | 2.37 | 0.78 | 0.47 | 12.90 | 43.23 | 38.06 | 5.81 |
8 | Society should decide what is right or wrong in science | 2.32 | 0.79 | 0.42 | 14.19 | 45.81 | 34.19 | 5.81 |
9 | GM foods can help alleviate world hunger.c | 2.77 | 0.82 | 0.34 | 7.10 | 26.45 | 49.03 | 17.42 |
10 | Biotechnology does not play any role in environmental protection.* | 2.94 | 0.70 | 0.32 | 1.94 | 21.29 | 57.42 | 19.35 |
11 | Biotechnology is used to produce chemicals in a less polluted way | 2.48 | 0.69 | 0.31 | 5.16 | 47.10 | 41.94 | 5.81 |
Factor 3: biotechnology and health | ||||||||
1 | Biotechnology makes our lives easier.c | 2.98 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 1.94 | 14.19 | 67.74 | 16.13 |
2 | I agree with the genetic investigation in medicine | 2.95 | 0.77 | 0.61 | 3.87 | 20.65 | 52.26 | 23.23 |
3 | I would support the use of GMO for non-food purposes | 2.39 | 0.79 | 0.61 | 14.19 | 36.77 | 44.52 | 4.52 |
4 | Biotechnology can improve our life style | 2.98 | 0.74 | 0.59 | 3.87 | 16.77 | 56.77 | 22.58 |
5 | The use of GMO for medical therapy and the study of diseases.c | 2.79 | 0.65 | 0.59 | 2.58 | 26.45 | 60.65 | 10.32 |
6 | Biotechnology is evil for nowadays society.* | 3.06 | 0.64 | 0.56 | 1.94 | 11.61 | 65.16 | 21.29 |
7 | The use of GMO to fight against diseases | 2.61 | 0.72 | 0.49 | 5.81 | 34.84 | 51.61 | 7.74 |
8 | The law about GMO is strict enough | 2.37 | 0.68 | 0.47 | 7.74 | 50.32 | 38.71 | 3.23 |
9 | I agree with the genetic transformation in embryos to cure hereditary diseases.a | 2.65 | 0.90 | 0.44 | 12.90 | 25.16 | 45.81 | 16.13 |
10 | A scientific discovery is not “good” or “bad,” is how we use what matters.b | 3.43 | 0.70 | 0.42 | 1.29 | 8.39 | 36.77 | 53.55 |
11 | Science makes our lives easier.b | 3.19 | 0.79 | 0.40 | 3.23 | 13.55 | 43.87 | 39.35 |
12 | The clonation as a tool to save endangered species.d | 2.59 | 0.84 | 0.31 | 10.32 | 32.90 | 44.52 | 12.26 |
Factor 4: interest | ||||||||
1 | I would like to know more about GM food.d | 3.10 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 5.81 | 14.19 | 44.52 | 35.48 |
2 | I would like to have more information about GM food | 3.15 | 0.91 | 0.80 | 7.10 | 12.90 | 37.42 | 42.58 |
3 | I would like to increase my knowledge about GMO | 3.08 | 0.86 | 0.74 | 5.16 | 17.42 | 41.29 | 36.13 |
4 | I would like to be aware of scientific advances | 3.21 | 0.77 | 0.72 | 3.87 | 9.68 | 47.74 | 38.71 |
5 | Biotechnology is boring.* | 2.57 | 0.89 | 0.45 | 11.61 | 34.84 | 38.06 | 15.48 |
General Opinion of GMO Applications
Personal Feelings Towards GMO
Biotechnology and Health
Interest in Biotechnology
Clustering of Attitudes Towards Biotechnology
The Skeptical
The Confident
Correlations Between Knowledge and Attitudes
Parents | Knowledge | General GMO | Personal GMO | Biotech health | Interest in biotechnology | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge | .067 | .017 | .262** | .169* | ||
General GMO | .329** | .336** | .017 | |||
Personal GMO | .427** | .134 | ||||
Biotech health | .244** |