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Optical and Quantum Electronics

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01-01-2024

The impact of gallium ions on borosilicate glasses for structural, optical and biological applications

Authors: Taha M. Tiama, A. Ibrahim, M. Y. Hassaan, Ahmed F. Mabied

Published in: Optical and Quantum Electronics | Issue 1/2024

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Abstract

This study demonstrates the significant impact of gallium ions on the local structure and physical, optical, and biological properties of borosilicate glasses. The glass composition, denoted as BSCZG, with the formula (50B₂O₃–5SiO₂–15ZnO–(30-x)CaO–xGa₂O₃), where 0 \(\le\) x ≤ 20 mol%, was synthesized using the melt quenching technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the amorphous nature of the BSCZG samples, presenting a broad hump. Analysis of the attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) results revealed the transformation of BO₄ units into BO₃ units, accompanied by generating non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) with increasing Ga₂O₃ content. As Ga₂O₃ content increased from 0 to 20 mol%, the experimental density (ρ_exp) and molar volume (V_m) of BSCZG glasses also increased, shifting from 2.70 to 3.14 g cm⁻³ and from 24.66 to 29.58 cm³ mol⁻¹, respectively were also observed. This increment in V_m can be attributed to the rise in NBOs. Furthermore, an inverse relationship was observed between the optical band gap (E_opt) and optical band tail energy (E_U); Eopt decreased from 3.27 to 3.08 eV, while E_U increased from 0.20 to 0.25 eV with the Ga₂O₃ content rising from 0 to 20 mol%. The refractive index (n) of BSCZG glasses also increased from 1.52 to 1.57 as Ga₂O₃ content increased. Additionally, XRD patterns and ATR-FTIR spectra of BSCZG confirmed the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) following assessment in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 3, 7, and 14 days. Protein adsorption in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), cell viability (MTT) assays using Vero cells, and immersion in SBF were conducted to assess the bioactivity of the prepared samples. The results indicated that gallium ions containing borosilicate glasses exhibited significantly higher degradation rates than the Ga-free glass sample. Despite increased chemical durability, the substituted glasses displayed a favorable in vitro bioactive response. SBF results suggested that BSCZG glasses were more likely to contain higher concentrations of HA due to the elevated content of Ga ions. In conclusion, borosilicate glasses incorporating Ga³⁺ ions demonstrate promising effects for both optical and biomedical applications.

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Title: The impact of gallium ions on borosilicate glasses for structural, optical and biological applications
Authors: Taha M. Tiama
A. Ibrahim
M. Y. Hassaan
Ahmed F. Mabied
Publication date: 01-01-2024
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Optical and Quantum Electronics / Issue 1/2024
Print ISSN: 0306-8919
Electronic ISSN: 1572-817X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05677-w

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