TMS 2024 153rd Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings

MXenesMXene are a recently discovered family of two-dimensional (2D) early transition metalMetals carbides or carbon-nitrides that have shown many attractive properties and hold great promise for energy storage and other applications. Although many MXenesMXene have been synthesized, most studies have focused on Ti3C2Tx or other single-transition metalMetals MXenesMXene. In addition, studies on the electrochemical properties of solid-solution MXenesMXene are scarce. Herein, a new vanadium-titaniumTitanium double transition metalMetals MAXMAX phase and its corresponding MXeneMXene were successfully synthesized. By combining X-ray diffractionX-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy, we determined the structureStructure and phase purity of vanadium-titaniumTitanium double transition metalMetals MXeneMXene. In addition, this MXeneMXene exhibits excellent gravimetric capacitance and long-lasting stability when applied as an electrode for the supercapacitorSupercapacitors. This work not only expands the MXenesMXene family, but also provides a strategy for the preparationPreparation of solid-solution MXenesMXene.

This study explores the diverse synthesis methodsSynthesis methods for molybdenum diselenideMolybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) nanoparticlesNanoparticles, aiming to tailor their properties for an array of applications. Various techniques including hydrothermalHydrothermal, solvothermalSolvothermal, microwave-assisted, template-assisted, and sonochemical methods are discussed in terms of their principles, advantages, and disadvantages. Each method offers distinct control over nanoparticleNanoparticles size, morphology, and crystallinity, influencing their suitability for different applications. Comparative analysis of these methods reveals a range of factors, from scalability challengesChallenges to the need for specialized equipment. Researchers are driven to optimize synthesis conditions through comprehensive characterizationCharacterization techniques, aiming to tailor MoSe2 nanoparticlesMoSe2 nanoparticles for specific applications. Despite existing challengesChallenges, the evolving landscape of MoSe2 nanoparticleNanoparticles research presents an exciting frontier, where interdisciplinary efforts and innovative synthesis approaches hold the potential to unlock multifunctional nanomaterials with tailored properties.

Gas sensingGas sensing is pivotal in numerous applications, from environmental monitoring to healthcare and industrial safety. Molybdenum DiselenideMolybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) nanoparticlesNanoparticles have emerged as promising gas sensingGas sensing materialsMaterials due to their exceptional sensitivity and selectivity. This mini-review elucidates MoSe2’s gas sensingGas sensing mechanism, encompassing surface adsorption and charge transferCharge transfer processesProcess, while highlighting the roles of defectsDefects and functionalizationFunctionalization in enhancing sensing performance. Notably, MoSe2-based sensors excel in sensitivity and selectivity for various gases. A compilation of key findings from several research studies emphasizes their impressive gas sensingGas sensing capabilities. MoSe2-based sensors operate efficiently at room temperatureTemperature, outperforming traditional materialsMaterials in terms of energy efficiency and sensitivity. Current applications span environmental monitoring, healthcare, and industrial safety, with future prospectsProspects centered on improving sensitivity, selectivity, and integration with emerging technologiesTechnology such as wearables and the IoT. Although challengesChallenges exist, ongoing research endeavours aim to maximize MoSe2’s potential for revolutionizing gas sensingGas sensing applications.

Transition metalMetals dichalcogenides and perovskitesPerovskite have been gaining attention for their impressive optoelectronic performance towards photonics and renewable energy applications. In this work, optoelectronic devices were fabricated from a mechanically exfoliated WSe2WSe2 crystal and ink-based triple cation perovskitesPerovskite-based photoabsorber devices placed on oxidized silicon substrates. We conducted spectroscopy studies on both devices prior to the electrical characterizationCharacterization. We characterized the Raman $${E}_{2g}^{1}$$ and A1g peaks for the WSe2WSe2 and the photoluminescence peak for the perovskitePerovskite occurred at 763.63 nm with an optical bandgap of around 1.635 eV, calculated through optical absorption spectroscopy. PhotocurrentPhotocurrent measurements were made for both devices using a broadband light source. This study provides insights into the performance of WSe2WSe2 photodetectorsPhotodetector and cesium-based triple cation perovskitesPerovskite, contributing to their potential applications in various fields, including imaging, photonics, and optical communications.

Semiconducting two-dimensional (2D) crystallites offer a rich playground to tune electronic and optoelectronic properties through synthesis routes. Here we discuss the synthesis of two such classes of 2D crystallites. The first is based on tungsten diselenide (WSe2WSe2) which is synthesized using a chemical vapor deposition route through salt-assisted deposition. Besides these binary compositions of 2D layered materialsMaterials, more complex materialMaterials systems also exist that exhibit a form of van der Waals bonding in low-dimensionality hybrid organo-halides at their headgroups. Through this work, we delineate the synthesis and optical characterizationOptical characterization of WSe2WSe2 and 2D perovskitesPerovskite, where the latter has a composition specifically of ((CH3(CH2)3NH3)2(CH3NH3)3Pb4I13). Both such materialMaterials systems are finding use as photoabsorbers in sensors and solar cells.

Currently, there are limited reports on the use of two-dimensional WSe2WSe2 in gas sensors. In this work, we fabricated a chemically exfoliated WSe2WSe2 device, contacted with gold (Au) electrodes where a response to incoming gas flow, specifically NitrogenNitrogen (N2) is evident. The films were formed using solution processing and electrically contacted in a two-terminal configuration. The structural properties of the films were examined using various microscopy and spectroscopy tools such as Raman spectroscopyRaman spectroscopy and optical microscopy. This allowed us to validate the morphology and chemical fingerprints of the films and correlate this to our electronic transport data with N2 as the incoming gas. This work is a stepping-stone towards further analysis of WSe2WSe2 as a gas sensingGas sensing media for low-power and miniaturized sensors using additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) approaches.

716 (UNS N07716UNS N07716) is a commonly selected alloy for multi-decade oilfield applications with established environmental guidance from NACE MR-0175. Based on thermodynamic calculations, the historical limit determined using low-pressure rated equipment could be extended by 3x by accounting for non-ideal H2S phase behavior effects. Slow strain rate testing at 204 °C with increasing H2S concentration determined a potential traditional ideal 800 psi H2S limit and non-ideal 1100 psi H2S limit. TM0177 c-ring testing was conducted at these concentrations with 1200–1360 psi CO2, 20–25% NaCl, with elemental sulfurElemental sulfur at pressures of 2300 and 15,000 psi total pressure for 90 days. One 15,000 psi sample of nine unexpectedly cracked in a lower stress area outside of the highest stress apex area. Further microstructural analysis was conducted. The highest ever reported H2S 716 testing simultaneously proved multi-decade use at least 200 psi H2S over the standard and the new revision allowing elemental sulfurElemental sulfur is problematic.

Magnesium alloysMagnesium alloys have emerged as a new class of biomaterialsBiomaterials due to their unique properties, such as biodegradabilityBiodegradability, biocompatibilityBiocompatibility, and high stiffness similar to human bones. Shape memory alloysShape memory alloys (SMA) have also become promising biomaterialsBiomaterials for use in biomedical applicationsBiomedical applications, including orthopedics, because of their excellent multi-functional properties, fatigue resistance, and biocompatibilityBiocompatibility. Recently, the ability to produce patient-specific parts with complex geometries and improved multi-functionality has drawn great attention towards additive manufacturing (AMAdditive manufacturing (AM)) processesProcess to produce biomedicalBiomedical device components. This paper provides an analysis of the manufacturing conditions for producing magnesium-based and shape memory biomaterialsBiomaterials improved by rare-earth elements (REEs) and critical minerals using AMAdditive manufacturing (AM) techniques, particularly the laser powder bed fusionLaser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) (L-PBF) processProcess. Microstructural evolutionsMicrostructural evolution, mechanical propertiesMechanical properties, and corrosionCorrosion behavior resulting from processing parameters and alloying elements are investigated to recognize the knowledge gaps and recommend future research directions for the development of additively manufactured biomaterialsBiomaterials.

NitinolNitinol shape memory alloysShape memory alloys are used in a wide range of biomedical applicationsBiomedical applications because of their biocompatibilityBiocompatibility, shape memory and superelasticity properties, and high corrosionCorrosion resistance. Processing NiTi using additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) has led to even wider possibilities for use in the biomedicalBiomedical field. The focus of the study was on producing ultra-thin (±500 um strutStruts), porous nitinolNitinol (NiTi) structuresStructure with varying levels of porosityPorosity using laser powder bed fusionLaser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Their functional and mechanical response was characterized. The effect of increased engineered porosityPorosity shifted the transformation temperaturesTransformation temperature higher and widened the hysteresis. As the amount of porosityPorosity increased, the compressive strengthCompressive strength decreased as did the elastic modulusModulus. The size and geometry of latticeLattices unit cells were found to have a significant effect on the mechanical response of these porous structuresPorous structures. All the porous structuresPorous structures had an elastic modulusModulus below 20 GPa. This low stiffness makes porous nitinolNitinol promising candidates for biomedicalBiomedical implants.

Fused filament fabrication (FFFFused filament fabrication (FFF)) sometimes known as fused deposition modeling and filament freeform fabrication is an additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) technologyTechnology, which uses a thermoplastic matrix with a high loading of metalMetals particles. Upon a thermal processing, the fabricated compositeComposites sample can be converted into a metalMetals. In this research bronze-based samples were made using an Anycubic 4Max MetalMetals 3D machine. The processProcess parameters and post-processing thermal method are presented, as well as the mechanical and materialsMaterials characterizationCharacterization of the final samples.

During sinteringSintering, components typically experience dimensional changes and shrinkage because of low green density. This study used dilatometryDilatometry experiments to analyze the multi-axial dimensional evolution of cylindrical 316L316L stainless steelStainless steel samples (6 mm diameter and 5 mm length) fabricated by binder jettingBinder jetting (BJ). Two sinteringSintering temperaturesTemperature (1250, 1390 °C) and three printing orientations with respect to the powder bed were investigated. The anisotropic shrinkage ratio was affected by the printing orientation and sinteringSintering temperatureTemperature. The build (Z) direction played a key role in the anisotropic shrinkage behaviour observed in the sintered materialMaterials. The ratio of shrinkage between the build direction and recoater-printhead directions (>1.10) was higher than the ratio of shrinkage between the recoater and printhead directions (~1.00). High shrinkage in the Z direction was attributed to primitive lines observed perpendicular to the build direction. As the sinteringSintering temperatureTemperature increased from 1250 to 1390 °C, the shrinkage ratio increased from 1.10 to 1.21.

The scientific community focuses on seeking printing parameters that reach the maximum of the mechanical propertiesMechanical properties of polymers. One of the more recent approaches to this type of printing being explored is multimaterialMaterials printing. This work investigates the effects of two printing parameters on the resistance of 3D printed parts: (a) multilayer combination and (b) printing speed. The methodology used for the tensile tests was in accordance with the ASTM D638 standard, and using the multimaterial approach in order to analyze different behaviors in relation to combinations. The materialsMaterials used in the research will be Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate), thermoplastic polyurethane and copolyester. The study shows that we can get two different results: a rigid materialMaterials combined with a flexible materialMaterials and a rigid materialMaterials combined with another rigid materialMaterials. It was concluded that the TRITAN filament has greater resistance to maximum tension, and the TPU filament presents greater deformation for a mono-materialMaterials presentation. In the multimaterial presentation, the materialsMaterials maintained their tensile strengthTensile strength in the combination of two rigid materialsMaterials, while in the combination of rigid and flexible materialsMaterials, there was an increase in deformation and lower tensile strengthTensile strength.

In this paper, spherical and regular Cu powdersCu powder without satellite spheres were prepared by the electrical explosion of wireElectrical explosion of wires method. Based on the Newton cooling law, the dependence of the cooling rateCooling rate on powder size was obtained, showing that the cooling rateCooling rate reduced with increasing the powder diameter. Accordingly, Cu powdersCu powder with a diameter of ~50 μm and 100 μm were selected to address the effect of cooling rateCooling rate on the mechanical propertiesMechanical properties of a single powder by using nanoindentation. For the powder with a diameter of 100 μm, the hardnessHardness and modulusModulus were 2.0 GPa and 61.7 GPa, respectively, while they are 2.2 and 93.0 GPa, respectively, for the powder with a diameter of 50 μm. When the powder diameter decreases, the cooling rateCooling rate enlarges, and the grain size is refined, leading to the improvement of the mechanical propertiesMechanical properties of the Cu powderCu powder.

In-situIn-situ detection of defectsDefects generated during additive manufacturing (AMAdditive manufacturing (AM)) and the ability to predict part performance in real-time are areas of active research. Ideally, a real-time fatigue analysis would be performed during AMAdditive manufacturing (AM) printing, using real-time detection of defectsDefects, and stopping the print if requirements are not met. Since in-situIn-situ defectDefects detection technologyTechnology is currently still in development, an alternate approach is used here to demonstrate fatigue prediction during printing. Fatigue lifeFatigue life is calculated in-situIn-situ for the current build height, by assuming a defectDefects population that was generated from statistical data characterized by ex-situEx-situ computed tomography (CT) scans of relevant builds. The printing of an axial fatigue test coupon was used to demonstrate this approach. A large number of defectsDefects were generated with various defectDefects sizes and geometrical locations within the part. This simulated defectDefects distribution is fed layer-by-layer to a model simulating the build processProcess. The fatigue load spectra expected during service are applied to the current build height to calculate fatigue crack growthFatigue crack growth due to defectDefects until part failure. Variation of materialMaterials properties through the partially built part and their influence on service life are modelled by probabilistic fracture mechanicsProbabilistic fracture mechanics. It is shown that fatigue lifeFatigue life reduces with an increase of build height, since the number of defectsDefects increases with build height. The fatigue failure is most sensitive to large surface or near surface (sub-surface) defectsDefects located at areas experiencing high amplitude cyclic stress.

Energy transition requires, among other things, deeper knowledge of materialsMaterials behavior in hydrogen. Additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) is a technologyTechnology that allows designers to accelerate the hydrogen transition happening in turbomachinery, but further characterizationCharacterization of the additiveAdditive alloys in this environment is still necessary. This paper collects results obtained by Baker Hughes testing metallic materialsMaterials in hydrogen environment, namely a nickelNickel base alloy processed by additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM). The alloy is deployed for gas turbine fuel burners which are components of paramount importance for achieving optimal combustion and low emissions. The hydrogen embrittlementHydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of the materialMaterials is analyzed by a testing method which envelops turbomachinery operative conditions.

Predicting accurate high-temperatureHigh temperature mechanical propertiesMechanical properties of materialsMaterials is crucial, specifically for metalMetals additively manufactured alloys, wherein the industry standards are still being developed. For example, frictionFriction and non-isothermal conditions during high-temperatureHigh temperature compression testing often leadLead to erroneous predictions of materialMaterials properties. In this work, hot compression deformation was carried out on M789M789 steelSteel samples fabricated through laser-powder bed fusion, utilizing a Gleeble thermomechanical simulator at a temperatureTemperature range of 850–1050 °C and strain rate range of 0.01–1 s−1. The effects of frictionFriction and temperatureTemperature were accounted for by incorporating test specimen barreling and changes in the internal energy. It was observed that at a testing temperatureTemperature of 900 °C and a strain rate of 1 s−1, the effects of temperatureTemperature and frictionFriction on the flow stressFlow stress deviated by about 3.5% from experimental data. Since the determination of accurate flow stressFlow stress curves in emerging fields, such as metalMetals additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM), is crucial for advancing the development of more reliable constitutive models, it is essential to perform frictionFriction and temperature correctionsTemperature corrections during hot compression testing.

Laser cladding system available at the CSIR South Africa was used to laser clad Inconel 625Inconel 625 on 304L SS substrate. The produced clad was studied for effects of heat treatmentHeat treatments and carbonisation on the microstructural and hardness properties. The microstructural changes were summarized as: Laves/Eutectic-rich to primary dendritic to MC carbideMC carbides rich to anisotropic Laves-rich to isotropic grain then finally precipitated and large MC carbidesMC carbides microstructureMicrostructure. The As-built sample had higher hardnessHardness value followed by the water quenched and carbonized samples which had similar hardnessHardness value. Aging and stress relieve conditions softened the sample. The obtained hardnessHardness values support the observed microstructuresMicrostructure.

Fuel cellsFuel cell offer a sustainable solution for providing electric drive energy in the course of advancing e-mobility. Essential components of the fuel cellFuel cell represent the bipolar platesBipolar plate, which are being produced in ever higher quantities from thinner and thinner materialsMaterials. Consequently, this leadsLead to high requirements on the precision and robustness of corresponding production processesProcess as well as associated tool designs for such bipolar platesBipolar plate. In order to ensure these requirements at an early stage of forming processProcess planning, especially with regard to the tool design, the use of prototype tools has become inevitable. However, there is currently no cost- and time-efficient way of producing prototype tools for bipolar platesBipolar plate that may be considered as rapid prototypingRapid prototyping. In general, prototype tools made from steelSteel alloys are used here, which are manufactured by costly high-precision milling processesProcess. Hence, this paper pursues the approach of producing low-cost prototype tools from synthetic materialsMaterials by means of additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM). As a proof of concept, experimental investigations were carried out comparing dimensional accuracy of downscaled bipolar platesBipolar plate made of 1.4404 stainless-steelSteel produced by using a printed plastic tool on the one hand and a milled steelSteel tool on the other.

Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs)Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are increasingly being used in additive manufacturing (AM)Additive manufacturing (AM) due to their superior mechanical propertiesMechanical properties in comparison to thermoplastic polymers. AMAdditive manufacturing (AM) processProcess parameters affect the microstructureMicrostructure. Mechanical propertiesMechanical properties of the FRPsFiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) at the macroscale are estimated by homogenization of microscale response. To establish the process-structure-property (PSP) linkages in FRPsFiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), a methodical mechanical characterizationCharacterization of the 3D printed materialMaterials at different length scales is necessary. In this work, we use a strain-based approach to identify the size of the representative volume element (RVE)Representative volume element (RVE) of additively manufactured chopped FRPFiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) materialMaterials using finite element analysisFinite element analysis (FEA) (FEA). Representative unit cells (RUC) of increasing sizes are created and analyzed under longitudinal and transverse loading conditions. The effects of the randomization of fibers on the convergence of RUCs are also studied. Finally, the macroscale mechanical propertiesMechanical properties of the additively manufactured chopped FRPsFiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are predicted using the RVERepresentative volume element (RVE).

Additive manufacturing (AMAdditive manufacturing (AM)) is utilized in high-end industries where the reliabilityReliability of the manufactured parts is a critical factor of interest. Research efforts have been directed toward optimizing the processProcess parameters in order to mitigate porositiesPorosity in printed parts since their presence causes deterioration in the mechanical propertiesMechanical properties. Compared to experimental works, computational modeling techniques allow for efficient means to understand and mitigate defectsDefects. However, most of the simulation models assume a full dense part due to lack of appropriate models. In this work, an experimentally validated finite element analysis (FEAFinite element analysis (FEA)) model is presented that can be used to investigate the effect of porosityPorosity on the tensile response of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDMFused deposition modelling (FDM)) parts. Full dense FDMFused deposition modelling (FDM) samples as well as samples with induced macro-porosityPorosity were manufactured and tested to determine their tensile propertiesTensile properties. The experimental results were then used to validate a FEAFinite element analysis (FEA) model that simulates the samples behavior under tensile loading. The proposed framework is expected to assure the reliabilityReliability of computational modelling results that account for the effect of porosityPorosity in AMAdditive manufacturing (AM) samples.

Nickel-based alloys are normally employed for aerospace components that experience high levels of stress at elevated temperaturesTemperature. With the emergence of metalMetals additive manufacturing (AMAdditive manufacturing (AM)), it is essential to determine the high-temperatureHigh temperature and high-strain rateHigh-strain rate properties of aerospace materialsMaterials fabricated by means of laser-powder bed fusion (LPBF). Therefore, in this work, samples of Alloy 718 fabricated using LPBF are tested using a compressive Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) fitted with a radiation infrared furnace at a temperatureTemperature range of 25–400 °C and strain rate range of 1000–1500 s−1. The stress–strain curves were then modelled using phenomenological-, and artificial neural network-based constitutive materialMaterials models, such as modifiedModified Johnson–Cook, Hensel-Spittel, modifiedModified Hensel-Spittel, and back-propagating artificial neural network (ANN) models. Although the ANN model provided the most accurate simulation, other materialMaterials models such as Hensel-Spittel and modifiedModified Hensel-Spittel models provided Average Absolute Relative Errors of less than 15%.

The wire arc additive manufacturingWire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) (WAAM) processProcess is one of the fast emerging metalMetals additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) techniques. WAAMWire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is known for its high deposition rates and relatively lower costs, which makes it suitable for the fabrication of large parts. Heat accumulationHeat accumulation is one of the key challengesChallenges with WAAM. As layers are deposited during WAAMWire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), heat accumulates due to insufficient cooling. This continues as the number of layers increases, which affects the geometry and mechanical performance of the deposited part. In this study, the WAAMWire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) processProcess is modelled numerically, and the heat accumulationHeat accumulation patterns are analysed. The numerical results compare well against experimental observations available in the literature. Further, the influence of interpass dwell time on the accumulated heat is discussed through the quantification of heat.

The high-temperatureHigh temperature behavior of additively manufactured 420 stainless steel420 stainless steel fabricated via the laser powder bed fusionLaser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) (LPBF) processProcess was investigated through a hot compressive deformation test performed at the temperatureTemperature range of 973–1423 K and strain rates of 0.01–1.0 s−1. Flow stressFlow stress curves were analyzed using materialMaterials constitutive modeling and double differentiation techniques to assess various softening mechanisms and the onset of the dynamic recrystallizationDynamic recrystallization (DRX) phenomenon, respectively. The Johnson–Cook constitutive equation demonstrated higher accuracy in predicting the flow stressFlow stress curves at relatively higher temperaturesTemperature. The flow stressFlow stress peak diminished at higher strain, indicating an increasing presence of dynamic recoveryDynamic recovery (DRV). Based on the calculated critical strains, DRX occurred before peak stress at strains between 0.05–0.14. These observations were confirmed by the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSDElectron back scattered diffraction (EBSD)) analysis, revealing increased grain refinement at low-temperatureTemperature settings due to the high-volume of DRX nuclei. Conversely, at high-temperatureHigh temperature settings, a possible dynamic transformation (DT) occurred alongside DRX, leading to the formation of lath-like grains with low local misorientations. These results were subsequently compared with the hot deformation behaviorHot deformation behavior of conventionally manufactured 420 stainless steelsStainless steel.

One of the biggest challengesChallenges regarding developing new materialsMaterials for additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) technologiesTechnology is insufficient and difficult access to a wide range of powder-form alloys. Gas, plasma, centrifugal, or water atomizationAtomization technologiesTechnology are mainly used to manufacture metallic powdersMetallic powders. Despite the significant benefits of these processesProcess, such as a high production yield, they come with certain drawbacks. These include a high investment cost, limited compatibility with a few materialsMaterials, a wide particle size distribution (PSD), and the requirement for a minimal amount of materialMaterials input for atomizationAtomization. The presented ultrasonic atomizationUltrasonic atomization technologyTechnology overcomes these challengesChallenges and allows for the in-house production of metallic powdersMetallic powders with tailored chemical compositions.

The increased freedom to design in Laser Powder Bed FusionLaser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) (L-PBF) has catered to the need for lowering materialMaterials usage and weight of parts in various industries including the biomedicalBiomedical industry through the introduction of lattice-architectured metamaterials. Though their macro-mechanical propertiesMechanical properties are adequately studied, often issues pertaining to the quality of latticeLattices architecture are ignored. The quality of latticesLattices is directly dependent on the quality of strutsStruts as the building block of latticeLattices architecture. In addition to the processProcess parameters’ effects of L-PBFLaser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) on the quality of strutsStruts, the mode of laser irradiation may play a role in this trend. This work has studied the effect of laser irradiation mode on the quality of strutsStruts through analysis of surface topographySurface topography and roughness, defectsDefects nature and the ability to print strutsStruts of various diameters (0.1–1 mm) and angles of inclination (10˚-90˚). Continuous laser irradiation was capable of printing finer strutsStruts (d ≥ 0.2 mm) with better geometry (circularity) at lower angles of inclination, while the pulsed laser irradiation rendered better surface quality with less loose powder particles sinteringSintering on the surface. The geometry (circularity) of pulsed laser was better at higher angles of inclination. The defectsDefects appeared to be mainly keyholes, balling and gas porosityPorosity although some cracksCrack were detected for the pulsed laser printed strutsStruts and flow gaps for continuous mode. The microstructureMicrostructure of pulsed irradiation is slightly finer than continuous irradiation.

Wire arc additive manufacturingWire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is economical when compared against traditional methods and can save up to 50% on fabrication investment. In this study, deposits of SS316L are fabricated with wire arc additive manufacturingWire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) with cold metalMetals transfer mode. The directional cooling along the build direction leadsLead to the epitaxial grain growth. The electron back scattered diffractionElectron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) is used to analyse the microstructureMicrostructure. The phase map indicates the presence of austenite (γ) and residual ferrite (δ) phases. The grain coarsening of the previously deposited layers takes place as the next layer is deposited, due to additional heat input and partial re-melting of previously deposited layer(s). The tensile test of samples along the build, travel, and diagonal directions reveal significant anisotropyAnisotropy. The mechanical performance along the diagonal direction is better than the other directions.

The choice of processing parameters used for product fabrication in laser-based additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) is as critical as the property requirements of the product is meant to conform to. Part qualification is dependent on establishing a reliable processing strategy to produce parts in a repeatable manner that conforms to the desired property requirements. This paper discusses the processProcess used to produce titaniumTitanium alloy samples with improved build integrity and mechanical propertiesMechanical properties. Samples fabricated at optimized parameters showed an optimized microstructureMicrostructure that reported less defectsDefects and improved mechanical propertiesMechanical properties, such as hardnessHardness and tensile propertiesTensile properties. The materialMaterials showed a decrease in stiffness, while the yield and tensile strengthsTensile strength showed improvements. The tensile elongation showed an improvement of 11% due toParameter optimization parameter optimizationOptimization.

This mini-review provides a comprehensive overview of bioactive glassesBioactive glasses and their pivotal role in bone repair applications. Bone regeneration is a complex processProcess that requires innovative solutions, and bioactive glassesBioactive glasses have emerged as promising candidates. We delve into the composition and unique properties of bioactive glassesBioactive glasses, highlighting their biocompatibilityBiocompatibility and controlled ion release mechanisms. Through case studies and examples, we explore their diverse applications in bone repair. While bioactive glassesBioactive glasses offer numerous advantages, we also discuss their limitations and challengesChallenges, including regulatory aspects and long-term stability. Looking ahead, we identify current research trends and future prospectsProspects, underscoring the exciting potential of bioactive glassesBioactive glasses in shaping the landscape of bone repair and dental therapies.

TitaniumTitanium implants are susceptible to bacterial infection, necessitating excruciating and expensive revision surgeries. CopperCopper as an antibacterial agent in the titaniumTitanium alloying is an emerging, practical solution to this issue. This study aimed to investigate the synthesis of Ti-xCu alloys (x = 2.5, 5, and 10 wt.%) and assessed their dental application. Mechanical alloyingMechanical alloying was employed after optimizing milling parameters and followed by sinteringSintering and aging heat-treatment. The sintered Ti-xCu alloys were characterized to evaluate microstructureMicrostructure, phase composition, and thermal stability. The existence of Ti2Cu intermetallic phases, confirmed through structureStructure and phase analyses, played a pivotal role in enhancing mechanical and corrosionCorrosion properties. HardnessHardness measurements revealed a substantial enhancement, increased from 185 for pristine TiTi to 285 for Ti-10Cu alloy. Furthermore, Ti-5Cu and Ti-10Cu alloys revealed 69 and 71.5% improvement in the corrosion rateCorrosion rates, respectively compared to α-TiTi. This approach offers a practical and promising Ti-Cu alloyTi-Cu alloys for dental applications.

The understanding and simulation of the nucleation of particles in thin substrates is of importance in many areas of technologyTechnology. The deposition of dispersed particles requires the tuning of parameters to avoid agglomeration. Nucleation can be modeled with spherical or cylindrical morphologies. Parameters include heat transferHeat transfer coefficients and the “under cooling”. A stable transient moving interface for radial growth is found using WOLFRAM. A quasi-steady-state solution results where the growth is stabilized. This state is important in the formation of various structuresStructure like in-situIn-situ growth for thin filmThin films devices and protective coatingsCoating. Preliminary simulations on some alloy systems indicate that phase segregationSegregation and nucleation are predictable from transient time-dependent equations like energy balance in MBPs. This is separate from using the Gibbs free energy curves used in steady-state CALPHADCALPHAD type simulations. A discussion of the overlap with the Cahn–Hilliard equation is included.

Rubber seed oilRubber seed oil-based thin filmsThin films are gaining attention as eco-friendlyEco-friendly alternatives for various industrial applications, thanks to their biodegradabilityBiodegradability, cost-effectiveness, and abundance. To tailor these films for specific purposes, functionalizationFunctionalization strategies have become essential. This review highlights the significance of functionalizationFunctionalization in enhancing the mechanical attributes, thermal stability, barrier properties, and optical responses of rubber seed oilRubber seed oil-based thin filmsThin films. It explores various approaches, including physical and chemical methods, each with its distinct merits and challengesChallenges. The review comprehensively covers rubber seed oilRubber seed oil-based thin filmsThin films, their preparationPreparation details, and their potential as a renewable resource for thin filmThin films fabrication. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of functionalizationFunctionalization, extensively examines strategies to advance the properties and applications of these promising materialsMaterials, and discusses future prospectsProspects and challengesChallenges.

In the present work, the in vitro biodegradation of Zn and its Zn-AlAl and Zn-Mg alloys with potential applications as biodegradable metallic materialsMaterials was studied. For this, electrochemical techniques were used: potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedanceImpedance spectroscopy, EIS. Likewise, immersion tests were carried out over time. All experiments were carried out in a medium that simulates the body environment: phosphate-buffered saline with pH 7.4 and at a controlled temperatureTemperature of 37 ºC. It was found that the addition of alloys improves the behavior against Zn degradation in a solution that simulates the body environment. Therefore, the Zn-AlAl and Zn alloys studied are suitable candidates to be used as potential biodegradable metallic materialsMaterials.

The aim of this paper was to investigate the tribological behavior of a hard TiB2/TiC multilayerTiB2/TiC multilayer on M2 high-speed steelHigh-speed steel (M2 HSSM2 HSS). The mentioned multilayer was formed using a combined processProcess including cathodic arc-physical vapor depositionCathodic Arc-Physical Vapor Deposition (CA-PVD) (CA-PVD) and cathodic reduction/thermal diffusion-based boridingCathodic reduction/thermal diffusion-based boriding (CRTD-Bor) (CRTD-Bor), which is a fast, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method. In this regard, the CRTD-Bor processProcess was applied on CA-PVD Ti-deposited M2 steelSteel. During boriding, the upper portion of the TiTitanium coatingCoating deposited on HSSHigh-speed steel underwent conversion into TiTitanium borides, while, a TiC layer was simultaneously formed at the bottom of the coatingCoating layer interface between the TiTitanium deposit and the steelSteel matrix. The hardnessHardness value of the produced TiB2 layer measured by micro-indentation was 41 ± 5 GPa with a good adhesion strength (HF1) to the substrate. Also, the tribological investigationTribological investigation of the produced multilayer, which was conducted using the ball-on-disk wear test against the alumina ball, revealed an eight-fold improvement in the wear behavior of the surface-modifiedModified HSSHigh-speed steel compared with the bare HSS.

The exponential growth of Li-Ion BatteriesLithium-ion batteries (LIBs) (LIBs) in the electric vehicle market necessitates the establishment of effective end-of-life treatment technologiesTechnology. This is crucial to prevent any negative impacts on the future supply of strategic elements. In the present study, the influence of four different pre-treatmentPre-treatment conditions for the production of LIB-based Black MassBlack mass (BM) for subsequent hydrometallurgical processing steps has been investigated. Various analytical techniques such as SEM–EDS, XRDX-ray diffraction (XRD), MP-AES, DTA-TG, LECO, and NMR were employed to perform a preliminary characterizationCharacterization of the materialMaterials properties of the different BMs investigated. The elements present in each BM were categorized, the particle aggregationAggregation evaluated, and the total amount of carbon and traces of organic compounds determined. The outcomes of the study give valuable information on how system kineticsKinetics and particle surface area may impact downstream processing. The present research is vital to facilitate hydrometallurgical processing and, further, recoveryRecovery of valuable metalsMetals.

Chemical-looping partial oxidation of methaneChemical-looping partial oxidation of methane is a green technologyTechnology. The ironIron-based materialMaterials has good oxygen storage capacity and sinteringSintering resistance. LaFeO3 is a perovskite catalystPerovskite catalyst, which has good selectivity and structural stability in the processProcess of methaneMethane conversion to syngas. Nb is carbon resistant and can produce more oxygen vacancies. Therefore, in this study, LaFeO3 was modifiedModified with Nb2O5 and tested the partial oxidation ability of LaFeO3/Nb2O5 oxygen carrierOxygen carrier. Thermodynamic calculation was carried out by FactSage 8.1. At 900℃, the calculation results showed that: methaneMethane conversion rate was 100%, CO selectivity was 95.6%, H2 selectivity was 95.9%, no carbon deposition, and H2/CO ratio was 2. At 900 ℃, the experimental results showed that: the conversion rate of methaneMethane was 90.4%, H2 selectivity was 86%, CO selectivity was 79%, and H2/CO2 ratio was 2.18.

Partial oxidation of methaneMethane to syngas by chemical looping technologyTechnology is a meaningful processProcess for methaneMethane transformation. Thermodynamic and kineticKinetics analyses both forecast the NiO/Ce2(SO4)3-MgOMgO which is a promising oxygen carrierOxygen carrier (OC) for methaneMethane chemical looping partial oxidationChemical looping partial oxidation (CLPOM), which enables 100% methaneMethane conversion, syngas selectivity, a 2.15 H2/CO ratio, and excellent cyclic performance. Compared with Ce2(SO4)3, the CH4 conversion rate can increase by 73.19% because of the excellent latticeLattices oxygen availability, large specific surface area, and less carbon deposition. The hierarchical pore structureHierarchical pore structure also provides an ideal micro-environment for the reaction. These results provide fundamental information on the reaction mechanism of NiO/Ce2(SO4)3-MgOMgO OC and present it as a promising candidate to produce the high purity syngas.

This study involves the production of high-capacity nickel borideNickel borides (Ni4B3) electrodes via cathodic reduction and thermal diffusion-based boriding method (CRTD-Bor)CRTD-Bor. After 30 min of CRTD-BorCRTD-Bor at 1000 °C and 200 mA/cm2, 10 min of phase homogenization (the substrate was immersed in the electrolyte without any polarization) were applied to form stoichiometric Ni-boride structuresStructure. The electrochemical behaviors of the Ni-boride specimens were examined in a 6 M KOH solution by using a three-electrode system. The cyclic voltammetry experiments were conducted within a potential window of 0–0.45 V, up to 1500 cycles. The areal capacitance (Ca) values were calculated as ~60, 195, 262, and 295 mF/cm2 for the 5th, 500th, 1000th, and 1500th cycles, respectively.

AISI 416 steelSteel with a banded structureBanded structure (BS) that is formed by element segregationSegregation, and its MnS significantly affects its microstructureMicrostructure and properties during the hot working processProcess. In this study, we investigated the formation mechanism of the BS and its relationship with MnS in 416 steelSteel by carrying out thermodynamic calculations and microscopic characterizationCharacterization measurements. The BS was identified to be a delta-ferrite phase rich in Cr. In addition, when the volume fraction of delta-ferrite was the largest during the 1665 K, the BS was most likely to precipitate. The fine M23C6M23C6 particles around the BS enhanced the segregationSegregation of Cr and worked with the MnS inclusionsMnS inclusion to pin the surrounding grains. The metastable-banded structureBanded structure formed near the BS transformed into a martensite phase. The MnS inclusionsMnS inclusion pinned and refined the grains and showed four types of distributions.

The literature on the thermodynamics of magnetism tends to obscure the nature of the magnetic field used in thermodynamic potentials and relations. It is often implied that H is a homogeneous internal magnetic field of a homogeneously magnetized body. In this framework, isothermal first order phase transitions are associated with a magnetization discontinuity, ΔM, at a critical field Hc with Hc = 0 for a ferromagnet and Hc $$\ne $$ 0, e.g., for antiferromagnets with metamagnetic and spin flop transitions. The idealized description in terms of H is in sharp contrast to experiments performed on real samples where magnetic stray-fields are present. Here, the applied magnetic field, Ha, is experimentally controlled and the first order phase transition is continuous spreading out over a regime of coexisting phases. This work shows, with and without reference to a thermodynamic potential that, for the special case $$H={H}_{a}-{D}_{eff}M$$ , the Maxwell relation $${\mu }_{0} {\left(\partial M/\partial T\right)}_{H}= {\left(\partial s/\partial H\right)}_{T}$$ implies validity of $${\mu }_{0} {\left(\partial M/\partial T\right)}_{{H}_{a}}={\left(\partial s/\partial {H}_{a}\right)}_{T}$$ . We show for magnetometry data of a Gd single crystal that a fictitious internal field $$H={H}_{a}-{D}_{eff}(T) M$$ transforms M versu Ha isotherms to M vs H with a discontinuity at H = 0. This formal transformation comes at the price that Deff is temperatureTemperature dependent, rejecting the notion of a purely geometry dependent demagnetizing factor. The unjustified assumption of a homogeneous internal field in the mixed phase gives rise to the incorrect result $${\left(\partial s/\partial {H}_{a}\right)}_{T}=0$$ . Magnetization isotherms in Gd are virtually hysteresis free and domain states of the mixed phase are equilibrium states with well-defined entropy quantifiable via $${\mu }_{0} {\left(\partial M/\partial T\right)}_{{H}_{a}}={\left(\partial s/\partial {H}_{a}\right)}_{T}$$ .

Tissue engineeringTissue engineering holds great promise for tissue regeneration and organ replacement. The integration of biodegradable polymersBiodegradable polymers with 3D printing3D printing has revolutionized scaffold fabricationScaffold fabrication, enabling precise control over architecture and functionality. This review explores the current status and future potential of biodegradable polymersBiodegradable polymers in 3D printed tissue engineeringTissue engineering scaffolds, highlighting their fascinating properties, such as tunable mechanics and biocompatibilityBiocompatibility. We discuss various 3D printing3D printing techniques and their benefits and limitations for tissue engineeringTissue engineering applications. Current advancements in bone, cartilage, and organ tissue engineeringTissue engineering showcase the potential of 3D printed personalized approaches. Addressing challengesChallenges in scaffold resolution, materialMaterials properties, vascularization, and scalability requires innovative solutions, including multi-functional scaffolds and bioprinting. This transformative review envisions a future driven by biodegradable polymersBiodegradable polymers and 3D printing3D printing, revolutionizing regenerative medicineRegenerative medicine and offering hope to patients in need of tissue repair and regeneration.

The remarkable potential of 3D bioprinting3D bioprinting in tissue engineeringTissue engineering and regenerative medicineRegenerative medicine hinges on the development of bioink formulationsBioink formulations that guide the creation of intricate and functional tissue constructs. This review encapsulates the pivotal role of bioinks in this dynamic field, elucidating key insights and findings. Bioink diversity, ranging from natural biomaterialsBiomaterials to synthetic polymers, underpins the versatility and complexity achievable in bioprinting. Achieving accurate 3D bioprinting3D bioprinting necessitates a deep comprehension of printability factors encompassing rheological properties, cross-linking mechanisms, and extrudability. Strategies enhancing bioink printability through additivesAdditive and bioactive agents are emerging, offering avenues for elevating construct precision, and functionality. Tailoring bioink formulationsBioink formulations to specific tissue types further fosters tissue-specific differentiation and improved construct functionality. This review underscores the profound significance of bioink formulationsBioink formulations as the bedrock of tissue engineeringTissue engineering advancement, bridging scientific exploration with transformative solutions for medical practice. As the evolution of bioink formulationsBioink formulations continues, the horizon for 3D bioprinting3D bioprinting in regenerative medicineRegenerative medicine remains boundless, promising a future where tissues and organs are tailor-made for healing and restoration.

MagnesiumMagnesium (Mg) has similar mechanical qualities to bones, is biocompatible, and is biodegradable, making it suitable for bone tissueBone tissue engineeringTissue engineering applications. The primary goal of this study is to investigate the potential of using Mg-loaded polymer compositesComposites as filament feedstock for fused deposition modeling (FDMFused deposition modelling (FDM)) 3D printing3D printing. Four polymer-magnesiumMagnesium compositions were synthesized and produced into filaments, then used to print test samples on an FDMFused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printer. The effects of Mg inclusionInclusions on the filament’s thermal, physicochemical, and printability properties are evaluated. The Mg particles are equally distributed in all compositions, according to SEM analysis of the films. The FTIR results show no chemical reaction between the polymers and the Mg particles. The photos of the filament’s cross-section reveal that the distribution of Mg particles is uniform up to a Mg concentration of 15%. Beyond that, it has been demonstrated that uneven distribution and a rise in pores around the Mg particles impact their printability. The potential for using compositeComposites biomaterialsBiomaterials for 3D printed bone implantsBone implants exists with the 5 and 10% Mg compositeComposites filaments that were printable overall.

Chemical strengtheningChemical strengthening of glassGlass is a processProcess that toughens the surface of glassGlass by exchange of alkali ions at temperaturesTemperature below the glassGlass transition temperatureTemperature where the replacement of small alkali ions in the glassGlass with larger potassium ions from the molten saltMolten salt occurs which results in creation of a thin layer of high compression stress on the surface of glassGlass and a layer of a tension in the center. Effective chemical strengtheningChemical strengthening of glassGlass has been restricted by diverse technological limitations such as glassGlass composition, salts impurities, temperatureTemperature, and time. Therefore, in this manuscript, the shortcomings of the current state of the art technologiesTechnology have analyzed, and an electric field assisted glassGlass strengthening alternative has been presented and tested. EF-IEElectric field assisted ion exchange (EF-IE) shortens the processing time drastically and improves the efficiency forming an exchanged layer as deep as and in some cases, more than the conventional strengthening processProcess and enhances the glassGlass strength and makes the glassGlass more failure resistant in some cases. Ion exchange in different liquid phase compositions and its factors on the final strength of SLSSoda lime silicate glass (SLS) glassesGlass were also investigated. The obtained values from the characterizationCharacterization were compared to results obtained from experiments with the current state of the art processProcess and in some cases showed a significant increase in strength of the glassGlass. Possible reasons for the differences are also discussed.

The present work studied indentation fracture toughnessFracture toughness and X-ray micro-CTX-ray micro-CT of novel lightweight three-layer ZrB2–B4C functionally graded materialMaterials developed by spark plasma sinteringSintering route. The density of the fabricated FGM is 40% lower than monolithic ZrB2. The composition of each layer was selected to reduce the overall density without compromising the materialMaterials's functionality. The measured fracture toughnessFracture toughness for the top layer is 5.2 ± 0.4 Mpa(m)0.5. The presence of any defectDefects could not be detected in the 3D images generated after X-ray micro-CTX-ray micro-CT scanning.

The objective of the current work is to develop a AA7075 reinforced tantalum carbide (1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%) compositeComposites through stir casting. The secondary processProcess such as multi-axial forging (MAF) followed by aging was performed on AA7075/5TaC(S-4) compositeComposites to enhance the strength and ductility of the compositeComposites. The evolution of microstructuresMicrostructure was examined by optical microscope (OM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and the MAF processProcess was analyzed by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD)Electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). The microstructureMicrostructure characterizationCharacterization reveals that the refinement of grains takes place with the addition of TaC due to the pinning effectPinning effect. The microstructureMicrostructure of the MAF shows suppression of dynamic recoveryDynamic recovery and generation of dislocation density because of the strain energy effect at room temperatureTemperature. The mechanical propertiesMechanical properties were measured by Vickers hardnessHardness and universal tensile testing machine and obtained as the highest for 5 wt % TaC which is 142 Hv, 211 YS, and 254 UTS. MAF specimen shows an improvement in mechanical propertiesMechanical properties and percentage elongation compared to properties obtained in S-4 compositeComposites specimen. The highest UTS, YS, and % elongation of S-4 specimen was achieved with MAF+aged when the cumulative strain was up to 4.8. The enhancement in hardnessHardness and tensile strengthTensile strength of the developed compositeComposites and MAF specimen were discussed with various strengthening mechanisms.

The use of recycled materialsMaterials in the field of additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) is a solution that gives value to glass wasteGlass waste after its use in many countries, giving relief to a growing problem worldwide with the use of recyclingRecycling. This investigation shows results for the use of wasteWaste glassGlass bottles for the manufacture of bricks by the additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) technique using additivesAdditive. Bricks of different geometry than the conventional one were produced from yellow clayClay from the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil, with the addition of 10% by weight of glass wasteGlass waste powder. With the purpose of reducing the water content in the composition, wasteWaste glassGlass powders were evaluated. Density, linear contraction, porosityPorosity, and water absorption tests were carried out to evaluate the technological properties of the materialMaterials. The characterizationCharacterization of raw materialsMaterials was also carried out by means of x-ray fluorescence (FRX), to evaluate the microstructureMicrostructure of the samples. Compression strength and dilatometryDilatometry tests for initial clayClay and clay-glassGlass mixtures were also included, detailing the behavior and various parameters of the processProcess. The production of ceramic pieces by additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) with the addition of glassGlass residue becomes highly viable because, in addition to contributing to the development of pieces with better quality, reduces the wasteWaste environmental impactEnvironmental impact.

Toxic wastewater remains an important and ongoing challengeChallenges in industrial societies. The natural and eco-friendlyEco-friendly diatomaceous earth with nano-scale pores has demonstrated excellent removal capability of wastewater contaminated with dyes, heavy metalMetals ions, and oil pollutants. However, adsorbents with micro-scale pores exhibit high adsorption capacity but low permeability, making it difficult to optimize both adsorption capacity and flow efficiency. To overcome this limitation, we fabricated multi-scaleMulti-scale, hierarchically porous absorbents using natural diatomite as raw materialsMaterials. Through the combination of the freeze casting method and 3D-printed sacrificial template, porous adsorbents with adjustable multi-scaleMulti-scale channel widths (in the range of 300–500 nm, 10–30 μm, and 0.5–3 mm) were successfully fabricated. By designing the geometry of the porous structuresPorous structures, we can optimize the adsorption efficiency and the mechanical strength of adsorbents. The designed channels meander the fluid paths and the micropores and nanopores further enhance the accessibility of adsorption sites in hierarchically porous adsorbents.

The evaporation of wollastoniteWollastonite in the temperatureTemperature range of 1751–2087 K was studied using the Knudsen effusion mass spectrometric method. The vapor species typical of simple oxides, as well as the CaSiO3 gaseous oxide have been identified in the gas phase over wollastoniteWollastonite. The partial pressures of vapor species of the gas phase over wollastoniteWollastonite were determined for the first time. The oxide activities, as well as the enthalpy and entropy of the formation of wollastoniteWollastonite from simple oxides, were determined on the basis of their data. These values were equal to –38.92 ± 0.52 kJ/mol and 2.33 ± 0.29 J/(mol × K), respectively, and the CaSiO3 melting enthalpy at 1818 ± 7 K was calculated to 27.64 ± 0.57 kJ/mol.

Based on previous phase diagram studies on the CaO-SiO2-Ce2O3-5wt.% Al2O3 system at 1673–1773 K. In this study, the equilibrium phase diagram experiment at 1873 K was extended. The phase composition and phase ratio were analyzed and statistically calculated by FE-SEM, XRDX-ray diffraction (XRD), EPMA, and XRF, so the equilibrium phase diagram of CaO-SiO2-Ce2O3-5wt.% Al2O3 at 1873 K was obtained. At this high temperatureHigh temperature, the phases coexisting with the liquid phase are CaO·2Ce2O3·3SiO2, SiO2, Ca2SiO4, and Ce2Si2O7. In addition, the liquid phase region and the initial crystal point at the temperatureTemperature of 1673–1873 K in CaO-SiO2-Ce2O3-5wt.% Al2O3 system were plotted. The precipitationPrecipitation and phase transformationPhase transformations behavior of rare earthRare earth oxide Ce2O3 in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 are explained in detail, which provides a theoretical basis for the value-added utilizationUtilization of rare earthRare earth oxides.

The aim of this work is to obtain a ceramic tilesCeramic tiles with kaolinitic clayKaolinitic clay, argilliteArgillite, glassGlass mud, and bottle glass wastesGlass waste. The wastesWaste were initially benefited by drying, crushing, and sieving in a 200 mesh (0.074 mm) mesh and later incorporated in 20 wt.% in a typical kaolinite clayClay from Campos dos Goytacazes mixed with argilliteArgillite from Itu-SP in equal proportions. Specimens, with 8% moisture content, were obtained by uniaxial pressing at 35 MPa and fired at temperaturesTemperature of 1100 and 1125 °C. The physical and mechanical propertiesMechanical properties evaluated were: Apparent dry density, water absorption, linear shrinkage, and flexural rupture strength. The results show that both argilliteArgillite and glass wasteGlass waste act as a flux materialMaterials in a traditional ceramic formulation with clayClay as the base raw materialMaterials, making it possible to reach the specification of porcelain stoneware at temperaturesTemperature well below the usual industrial firing temperaturesTemperature.

Gd2Zr2O7Gd2Zr2O7, as a type of materialMaterials applied for thermal barrier coatingsThermal barrier coatings, has received widespread attention. However, due to its low thermal expansion coefficient, dopingDoping with rare earthRare earth oxides is usually used to improve the property. In this study, La-doped (Gd1-xLax)2Zr2O7 was prepared using the molten salt methodMolten salt method. The results indicate that for x < 0.5, (Gd1-xLax)2Zr2O7 exhibits a fluorite structureStructure, while for x ≥ 0.5, it exhibits a pyrochlore phase. Dense ceramic bulk samples with high density (93%) were obtained by pressing the powder (Gd1-xLax)2Zr2O7 and sinteringSintering, for measurement of thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient. The result revealed that (Gd1-xLax)2Zr2O7 (x ≤ 0.5) significantly reduces the thermal conductivity of Gd2Zr2O7Gd2Zr2O7 and increases its thermal expansion coefficient. Simultaneously, with the increase in x, the thermal expansion coefficient exhibited a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. When x was 0.5, the maximum thermal expansion coefficient reached 11 × 10−6 K−1, increased by 10% compared to Gd2Zr2O7Gd2Zr2O7.

Fe2AlB2Fe2AlB2 is a typical representative of MAB-phase; it becomes a research hotspot with its high damage tolerance and magnetothermal effect. Due to the high raw materialMaterials cost and long reaction time, a new idea of preparing Fe2AlB2Fe2AlB2 powder from Fe, Al2O3, and Na2B4O7 by molten salt electrochemicalMolten salt electrochemical method was proposed in this paper, and its theoretical feasibility was analyzed by thermodynamic study. The results showed Fe, Al2O3, and Na2B4O7 had no chemical reaction in NaCl-KCl less than 1200 ℃. The molar ratio of Fe, Al2O3, and Na2B4O7 was 2:0.75:0.5. The electrochemical reactionElectrochemical reactions conditions for the preparationPreparation of Fe2AlB2Fe2AlB2 were obtained at 700 ℃ ~ 1000 ℃, and the theoretical decompositionDecomposition voltage was −2.37 V ~ −3.12 V. B was electrolytically reduced before AlAl, and then Fe2AlB2Fe2AlB2 was formed by the reaction of FeB and AlAl with Fe. The thermodynamic calculation results indicated the preparationPreparation of Fe2AlB2Fe2AlB2 by molten salt electrochemicalMolten salt electrochemical method was feasible in theory.

Steel slagSteel slag contains Fe, Si, Ca, AlAl, Mg, and other metalMetals elements, but its complex mineral phaseMineral phase and large yield leadLead to its resourceful treatment as an urgent problem. In order to realize the high value-added utilizationUtilization of steel slagSteel slag, this paper proposed a new idea of preparing Fe3SiFe3Si with steel slagSteel slag in NaCl-CaCl2 by using molten salt electrolysisMolten salt electrolysis, and theoretical feasibility was analyzed through thermodynamic study. The results showed that no chemical reaction occurred in the molten saltMolten salt at 700–900 ℃, the electroreduction sequence of each metalMetals in the slagSlag was Fe, Si, AlAl, Mg, Ca, and the theoretical decompositionDecomposition voltage of Fe and Si electroreduction in the slagSlag is − 2.26 to − 1.45 V. Combined with the slagSlag components and Fe-Si phase diagram, the electroreduction of Fe and Si finally formed Fe3SiFe3Si. Under above thermodynamic conditions, the preparationPreparation of Fe3SiFe3Si from molten saltMolten salt electrolytic steel slagSteel slag was theoretically feasible.

Fe-based hard magnetic compounds such as α″-Fe16N2Fe16N2 have been the potential candidates for rare-earth (RE)-free permanent magnets. Fe-based soft magneticSoft magnetic materials materialsMaterials such as MinnealloyMinnealloy, α″-Fe16(NC)2, have been the potential candidates for critical-element-free magnetic materialsMagnetic materials. Their intrinsic magnetic properties such as giant saturation magnetization and high or low magnetic anisotropyAnisotropy energy (MAE) are the results of their unique crystalline and electronic structuresStructure. Their electronic and magnetic structuresStructure are largely dependent on their crystal latticeLattices structuresStructure. First-principles methods can be used to study the electronic structuresStructure of these materialsMaterials and to calculate the ground-state latticeLattices parameters. However, when examining a new composition, first-principles methods typically use existing known latticeLattices structuresStructure that may or may not represent the global minimum of the true ground state. In this paper, we present another approach to address this challengeChallenges, to use a molecular dynamics (MDMolecular dynamics (MD))-based simulated annealing method during energy minimization to predict the unit crystal latticeLattices structureStructure. In this method, a building-block latticeLattices structureStructure is formed first as the initial point that is closely related to the predicted structureStructure with a matched spatial atomic ratio. Then a series of local energy minima (EM) searches are evaluated within confined latticeLattices moving volumes that are continuously fractionally divided from the previous one. A global minimum state can be evaluated from these local minima as it is the closest ground state. Stress conditions can also be applied during this EM processProcess to simulate a textured latticeLattices growth at experimental condition. We show that this method can be computationally efficient and provide great insights in predicting the crystalline latticeLattices structuresStructure of Fe-based compounds such as α″-Fe16N2Fe16N2, α″-Fe16C2, and-Fe16CxN2-x α″-Fe16CxN2−x (x ∈ (0,2)).

A solid–solid reaction took place at 1000 °C during 4 h, using a mixture of pure iron oxideIron oxideFe2O3 and pure zinc oxide—ZnO in order to synthesize zinc ferrite—ZFZinc ferrite-ZF' of different compositions: (S1) Fe2O3/ZnO:3/2, (S2) Fe2O3/ZnO:1/1, (S3) Fe2O3/ZnO:4/1, and (S4) Fe2O3/ZnO:2/1. Each of these mixtures were milled during 24 h before the thermic treatment was carried out. S1, S2, S3, and S4 samples were become to M1, M2, M3, and M4 samples, respectively, which after that were thermally characterized using DSC, DTA, and TG techniques. In sequence the ZF produced were examined using XRD, optical, and magnetic techniques, SEM and TEM. XRD analysis shows up contains of equimolar ZF: M3 (73.20%), M4 (28.00%), and M2 (2.10%) as non-stoichiometric phases of ZF: 31.80% of Zn0.95Fe1.78O3.71 and 30.40% of Zn1.08Fe1.92O4 in M4; Zn0.97Fe2.02O4 in M3 and 35.30% of Zn0.54Fe2.46O4 in M1. Previous studies of magnetic characterizationMagnetic characterization observed a little hysteresis of this equimolar ZF. The results of estimation of the bandgap energy (Eg) via the manipulation of the Kubelka–Munk theory allowed to determine that the samples M1, M2, M3, and M4 are considered semiconductors (3.66 and 3.76 eV).

Decreasing Mn and increasing Cr in the cast Cantor’s alloys and in their MC–strengthened versions may have consequences on the refractoriness and on the high temperatureHigh temperature mechanical propertiesMechanical properties. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was run to specify the temperaturesTemperature of starts and stops of melting and solidificationSolidification. 3 points flexural creep tests were carried out at several temperaturesTemperature in the [1000–1100 °C] range for several values of the induced maximal tensile stress varying between 10 and 20 MPa. It appears that, at constant contents in Mn and Cr, the solidus temperatureTemperature of the MC–containing alloys is lowered by regards to the MC–free ones, and also that, for the MC–free alloys as well as for the MC–containing ones, the solidus temperatureTemperature increases when the Mn content decreases and the Cr content increases. The creep tests evidence that no systematic effect of the Mn/Cr ratio on the creep resistance exists, neither for the MC–free alloys, nor for the MC–containing ones. In contrast, the MC–strengthened alloys are indisputably stronger against creep deformation than the MC–free alloys, regardless the Mn and Cr contents.

RefractoryRefractory high-entropy alloysHigh entropy alloys (RHEAs) are an emerging group of materialsMaterials exhibiting interesting functional and structural properties under high-temperatureHigh temperature operations. In this work, MoNbZrTiVMoNbZrTiV RHEA particles were developed via high-energy mechanical alloyingMechanical alloying, employing sequential and conventional milling approaches. Microstructural analysis was done through scanning electron microscopy, and the corresponding energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of the alloy. Results showed that as the milling progressed, dissolution of the elements and homogenization of the alloy were greatly governed by the physical properties of the elements. Thermodynamic calculations predicted the formation of a solid solutionSolid solution with a body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structureStructure. The reduced particle size after 24 h of milling was mainly due to the brittle nature of the elements having BCC and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystal structuresStructure, in addition to strain hardening and the frequent tendency of fracturing than cold welding during milling.

Casting allows obtaining in situ compositesComposites associating a HEA matrix and refractoryRefractory carbides. The presence of MC carbidesMC carbides allows benefiting simultaneously from the intrinsic good creep resistance of the HEA matrix, and from the delayed {steady state to tertiary} transition of the creep deformation given by the good cohesion between neighbor dendrites. However, the difference in thermal expansion behavior between matrix and carbides may induce curious geometrical behavior of the whole alloy at high temperatureHigh temperature, as earlier found for cobalt-based alloys, for instance. This work aims to investigate the dimensional behaviorDimensional behavior of MC-strengthened HEA alloys at high temperatureHigh temperature during heating and an isothermal stage, in order to observe the consequences of the internal interaction between matrix and carbides, such as visco-plastic deformations. Effectively, in contrast with the carbides-free quinary HEA alloys based on Co, Ni, Fe, Mn and Cr, the alloys with the same compositions as these later ones but containing TaC or HfC carbides behave curiously during heating and during the 1200 °C isothermal stage. Indeed, contraction occurs when arriving to 1200 °C and continues isothermally but slowing down. In parallel, it was also noticed that a decrease in Mn content and an increase in Cr content lowers a little thermal expansion coefficient.

This study focuses on fabricating AlAl matrix compositeComposites layers on commercially pure AlAl and 70757075 alloy by hot pressing to improve wear resistance at elevated temperaturesTemperature. As a reinforcement particle, Al2Ce intermetallicAl2Ce intermetallic particles synthesized by vacuum arc melting was chosen for its better chemical compatibility with AlAl matrix. Structural characterizationsCharacterization revealed the good binding between Al2Ce-p and AlAl matrix and the success of Al2Ce-p in increasing hardnessHardness of AlAl and 70757075 alloy. Results of the wear tests conducted at 200 °C against alumina balls under the load of 2 N showed 2.6- and 6.0-times lower wear rate for the AlAl matrix compositeComposites layer covered and 70757075 matrix compositeComposites layer covered samples as compared to their monolithic states, respectively.

Dissolvable tools have been used more in unconventional oil and gas operations in recent years. Currently, more and more wells in Southwest of China requires high temperatureHigh temperature (HT) dissolvable plugDissolvable plug. The HT dissolvable plugDissolvable plug needs to hold 70 Mpa pressure differential in water at 150 °C for 24 h. On the other hand, after the pressure holding test, the dissolvable plugDissolvable plug needs to be dissolved in 1% KCl at 95 °C in less than 15 days. These requirements put big challengesChallenges on dissolvable rubberDissolvable rubber sealing materialsSealing materials. To meet the industrial challengesChallenges, several special HT coatingsCoating were developed to delay the dissolution time of the HT dissolvable rubbersDissolvable rubber. Two coatingsCoating delayed the dissolution time of dissolvable rubberDissolvable rubber coupons from 16 h to 14 days. Two dissolvable plugsDissolvable plug with coatingCoating B coated dissolvable rubberDissolvable rubber element passed the testing requirements. Based on our knowledge, this is the first time in the industry a HT dissolvable plugDissolvable plug with dissolvable rubberDissolvable rubber sealing element passed the requirements.

A coatingCoating with superior properties is essential to prolong the life of the mold. In this contribution, a high-performance Ni-Co-Fe ternary alloy coatingCoating is prepared by electrodepositionElectrodeposition, the parameters of the electrodepositionElectrodeposition processProcess are optimized, and first-principles calculations clarify the strengthening mechanism of Fe atoms. The results show that as the FeSO4 content in the deposition solution increases, the surface morphology of the coatingCoating gradually transitions from cellular to granular, and the hardnessHardness continuously decreases. Through comprehensive comparative analysis of coatingCoating quality and performance, the optimal preparationPreparation processProcess for Ni Co Fe ternary alloy coatingCoating was obtained as follows: FeSO4 content of 2g/L, current density of 4A/dm2, and temperatureTemperature of 45 ℃. The thickness of the coatingCoating sample obtained at this time is approximately 70–80 μm, the surface is bright and has good uniformity, and the hardnessHardness has increased by 24% compared to binary alloys. Furthermore, the introduction of Fe atoms can effectively enhance the properties of NiCo alloys, such as elasticity and hardnessHardness, and reduce the degree of anisotropyAnisotropy of the alloy. Electronic propertiesElectronic properties were investigated and showed that the improvement of the mechanical propertiesMechanical properties of the alloy can be attributed to the strong local covalent interaction after dopingDoping with Fe atoms.

In this work, biodegradable Mg–3Zn–0.4Ca (ZX30) alloy was processed using equal channel angular pressingEqual channel angular pressing for up to 4-passes of route Bc. Microstructural evolutionMicrostructural evolution and crystallographic textureCrystallographic texture of the billetsBillet were studied using the scanning electron microscope-based electron back scatter diffraction technique. The corrosion behaviourCorrosion behaviour of the alloy was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedanceImpedance spectroscopy, set in a body simulated fluid. Wear tests were conducted for ZX30 billetsBillet as functions of load, velocity, and distance. The microstructureMicrostructure of the 4-passes samples was dominated by fine equiaxed grains, which indicates that the deformation processProcess was homogeneous and had caused continuous dynamic recrystallizationDynamic recrystallization. The average grain size of the 4-pass ZX30 alloyZX30 alloy was reduced by 91.6% compared to its as-annealed counterpart. A 93.4% corrosion rateCorrosion rates reduction, and a 254% corrosionCorrosion resistance improvement was achieved in the 4-passes condition. Furthermore, ECAP processing yielded significant improvements in wear behavior, compared to as-annealed counterpart.

This study investigates the controlled fabrication of Ti45Al8Nb alloy using self-propagatingSelf-propagating in-situIn-situ synthesis guided by thermodynamic modeling. It explores the impact of the AlAl stoichiometric ratio on alloy and slagSlag composition, microstructural morphology, and inclusionInclusions distribution. Findings demonstrate the thermodynamic model's effectiveness in governing desired alloy composition, guiding titanium-aluminum alloyAluminum alloys composition tailoring. Under specific conditions (AlAl stoichiometric coefficient 0.8, system’s specific reaction enthalpy 3250 J/g), a titanium-aluminum alloyAluminum alloys with TiTi, AlAl, Nb, O, and N mass fractions of 51.8, 29.5, 17.4, 1.2, and 0.0016 wt% is achieved. The primary phases are TiAl and TiAl3/NbAl3. Increasing aluminumAluminum content reduces inclusionInclusions content and size. This study proposes an efficient, scalable method for producing high-quality titanium-aluminum alloysAluminum alloys at a reduced cost by leveraging the thermodynamic model to predict and regulate self-propagatingSelf-propagating synthesis.

Ti6Al4VTi6Al4V alloy has many advantages such as high specific strength, good corrosionCorrosion resistance and biocompatibilityBiocompatibility, and is the most widely used titaniumTitanium alloy. At present, the industrial production of titaniumTitanium must use titaniumTitanium sponge (Kroll method) as raw materialMaterials, and the production cycle is long, high cost, cannot meet the requirements of the development of circular economy and environmental protection, which greatly limits the large-scale application of titaniumTitanium. We have designed and developed the “high-performance titaniumTitanium/titaniumTitanium alloy thermoelectric coupling low-cost short-flow preparationPreparation of a series of new processProcess system”. We have designed and developed a new method to prepare Ti6Al4VTi6Al4V alloy powder by self-propagatingSelf-propagating multistage reduction and one-step in-situIn-situ reduction using Ti6Al4VTi6Al4V alloy as the representative titaniumTitanium alloy. The method has completed semi-industrial tests and established the world's first demonstration production line for the low-cost, short-flow, clean production of Ti6Al4VTi6Al4V powder and TiTi powder by this method, which can reduce the cost of titaniumTitanium production by more than 30%, and is expected to boost the further development of the titaniumTitanium and titaniumTitanium alloy industry.

The effect of heat treatmentHeat treatments on the microstructureMicrostructure and mechanical propertiesMechanical properties of TC11 titaniumTitanium alloy were investigated. The α phase begins to transform to the β phase at 950 °C, and the α phase has almost completely transformed to the β phase at 1100 °C. After the alloy aging tread, the fine secondary alpha phase becomes more abundant. The cycle heat treatmentCycle heat treatments results show that the strength of the alloy decreases, and its plasticity and toughnessToughness increase as the number of cycle heat treatmentsCycle heat treatments increases. This is due to the gradual increase in the number of needle-like secondary α phases interspersed at the α phase interface impedes slip. The ultra-high circumferential fatigueUltra-high circumferential fatigue results show that the ultra-high fatigue strength at 109 cycles for a failure probability of 50% (σ9(10)) was calculated as 690 Mpa. In summary, the fatigue lifeFatigue life of the TC11 alloy can exceed 109.

The steelSteel industry is constantly looking for ways to automate processesProcess and improve efficiency. A standard practice in industry is to simulate how complex systems will operate before they are actually used. Some complex systems, including steelSteel industry processesProcess such as blast furnaces, require complex physics-based simulations utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD). These CFD physics-based simulations are very accurate but can take significant time and computational resources to processProcess, resulting in challengesChallenges for the implementation of the models in real-world operational environments. In recent years, deep learningDeep learning (DL) has been considered as a substitute for these CFD models. DL models can be trained on validated CFD simulation data and then used for industrial processProcess inference. Previous DL-based solutions have made great contributions for industrial automation but are currently missing the additional visualization component that CFD simulations also provide. In this paper, we propose a dataset for simple DL generative approaches that can help to address this issue. The dataset and methodology under development to approach this prediction are discussed in this work.

MaterialMaterials properties are typically determined by specific features such as the heterogeneity (or “trigger sites”) of phases and chemical states. Trigger sites have been investigated in systems such as structural materialsMaterials and batteriesBatteries by using multiscale X-ray microscopy (XRM). However, identifying trigger sites manually or via computers has been challenging because the data involved are large and multidimensional. In this study, we developed a new approach to determine trigger sites on the basis of shapes of heterogeneity in XRM data by using persistent homologyPersistent homology (PH) analysis. Our results revealed the following two aspects: (1) the trigger sites for the heterogeneous reduction of iron ore sintersIron ore sinter, the complex of Ca–Fe–O oxides, and pores; and (2) the crackCrack initiation sites at the nanoscale in carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPsCarbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)) under load. We could “non-empirically” identify trigger sites from the big data obtained by XRM. This approach can be applied to identify trigger sites in various materialsMaterials.

This paper studies the matching problem between inventory board and customer order. On the basis of objective analysis and constraint analysis of inventory board and order combination processProcess, a nonlinear integer programming model with minimum surplus materialMaterials ratio as objective function is established, and the model is solved based on particle swarm optimizationParticle swarm optimization algorithm. Adaptive weight and adaptive mutation are introduced to improve the algorithm, which improves the global search ability of the algorithm and quickly obtains the global optimal solution. The improved particle swarm optimizationParticle swarm optimization algorithm is used to solve the mathematical modelMathematical model, and the results show that the model can describe the practical problems well. Compared with manual experience, the efficiency of the combined processProcess is faster, the residual materialMaterials rate is lower, the average residual materialMaterials rate is controlled below 1% and even can be controlled at 0.2% in large-scale application, and the combined processProcess is optimized.

MaterialMaterials scientists have made progress in controlling alloy performance through microstructureMicrostructure quantification. However, attempts at numerically modeling microstructuresMicrostructure have failed due to the complex nature of the solidificationSolidification processProcess. In this research, we present the AlloyGAN deep learningDeep learning model to generate microstructuresMicrostructure for castable aluminum alloysAluminum alloys. This innovative model demonstrates its capacity to simulate the evolution of aluminum alloyAluminum alloys microstructuresMicrostructure in response to variations in composition and cooling ratesCooling rate. Specifically, it is successful to simulate various effects on castable aluminumAluminum, including: (1) the influence of Si and other elements on microstructuresMicrostructure, (2) the relationship between cooling rateCooling rate and Secondary Dendritic Arm Spacing, and (3) the impact of P/Sr elements on microstructuresMicrostructure. Our model delivers results that match the accuracy and robustness of traditional computational materials scienceComputational Materials Science & Engineering methods, yet significantly reduces computation time.

A fusion ELM model based on ensemble learning was proposed to predict slab temperatureTemperature. Combined with the actual production data of a steelSteel mill, the integrated ELM, ELM, ANN, BP networks are designed and the comparison test proves that the integrated ELM model has more advantages in the aspects of running time and prediction accuracy. The number of base models for integrating ELM model is determined to be 3, the number of hidden layer nodes is 20, and the neuron activation function Hardlim is the most suitable for steelSteel mill data set. The results show that the average hit rate of the predicted temperatureTemperature is 88.89% within ±5 ℃, and the MAE and RMSE of the predicted results are 2.46 and 2.85 ℃, respectively, indicating that the model has high accuracy and stability, and can be used to predict the casting slab temperatureTemperature.

A method for solving general boundary-value problems involving discrete dislocations is introduced. Plastic flow emerges from the motion of dislocations in an incremental fashion. At each increment, the displacement, strain and stress fields in the body are obtained by superposition of the infinite medium fields associated with individual dislocations and an image field that enforces boundary conditions. Dislocations are represented as monopoles and dislocation events are treated as a transportation map problem. Long-range interactions are accounted for through linear elasticity with a core regularization procedure. At the current state of development of the method, no ad hoc short-range interactions are included. An approximate loop nucleation model is used for large-scale computations. The image problem is solved using a finite elementFinite elements formulation with the following features: (i) a single Cholesky decompositionDecomposition of the global stiffness matrix, (ii) a consistent enforcement of traction and displacement boundary conditions, and (iii) image force interpolation using an efficient BB-tree algorithm. To ensure accuracy, we explore stable time steps and employ monopole splitting techniques. Special attention is given to the interaction of curved dislocations with arbitrary domain boundaries and free surfacesFree surfaces. The capabilities of the framework are illustrated through a wire torsion problem.

Hydrogen is a promising clean energy source, but its safe storage is challenging, as hydrogen has severe embrittling effects on metals. The extent of hydrogen embrittlementHydrogen embrittlement depends on the local hydrogen concentrationHydrogen concentration and how it couples with the thermal and structural counterparts. This work presents a framework for hydrogen diffusion and embrittlement effects considering underlying microstructureMicrostructure. A hydrogen diffusion simulation is conducted on a microstructureMicrostructure with grain boundaryGrain boundaries trapping effect and trapping site saturation effect explicitly considered. The simulation provides a time history of hydrogen concentrationHydrogen concentration in the microstructureMicrostructure. The grain boundaryGrain boundaries decohesion and softening effects of hydrogen are described phenomenologically by a nonuniform initial slip resistance degradation, which is computed based on the hydrogen concentrationHydrogen concentration profile. This initial distribution is then used in crystal plasticity simulations to predict how the hydrogen exposure affects the mechanical propertiesMechanical properties such as initial yield stress and subsequent flow behavior. The results show that the diffusion model can capture the trapping effects of hydrogen as well as the gradual saturation of trapping sites with increased hydrogen concentrationHydrogen concentration. The phenomenological model for hydrogen-based slip resistance degradation is able to capture the increased softening with longer hydrogen exposure times. The current framework provides a simple yet effective framework to connect microstructure-informed diffusion simulation with crystal plasticity to quantitatively study hydrogenHydrogen embrittlement embrittlement.

In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for the optimizationOptimization of alloy properties, driven by the growing complexity of end products and the need to reduce development costs. In general, Thermo-Calc based on the CALPHADCALPHAD method, which calculates the thermodynamic state of an alloy, is widely used for efficient alloy development. However, a challengeChallenges in alloy exploration using Thermo-Calc is the need for specialized computational skills and the significant computational effort required due to the extensive range of calculation conditions for numerous alloys. Consequently, we have developed a deep learningDeep learning model that rapidly and accurately predicts the temperatureTemperature-dependent changes in equilibrium phase fractions for 6000-series aluminum alloysAluminum alloys (AlAl–Mg–Si-based alloys), which are widely used in industry, using calculations from Thermo-Calc. We developed the architecture of the deep learningDeep learning model based on the TransformerTransformer, which is commonly used in natural language processing tasks. The model is capable of performing calculations more than 100 times faster than Thermo-Calc. Furthermore, by leveraging backpropagation of errors in the trained model, we developed a method to estimate the alloy composition for the phase fraction results calculated based on Thermo-Calc.

Mineral nanoparticlesMineral nanoparticles (NPs) are recognized as important actors in bio-interactions in soil and in living organisms. Their reactivity is often ascribed to their photo catalytical properties, but more specific enzyme-like activity in oxidation or hydrolysis of proteins, the “nanozyme” behavior is attracting an increasing attention. In the search for possibility to visualize NP interactions on molecular level, we develop approaches to isolation and characterizationCharacterization of protein and peptide complexes with smallest possible NP—the Poly-Oxo-MetalatePoly-oxo-metalate (POM) (POM) species. Structural and theoretical investigation of POMPoly-oxo-metalate (POM) complexes with peptide molecules has permitted to highlight the role of such factors as polarity of metal–oxygen bond, hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the peptide ligand, acidity of the medium and its salinity. Using single crystal models and 2D correlationCorrelation NMR approaches has permitted to get insight into bigger nanoparticlesNanoparticles interaction modes with larger proteins, in particular, with those essential for the SARS-CoV-2 virus metabolism.

Specific angular topographies on metalMetals surfaces can create non-uniform charge distributions that can disrupt biochemical processesProcess and structuresStructure of nearby microbes. A new method has been developed to assess the density and asperity of topographical features designed to neutralize viral and bacterial pathogens. Coarse grain and ultrafine grainUltrafine grains high-purity copperCopper surfaces were chemically treated to impart microscale and nanoscale architectures. Images from Scanning Electron Microscopy and topographical data from Atomic Force Microscopy were analyzed using algorithms to quantify the electrostatic potential of the surfaces. We found that treated surfaces of coarse grain copperCopper produced by conventional rolling and annealing and ultrafine-grained copperCopper made using a new High Shear Deformation processProcess, Friction-Assisted Lateral Extrusion ProcessProcess both resulted in average asperity spacings smaller than the size of pathogens. However, the ultrafine grainUltrafine grains copperCopper had a Surface Asperity Charge Density that was 4.5 times greater than the coarse grain copperCopper. Means to further enhance the computation of a quantitative measure of Surface Asperity Charge Density were identified. The analysis algorithms provide the basis for developing machine learningMachine learning methods to optimize the antimicrobialAntimicrobial effectiveness of copperCopper surfaces.

This study explores the challengesChallenges and prospectsProspects of biomimetic materialsBiomimetic materials in biomedical applicationsBiomedical applications, focusing on their role in bridging the gap between nature and medicine. The challengesChallenges encountered in developing these materialsMaterials have fostered innovation and collaboration across disciplines. Looking ahead, biomimetic materialsBiomimetic materials hold transformative potential, enabling personalized medicine through precise constructs. The integration of biological and synthetic elements in biohybrid systems promises groundbreaking advancements, while sustainabilitySustainability concerns are addressed by eco-friendlyEco-friendly solutions. The convergence of biomimetic materialsBiomimetic materials with neural interfaces and regenerative medicineRegenerative medicine offers transformative possibilities. This journey is characterized by collective efforts, guiding the future of biomimetic materialsBiomimetic materials in reshaping medical landscapes. As we navigate this juncture of challengesChallenges and potential, biomimetic materialsBiomimetic materials emerge as conduits for harmonizing nature's elegance and human ingenuity. This synthesis represents hope, resilience, and exploration—a journey where biomimetic materialsBiomimetic materials intricately weave the tapestry of nature and medicine.

Intensive use of inorganic fertilizersInorganic fertilizer contribute to environmental contamination and soil deterioration. Animal wastesWaste and bio-char have been used for compostCompost preparationPreparation. In this study, compostCompost made from bio-wastes with a ratio of 6:3:1 (kitchen wastesWaste: corn cob: palm oil mill sludge, and fly ashFly ash) was compared with inorganic fertilizerInorganic fertilizer. The aim was to produce amended compostCompost to replace inorganic fertilizersInorganic fertilizer. Physico-chemical properties were determined. Results show that compared with inorganic fertilizerInorganic fertilizer, the compostCompost had superior properties for environmental sustainabilitySustainability.

Wound healingWound healing and skin regenerationSkin regeneration are complex processesProcess crucial for human health, and silk biomaterialsSilk biomaterials have emerged as promising tools in these fields. This article explores recent research, challengesChallenges, and prospectsProspects in the use of silk-based solutions for wound healingWound healing and regenerative medicineRegenerative medicine. Recent studies highlight silk biomaterialsSilk biomaterials’ potential in promoting wound healingWound healing and skin regenerationSkin regeneration through materialsMaterials like hydrogelsHydrogels, dressings, and artificial skin grafts. Silk's unique ability to modulate immune responses balances inflammation and tissue repair, making it invaluable in wound care. However, challengesChallenges such as regulatory compliance, infection management, and immunomodulation must be addressed. Bridging the gap between research and clinical application demands rigorous testing and personalized wound care approaches. The future of silk biomaterialsSilk biomaterials in wound healingWound healing holds promise, with innovations like advanced formulations, bioactive additivesAdditive, and immunomodulation on the horizon. Regulatory streamlining will make silk-based solutions globally accessible, revolutionizing wound care and advancing regenerative medicineRegenerative medicine.

DP1180 advanced high strength steelAdvanced high-strength steels (AHSS) used in automobiles is usually protected from corrosionCorrosion by the Zn-based coatingCoating. However, liquid metal embrittlementLiquid metal embrittlement (LME) tends to occur in galvanized DP1180 steelSteel during the resistance spot weldingResistance spot welding (RSW) processProcess. This kind of crackCrack is potentially harmful to the load-carrying performance of the involved welded joints. In this paper, the effect of the welding currentWelding current on the LME in the resistance spot welded galvanized DP1180 steelSteel was comparatively investigated. With the welding currentWelding current of 10.5 kA, no obvious LME cracksCrack could be observed on the surface of the welding spot. When the current increased to 11.5 kA, the LME cracksCrack were produced, and the longest one was about 56.3 μm. Compared with the first two states, more and longer LME cracksCrack inside or around the spot weld indentation could be observed, and the longest one was 118.2 μm in the specimen with the current of 13.5 kA. Moreover, the results reflected that the increased welding currentWelding current with the added heat input could produce more and longer LME cracksCrack under the same electrode force. Therefore, appropriate welding currentWelding current was required to be controlled to suppress the LME in the DP1180 welded joint.

Cold sprayCold spray (CS) is a solid-state deposition method that involves accelerating particles below their melting point to adhere to a substrate, resulting in the formation of coatingsCoating or parts with promising applications. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the bonding types and impact modes of particles during CS. The bonding types, namely mechanical and metallurgicalMetallurgical, are significantly influenced by the mechanical propertiesMechanical properties of both the particles and the substrates. In this work, mechanically alloyed AlCoCrFeNiAlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloyHigh entropy alloys feedstock particles are deposited onto a steelSteel substrate employing the CS technique. The investigation revealed the impact of the propelling gas type (i.e., helium and nitrogenNitrogen) and the hardnessHardness of the particles/substrate on the bonding types. Furthermore, a theoretical framework based on materialMaterials properties is employed to predict the dominant impact modes, such as co-deformation, splatting, and penetration. These predictions are then compared to the experimentally observed impact scenarios of AlCoCrFeNiAlCoCrFeNi during CS.

Basic oxygen furnace slagBasic oxygen furnace slag (BOF slag) (BOFS) with high content of free CaO (f-CaO) can be utilized as a kind of building materialsBuilding material after carbonation. However, the degree of carbonation varies greatly depending on the particle size of slagSlag. In this study, the carbonation processProcess of BOFS with different particle sizes was evaluated in an autoclave. The highest CO2 sequestrationCO2 sequestration and f-CaO consumption reached 6.49% (64.9 g CO2/kg slagSlag) and 99.81%, respectively, when the particle size of BOF slagBasic oxygen furnace slag (BOF slag) was less than 61 μm. Additionally, the size of particles had a minor impact on f-CaO consumption but significantly affected CO2 sequestrationCO2 sequestration. With CO2 sequestrationCO2 sequestration as an indicator, the results showed that the carbonation of BOFS was accurately described by the shrinking core model and the carbonation processProcess was proved to be controlled by internal diffusion. The effectiveness and environmental benefits of this method make it worth promoting for the carbonation and stabilization of steel slagSteel slag.

High-nitrogenNitrogen stainless steelStainless steel exhibits remarkable toughnessToughness and corrosionCorrosion resistance, which can make it widely used in diverse fields such as marine engineering and biomedicine. Simultaneously, the presence of the M2(C, N) phase, functioning as a secondary phase particle, significantly enhances the mechanical propertiesMechanical properties of high-nitrogenNitrogen stainless steelStainless steel. Therefore, this study focuses on FeCr17Mn11Mo3Nx powder as the research materialMaterials, choosing JMatPro thermodynamic software to compute the composition of precipitated phasesPrecipitated phase, solidificationSolidification paths, and pitting corrosionCorrosion resistance across varying nitrogenNitrogen contents. The results indicate that with an increase in nitrogenNitrogen content from 0.703 wt% to 1.010 wt%, the content of the M2(C, N) phase will increase from 6.09 wt% to 8.82 wt%. There are two solidificationSolidification paths can be observed: L → L + α → L + α + γ and L → L + γ → L + γ + α. Time–temperature-transformation (TTT) curves demonstrate that higher nitrogenNitrogen content can increase the cooling rateCooling rate of the M2(C, N) phase. Furthermore, elevated nitrogenNitrogen content results in increased materialMaterials hardnessHardness and strength.

A spiral dislocationSpiral dislocation source is a dislocation with one end fixed on the slip plane, while the other end of the spiral dislocationSpiral dislocation source is at a grain boundaryGrain boundaries or a free surfaceFree surfaces. In the current study, 3D dislocation discrete dynamics (DDDDDD) simulations, which is a simulation method that can emulate the collective motion of dislocations and predict the constitutive behavior of a crystalline materialMaterials, is used to simulate, and capture the interaction between the spiral dislocationSpiral dislocation sources. The simulation results show that the flow stressFlow stress in the computational domain is dependent of the number of spiral sources. Another important simulation result from the current study is that an edge FR source can be produced from two screw spiral dislocationsSpiral dislocation that are moving in the same direction on the same slip plane.

This paper aims to explore solute-defect interactions in nanosized palladium-hydrogen (Pd-H) systems across multiple time scales through two atomistic methods. The first method, namely Diffusive Molecular DynamicsMolecular dynamics (MD) (DMD), is capable of capturing the mass transport of H atoms and the dynamics of solute-induced latticeLattices defectsDefects over a long diffusive time scale. The second one, Molecular Dynamics (MD)Molecular dynamics (MD), aims to provide more detailed information into instantaneous atomic movements and hopping over the time scale of thermal vibrations. These two methods are connected by initializing MDMolecular dynamics (MD) simulations with statistical measures of microscopic variables that are obtained from DMD at different H/Pd ratios. Our simulation results show that DMD is able to capture the motion of an atomistically sharp hydride phase boundary as well as the initialization and dynamics of solute-induced latticeLattices defectsDefects, i.e., misfit dislocations and stacking faults. While the H-rich phase leadsLead to an increase in the vibrational standard deviation of Pd and H atoms, the existence of stacking faults locally reduces it. Furthermore, the MDMolecular dynamics (MD) simulation results match well with DMD ones in terms of the equilibrium potential energy, the preservation of hydride phase boundary, and the spatial distribution of stacking faults.

Metallic dopantsMetallic dopants have the potential to increase the mechanical strength of polycrystalline metalsMetals. These elements are expected to aggregate in regions of lower coordination, such as grain boundariesGrain boundaries. At the grain boundariesGrain boundaries, they can have a beneficial (toughening) or detrimental effect (e.g. grain boundaryGrain boundaries embrittlement). In this study, we employ Density Functional Theory (DFT)Density functional theory (DFT) to compute the segregationSegregation energies of various metallic and non-metallic elements to determine their effect when introduced in a symmetric Cu grain boundaryGrain boundaries. The results may be used to qualitatively rank the beneficial effect of certain metallic elements, such as V, Zr, and Ag, as well as the strong weakening effect of non-metallic impurities like O, S, F, and P. Furthermore, the induced local distortion is found to be correlated with the weakening effect of the elements.

In this research, we employ atomistic simulations to scrutinize the impact of hydrogen (H) on dislocation mobilityDislocation mobility in ironIron (Fe). Our study uncovers two critical aspects: Firstly, hydrogen atoms serve to stabilize the edge dislocation core, thereby elevating the shear stress threshold needed for dislocation mobilization. Secondly, hydrogen's influence on dislocation mobilityDislocation mobility is velocity-dependent; it enhances mobility at low velocities by diminishing latticeLattices resistance but hampers it at high velocities due to increased viscous drag. These nuanced findings illuminate the multifaceted relationship between hydrogen atoms and dislocation mechanisms. They offer valuable insights for the development of materialsMaterials with enhanced mechanical propertiesMechanical properties and contribute to strategies for mitigating hydrogen-induced material degradationMaterial degradation.

Through Silicon Via (TSVThrough silicon via (TSV)) is a technique used in three-dimensionalThree-dimensional (3D) integrated circuit (IC) packaging to vertically stack layers for the purpose of establishing electrical and mechanical connections. Nevertheless, TSVThrough silicon via (TSV) faces certain challengesChallenges that pose risks to its reliabilityReliability, many of them originated from void formation. Despite its importance, considering the challengesChallenges for experimental analysis of the phenomenon, there are a lot of uncertainties about the mechanism of void nucleationVoid nucleation. An important parameter affecting void nucleationVoid nucleation under stress is the grain type and orientation. This study aims to understand this effect through a systematical analysis, using molecular dynamics simulationsMolecular dynamics simulation. Void formation during tension in the tilt grain boundaryTilt grain boundary and within the grain of a face-centered cubic (FCC) Cu bicrystal is examined. Three misorientation axes— < 100> , < 110> , and  < 111 >—with various tilt angles are explored. This study suggests that the level of strain that leadsLead to void nucleationVoid nucleation depends on the dislocation network that exists at the grain boundaryGrain boundaries. Dislocation evolutions throughout loading are examined to define the mechanism of void formation.

To avoid the so-called cold-shutCold shut defectDefects, the relationships among the proposed factors, such as shape factorShape factor, mold constantMold constant, and critical flow rate, were built up to construct the designing rules for the bottom ingate. An aluminumAluminum knuckle casting was cast in various initial mold temperaturesTemperature to obtain the critical filling flow rate controlled by the cross-sectional area of the bottom ingates with a constant velocity. Using the computational fluid dynamic package, the various magnifying sizes with the same shape as the knuckle castings were modeled, and the maximum critical filling time could be found. Based on the proposed shape factorShape factor modifying Chvorinov’s ruleChvorinov’s rule, the so-called critical mold constantMold constant (Bcold) and the shape factorShape factor (Spcold) were introduced in this study. From the proposed relationship, the rule of designing the critical bottom ingate size with the minimizing flow rate could be achieved to avoid cold-shutCold shut defectsDefects.

The surface longitudinal cracksSurface longitudinal cracks have been one of the most serious defectsDefects in the cast products. In this study, the surface longitudinal cracksSurface longitudinal cracks are mainly attributed to poor lubrication for mold fluxMold flux by crackCrack, heat transferHeat transfer of mold, and properties of mold fluxMold flux analysis. Comparing with the primary mold fluxMold flux (PMF), the properties of optimized mold fluxMold flux (PMF) had some changes: (1) the melting temperatureTemperature of the optimized mold fluxMold flux was decreased from 1174 to 1142 °C; (2) the wetting angle was increased from 38.64° to 49.96°, which decreased the interfacial wettabilityWettability; (3) the viscosity (1300 °C) was decreased from 0.684 to 0.398 Pa s, which had a better lubrication effect; (4) the proportion of crystalline layer increased from 62.87 to 70.99%, which increased the crystallization rate; (5) the response temperatureTemperature decreased from 389 to 356 °C, which resulted in better heat control. The optimized mold fluxMold flux (OMF) and primary mold fluxMold flux (PMF) were used to simulate continuous castingContinuous casting processProcess, the optimized mold fluxMold flux shows excellent performance for the quality of the shellShell.

Hydrogen resistance and sulfide stress corrosionCorrosion resistance of casing steelsCasing steel are severely impaired by large TiNTiN inclusionsInclusions. Rare earth elementsRare earth elements have the potential to modify the properties of non-metallic inclusionsInclusions in steelsSteel. The effect of RE content on the formation of TiNTiN inclusionsInclusions in P110-grade casing steelCasing steel has been investigated based on industrial trial. The results show that the main types of inclusionsInclusions formed in the casing steelCasing steel without RE addition are pure TiNTiN and compositeComposites Ca(-S)-AlAl(-Mg)-O + TiNTiN, while pure TiNTiN and compositeComposites RE-P(-As) + TiNTiN or compositeComposites RE-O(-S-Ca) + TiNTiN after RE addition. The number density of TiNTiN inclusionsInclusions in the rolled products decreases with increasing RE content (0, 0.0160%, 0.0197%), but the average size of TiNTiN inclusionsInclusions becomes smaller and then larger. Thermodynamic calculations show that increasing the RE content in casing steelCasing steel reduces the precipitationPrecipitation temperatureTemperature of TiNTiN inclusionsInclusions, which inhibits the precipitationPrecipitation of TiNTiN inclusionsInclusions.

In some grey cast ironGrey cast iron components, which are cast in sand moulds, the metalMetals sometimes penetrates into the mould producing defectsDefects and causes difficulties when cleaning the components. To improve knowledge of the metalMetals penetration mechanism, a series of test casting was performed in production scale where the influence of different inoculantsInoculant and different amounts was studied. Investigation of the various inoculantsInoculant shows that the inoculation of grey cast ironGrey cast iron will influence the metal expansion penetrationMetal expansion penetration in areas with late solidificationSolidification times. The amount of inoculantInoculant added shows a clear effect on the degree of metalMetals penetration. The whole casting processProcess was simulated with the software MagmaSoft® in order to investigate the solidificationSolidification characteristics as well as the porosityPorosity in the casting component.

The aggregationAggregation of CeAlO3 inclusionsCeAlO3 inclusions on the surface of an AlAl-killed molten steelSteel was observed under argon purging using a confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The steelSteel contained 32 ppm total oxygen, 13 ppm sulfur, 70 ppm aluminumAluminum, and 70 ppm cerium and stable inclusionsInclusions were CeAlO3. The aggregationAggregation occurred when the distance between CeAlO3 inclusionsCeAlO3 inclusions was less than 160 μm. The smaller inclusionInclusions had a shorter critical aggregationAggregation distance. Within 20 min, single inclusionInclusions particles with an initial size of 2.3 μm were aggregated into 200 μm ones. The attractive force between CeAlO3 inclusionsCeAlO3 inclusions increased with the increase of the diameter of inclusionsInclusions. The attractive force between 5 μm inclusionsInclusions ranged 10–17 N to 10–15 N.

The addition of desulfurizerDesulfurizer particles to the molten steelSteel resulted in a noticeable change in the composition of desulfurizersDesulfurizer. This study aimed to establish a kineticKinetics model based on the unreacted-core model to predict the quantitative evolution of desulfurizersDesulfurizer composition. The original composition of the desulfurizerDesulfurizer was CaO–SiO2–CaF2. Effects of the content of dissolved magnesiumMagnesium [Mg] on the composition evolution of desulfurizersDesulfurizer were determined. Once added to the steelSteel, a rapid displacement reaction occurred between the SiO2 in the desulfurizerDesulfurizer and the dissolved aluminumAluminum in the molten steelSteel. Consequently, the SiO2 content in the desulfurizerDesulfurizer decreased from 19.5 to below 2% within 90 s, while the Al2O3 content increased from zero to over 20%. The study confirmed that as the [Mg] content increased from 1 to 15 ppm, the MgOMgO content in the desulfurizerDesulfurizer increased from 0.6 to 9.1% after 900 s of reaction.

During the continuous castingContinuous casting of high carbon steelCarbon steel, mold sticking breakout occurs frequently, which may be due to poor lubrication of the slag filmSlag film infiltrating into the gap between the mold and the shellShell. The study investigated the lubrication behavior of the slag filmSlag film near the meniscus area using a mold simulator technique. The results showed that the heat fluxHeat flux and temperatureTemperature of the mold initially increased, followed by a subsequent decrease along the casting direction. The thickness of the slag filmSlag film initially decreases, followed by an increase along the casting direction. Overall, the thickness of the slag filmSlag film ranges from 1.21 to 2.87 mm. Additionally, the thickness of the liquid slag filmSlag film is 0.41 mm at the shellShell tip and decreases to 0.13 mm at a location situated 10 mm below the tip.

Medium carbon steelsMedium carbon steel have an excellent combination of tensile strengthTensile strength/ductility, and low yield to tensile ratio, which are cost effective to produce and can be heat treated to different tube/pipe strength levels based on their applications. Ultrasonic failure (due to cracksCrack) causes the most rejections for pipe and tube makers. This contribution investigated the medium carbon tube and/or pipe cracking after forming and welding. Macro- and microstructureStructure study and SEM EDS characterizationCharacterization indicated these cracksCrack are caused by casting defectsCasting defects, e.g., inclusionsInclusions in the slab from steelmaking, centerline segregationCenterline segregation, and slab internal crackingSlab internal cracking due to the improper casting parameter employed.

The blank surface quality could be prevented through the control of the second phase precipitationPrecipitation. In this study, the precipitationPrecipitation behavior of carbon-nitrides was studied by a high-temperatureHigh temperature confocal laser scanning microscope under the cooling ratesCooling rate of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 ℃/s. And the effects of cooling rateCooling rate on the morphology and distribution of precipitates were obtained. The results show that the initial precipitationPrecipitation temperatureTemperature and “fast-growing region” of carbon-nitrides are varied under different cooling ratesCooling rate. As the cooling rateCooling rate increases, the nucleation location of carbon-nitrides changes from grain boundaryGrain boundaries to grain interior. Meanwhile, its size and quantity gradually decrease. When the cooling rateCooling rate is larger than 1 ℃/s, the carbon-nitride mainly precipitates in grain interior. Combining the above research, a new secondary coolingSecondary cooling method for ship plate steelShip plate steel slab is proposed and industrial tests are conducted, which improves the surface quality of the slab in continuous castingContinuous casting.

The effects of two sample processing methods, punching and laser cuttingLaser cutting, on the magnetic properties of high-grade non-oriented electrical steelElectrical steel were studied. The results show that the coercivity and ironIron loss of laser cuttingLaser cutting samples are higher than those of mechanical punching, while the permeability gets lower in laser cuttingLaser cutting samples. Through the analysis of grain internal stress by EBSDElectron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), it is found that there is a stress concentration area in the cutting section of punching sample, while there is no obvious stress concentration area near in the cutting section of laser cuttingLaser cutting sample. While the laser cuttingLaser cutting surface is wrapped with an oxide layer with the thickness of 1 μm through EDS energy spectrum analysis. The oxide layer causes the hysteresis lossHysteresis loss increased under the magnetic induction intensity of 1.0 T, and the influence is amplified with the increase of loading frequency. However, when the magnetic induction intensity increases to 1.5 T, the influence of oxide layer on hysteresis lossHysteresis loss decreases and the abnormal lossAbnormal loss increases.

As a new technologyTechnology, the ultra-thin strip castingUltra-thin strip casting technologyTechnology has inherent advantages in the production of non-oriented silicon steelSteel, with excellent initial textureTexture and a short processProcess. The effects of different melt superheatMelt superheat (15 ℃, 45 ℃, 65 ℃) on the interfacial heat transferInterfacial heat transfer behavior and wetting phenomenaWetting phenomena of 2.5 wt.% Si non-oriented Electrical SteelNon-oriented electrical steel produced by the ultra-thin strip were studied. The empirical findings indicate a swift surge in interfacial heat flow upon initial interaction between molten steelSteel and the copperCopper matrix. The cooling contraction of the molten materialMaterials prompts the formation of an air gap between the solidified billetBillet shellShell and the copperCopper substrate, resulting in a peak of interfacial heat flow followed by rapid attenuation. Elevating the superheat levels extends the solidificationSolidification period, affording the molten materialMaterials ample time to wet the substrate. This, in turn, fosters interfacial heat transferInterfacial heat transfer and augments the interfacial heat flow.

A 2.5 wt.% Si electrical steelElectrical steel was prepared based on the ultra-thin strip castingUltra-thin strip casting processProcess, and its magnetic properties are closely related to the materialMaterials's microstructureMicrostructure and textureTexture. Therefore, it is the focus of this paper to control the evolution of grain size and textureTexture by modulating the thermal processing parameters, so as to improve the magnetic properties. In this paper, we mainly study the effect of the hot rollingHot rolling reduction rateReduction rate (30–70%) on the microstructureMicrostructure and textureTexture. The results show that with the increase in the reduction rateReduction rate, the grain is gradually refined. The heavy reduction rateReduction rate (70%) increased the area fraction of Goss ({110}<001>) and γ-fiber textureTexture grains and decreased the grain size, which was mainly a result of recrystallizationRecrystallization. At lower reduction ratesReduction rate of 30%, the λ-fiber textureTexture is still inherited and deformation bands dominate within the grains.

Thin strip continuous castingContinuous casting technologyTechnology has great advantages in the field of non-oriented electrical steelNon-oriented electrical steel due to its near-final forming and sub-rapid solidificationSolidification characteristics. However, it is prone to heat transferHeat transfer reduction and strip breaking in the production processProcess. The deposition behavior of oxide film between liquid steelSteel and copperCopper cooling crystallizer of non-oriented electrical steelNon-oriented electrical steel containing manganeseManganese and its effect on interfacial heat transferInterfacial heat transfer were investigated by using the experimental equipment of melt drop solidificationSolidification technologyTechnology. The results show that with the deposition of oxide film, its surface morphology goes through three stages: agglomeration, cluster, and three-dimensionalThree-dimensional network. The interfacial heat transferInterfacial heat transfer between molten steelSteel and crystallizer decreases first, then increases, reaches a peak, and then decreases. The main components of the naturally deposited film are oxides of Mn, Si, and Fe. With the continuous progress of the experiment, the components of the oxide film are basically stable.

The magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steelNon-oriented electrical steel (NOES) are closely related to the final microstructureMicrostructure and textureTexture of the annealed sheets, which not only depend on the annealing parameters, but also on the prior thermomechanical processing procedures applied to the steelSteel before annealing. The cold deformation immediately before annealing generates an energized and inhomogeneous materialMaterials state that is critical to the subsequent recrystallizationRecrystallization since the nucleation and grain growth are all affected by the microstructureMicrostructure/substructure, textureTexture, and the strain energy generated during the deformation processProcess. Conventional cold rolling is a plane-strain compression processProcess (2D), which normally produces very similar deformation and final annealing texturesTexture, i.e., the <110>//RD (rolling direction) and <111>//ND (normal direction) fibers, which are not the desired orientations for good magnetic properties. In this study, skew cold rolling is employed to processProcess non-oriented electrical steelNon-oriented electrical steel, in which the hot-rolled steelSteel plates are fed into the rolls at different angles (22.5° and 45°) from the conventional rolling direction. This rolling scheme generates a unique three-dimensional (3D) deformation mode that can significantly alter the cold rolling textureTexture, which in turn, leadsLead to different recrystallizationRecrystallization textureTexture. A 2.8 wt% Si non-oriented electrical steelNon-oriented electrical steel is skew cold rolled and the recrystallizationRecrystallization of the steelSteel is investigated by annealing the sheets at 1050 °C for different times (30 s and 60 s) to capture both partial and complete recrystallizationRecrystallization. The results are compared to those after conventional rolling and cross rolling. It is shown that skew rollingSkew rolling can significantly enhance the <001>//ND textureTexture (desired for good magnetic properties) and largely reduce or eliminate the detrimental <111>//ND textureTexture.

ElectromigrationElectromigration is a failure mechanism of major interest in the microelectronicsMicroelectronics industry. It is well known that introducing Cu solute into Al interconnectsAl interconnects greatly increases the resistance against electromigrationElectromigration degradation. AlAl electromigrationElectromigration is significantly slowed by the presence of Cu solutes until they are preferentially electromigrated away, and it only occurs within the Cu-depleted region where a resulting short-range stress gradient was hypothesized. In this study, a numerical model is developed to simulate the effects of Cu solute on electromigrationElectromigration induced short-range stress development in an AlAl(0.25 at.% Cu) interconnect. The simulation results are compared with a recent set of experimental observations by an X-ray microbeam technique to extract materialMaterials parameters related to the electromigrationElectromigration processProcess in AlAl(Cu) alloy. This study could further our understanding of electromigrationElectromigration mitigation, particularly for alloy-based interconnects in advanced IC technologiesTechnology.

Chemical inhibitors play an important role in protection and mitigation strategies to retard corrosionCorrosion; however, their use can cause negative effects on the environment. Due to this, the use of plant extracts as corrosión inhibitors has been suggested since they are non-toxic, biodegradable and abundant in nature. Aloe SaponariaAloe saponaria gel was used as a green corrosión inhibitor of mild carbon steelCarbon steel in 0.5 M HClHCl acid medium. The corrosionCorrosion inhibitionInhibition performance was investigated by electrochemical impedanceImpedance and potentiodynamic polarization in the absence and presence of the inhibitor, in different concentrations (10, 20, 30% v/v), at the following temperaturesTemperature: 298, 308, 315, and 323 K. The trend is observed that the higher the inhibitor concentration, the lower the corrosion rateCorrosion rates, this is due to the adsorption of organic matter creating a cover on the surface of the steelSteel.

Cast Cantor’s alloys, and derivatives issued from Mn and Cr Contents modifications and/or MC (TaC and HfC) carbides in situ formation, suffer more or less from oxide spallation at cooling. To investigate the dependence of this phenomenon on the alloy chemical composition and on the single-phased or double-phased state of the alloys, several alloys were first exposed to isothermal oxidation, and second to cooling down to room temperatureTemperature with mass variation recording. The differences between the isothermal oxidation temperatureTemperature and the temperatureTemperature of mass loss start, the sequences of the following steps of spallation and the final spallation-induced mass loss were analyzed as functions of the chemical and microstructural characteristics of the alloys. This evidenced the influences, on oxide spallation at cooling, of the Cr/Mn ratio and of the presence or not of the MC carbidesMC carbides. These observations led to recommendations for thermal cyclingThermal cycling conditions in service.

Stainless steelStainless steel containers made from annealed 316L316L are used for storing radioactive laboratory wastesWaste including disposable gloves, polyvinylchloride (PVC) bags, and paper Kimwipes. Radiolysis of the PVC bags stored in the containers can form several by-products, including HClHCl acid. The question is whether the HClHCl acid can significantly attack the stainless steelStainless steel and reduce the planned lifetime of the containers. This research is aimed at estimating the lifetime of the 316L316L stainless steelStainless steel containers when exposed to the vapors of HClHCl or immersed in varying concentrations of HClHCl (12 M, 10 M, 1 M, 0.1 M) and 1.5 M FeCl3FeCl3). The test methods included weight loss, thickness loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedanceImpedance spectroscopy. The preliminary test results indicate that the “uniform” corrosionCorrosion occurs in concentrated HClHCl (12 M), but pitting occurs in FeCl3FeCl3. The corrosion rateCorrosion rates starts slowly and increases with time in HClHCl while the opposite happens in FeCl3FeCl3.

Polymer-based compositesPolymer-based composites are crucial in various industries due to their versatility and exceptional properties. However, they face persistent threats from environmental degradationEnvironmental degradation, including UV radiationUv radiation, moisture, and chemical exposure. This review addresses the challengesChallenges posed by such degradation, encompassing reduced performance, safety concerns, maintenance costs, and economic and environmental consequences. To counter these challengesChallenges, the review explores mitigation strategies, including protective coatingsCoating, formulation enhancements, recyclingRecycling practices, and innovative materialsMaterials and technologiesTechnology. These strategies not only preserve compositeComposites integrity but also align with sustainabilitySustainability and circular economy principles, reducing wasteWaste and resource consumption. The review also highlights emerging trends and technologiesTechnology that promise to address environmental degradationEnvironmental degradation and emphasizes the role of circular economy principles and sustainabilitySustainability in shaping the future of polymer-based compositesPolymer-based composites. As industries seek durable and environmentally responsible solutions, this review offers insights into mitigating environmental degradationEnvironmental degradation challengesChallenges, ensuring the continued success of polymer-based compositePolymer-based composites materialsMaterials.

Multi-componentMulti-component fiber-reinforced compositesFiber-reinforced composites are vital in various industries, offering exceptional mechanical propertiesMechanical properties but also posing significant environmental challengesChallenges. This mini-review explores the complex relationship between these compositesComposites and the environment. It highlights issues like high carbon footprints, energy-intensive production, greenhouse gas emissions, and resource depletion, exacerbated by landfill disposal. However, the review also presents promising eco-friendlyEco-friendly solutions. These include incorporating recycled and bio-based materialsMaterials, applying design for sustainabilitySustainability principles, and promoting recyclingRecycling and circular economy models. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) plays a crucial role, illustrated through real-world case studies that inform sustainable decision-making. Existing environmental regulations guide responsible compositeComposites use. The review features case studies of pioneering industries, showcasing the benefits, challengesChallenges, and lessons learned from adopting green solutions. Looking ahead, it explores emerging trends and innovations in environmentally friendly compositesComposites, identifying research areas to explore. In summary, this mini-review provides a comprehensive view of the intricate connection between multi-componentMulti-component fiber-reinforced compositesFiber-reinforced composites and environmental responsibility, emphasizing the need for collective commitment to sustainabilitySustainability.

Mechanical stressMechanical stress often accelerates the failure of polymer materialsMaterials. The aim of this research is to study the interaction between the sealing materialSealing materials FKM and biofuelsBiofuels B10 (heating oil with 10% biodiesel). The mechanical stressMechanical stress test was carried out in a special apparatus. Both mechanical and non-mechanical stressMechanical stress tests were conducted on specimens at 20, 40, and 70 °C for 28 days to document changes in mass, volume, and tensile propertiesTensile properties. Both increasing temperatureTemperature and mechanical stressMechanical stress have a significant effect on the tensile strengthTensile strength of the FKM polymer when exposed to B10. The combination of increasing temperatureTemperature and mechanical stressMechanical stress induced rupture within 2 h. It was also established that FKM polymer with pre-exposure in B10 survived longer during mechanical stressMechanical stress compared to specimens exposed only to air. With the support of infrared (IR) spectroscopy, we were able to confirm the penetration of B10 into the FKM polymer.

The behaviors in oxidation at high temperatureHigh temperature of a cast Cantor’s alloy, and of its derived versions involving MC carbidesMC carbides for mechanical reinforcement purpose, are characterized by external and internal corrosionCorrosion products which are multi-constituted, due to the involvement of manganeseManganese in addition to chromiumChromium. In this work, content decrease in Mn content was tested simultaneously with increase in Cr content to observe, with thermogravimetry follow-up and metallography characterizationCharacterization, how the isothermal mass gain kineticsKinetics at several high temperaturesHigh temperature in the [1000–1100 °C] are influenced by such changes of the chemical composition. The isothermal kineticsKinetics stay parabolic but become much slower, and the Kp values much lower but still above the ones obtained with really chromia-forming alloys. Despite the significant increase from 1 to 3 of the atomic contents Cr/Mn ratio to 3, Mn still interferes with the chromia formation. However chromia which formed as discontinuous oxides at the scale/alloy interface in the case of the original equimolar-type alloys, is now thin but continuous.

Surgical instrumentsSurgical instruments play a fundamental role in the success of surgical procedures. They have traditionally been manufactured from stainless steelStainless steel due to its corrosionCorrosion resistance and ease of sterilization. However, exposure to corrosive substances during cleaning and disinfection can affect their integrity over time. This study investigates the corrosive effect of enzymaticEnzymatic, multi-enzymaticEnzymatic, and sodium hypochloriteHypochlorite solutions on surgical grade stainless steelStainless steel instruments. Samples were immersed in solutions under different concentrations and their breakdown potential was measured. Likewise, tests were carried out using normal ringer's serum as a medium, which is employed according to ISO 10993-15 standard, to evaluate the corrosionCorrosion resistance of materialsMaterials used for prostheses. The results showed that the breakdown potential depends on the concentration of the solution and temperatureTemperature. EnzymaticEnzymatic and multi-enzymaticEnzymatic solutions do not pose a significant risk if kept within recommended concentrations. However, normal ringer's serum induces corrosionCorrosion from 8 h of exposure. This study provides relevant information for cleaning and maintaining surgical instrumentsSurgical instruments in order to optimize their performance and safety.

The microstructureMicrostructure and delayed crackingDelayed cracking performance of the 22MnB5 hot roll bendingHot roll bending pipe was analyzed in this study. The main microstructureMicrostructure of the surface and central zones of the pipe were martensite and ferrite before and after annealing. The delayed crackingDelayed cracking test indicated that the annealed pipe possessed better delayed crackingDelayed cracking performance than the original one. The residual stressResidual stress of the original and the annealed pipes was tensile stress. In particular, the tensile stress at the outer bending of the pipe was the largest. The hydrogen contentHydrogen content at the inner and outer bending zones increased slightly after annealing. The crackCrack after soaking in acid was only observed at the outer bending zone of the pipe. According to the test results of residual stressResidual stress and hydrogen contentHydrogen content, it was deemed that the larger residual stressResidual stress could induce the cracksCrack. Meanwhile, no obvious effect of the hydrogen contentHydrogen content on the delayed crackingDelayed cracking performance could be detected.

Hydrogen embrittlementHydrogen embrittlement of pipeline steelsPipeline steel has become a major design concern for the transportation of pure hydrogen gasHydrogen gas or hydrogen blends using pipeline, especially at high design stresses. Quantification of the effects requires measurement of hydrogen contentHydrogen content in test samples and suitable test controls to simulate the practical service conditions. In this work, the total hydrogen contentHydrogen content in pipeline steelsPipeline steel pre-charged using electrolytic and gaseous methods was measured using the inert gas fusion (LECO) analysis. The analysis results showed that an average of approximately 0.2 ppm hydrogen existed in the as-received X65 steelSteel specimens without either electrolytic or gaseous hydrogen chargingHydrogen charging. The electrolytic pre-charging in 0.1 M NaOH solution with 150 mg/L As2O3 was effective to introduce hydrogen into the X65 steelSteel, and the highest total hydrogen contentHydrogen content of 1.4 ppm was achieved at a charging current density of 2.5 mA/cm2 and charging time of one hour. The highest total hydrogen contentHydrogen content achieved by the gaseous charging technique in pure H2 at 10.3 MPa pressure at room temperatureTemperature for 15 days was 0.4 ppm. Pd surface coatingCoating promoted hydrogen absorption into the steelSteel and led to almost doubled total hydrogen contentsHydrogen content for both charging techniques. Ex-situEx-situ Charpy testsCharpy test of electrolytically pre-charged X65 specimens at room temperatureTemperature showed approximately maximum 20% reduction in Charpy absorbed energy (CVN) compared to uncharged specimens. The discrepancy in the pre-charging time needed to reach the saturation effect (i.e., one hour for LECO vs. five hours for Charpy) can be attributed to the different sample geometry and dimensions for the LECO and Charpy testsCharpy test.

During the operation of underground gas storage, the periodic internal pressure fluctuations in high-pressure injection-production stringInjection-production string have a significant impact on the fatigue lifeFatigue life of the string. This study established a localized fatigue simulation model for the injection-production stringInjection-production string and investigated the effects of factors such as average internal pressure, alternating load amplitude and frequency, and wall thickness reduction on fatigue lifeFatigue life. The results indicate that as the average internal pressure, alternating load amplitude and frequency, and wall thickness reduction increase, the fatigue lifeFatigue life of the string diminishes. Among these factors, the average internal pressure has the greatest influence on the fatigue lifeFatigue life. When the average internal pressure increases from 20 to 45 MPa, the fatigue lifeFatigue life decreases from 6.999 × 1013 cycles to 4.984 × 105 cycles. The research findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the injection-production processProcess of underground gas storage and preventing fatigue failure in the string.

Today, the advanced hardening Yoshida-Uemori model is recommended for an improved springbackSpringback prediction in stamping numerical simulation. This model is a combined hardening model coupled with the elastic evolution modulus8Modulus which depends on the equivalent plastic strain. It is implemented in the most used FEAFinite element analysis (FEA) stamping codes with occasionally some variations. In order to provide materialMaterials cards for the FEAFinite element analysis (FEA) stamping codes, ArcelorMittal has at one’s disposal the equipment to perform reverse shear tests and hysteresis loops. An in-house methodology has been developed to identify the Yoshida-Uemori adjusting parameters. The developed identification protocol leadsLead to a set of materialMaterials parameters improving the springbackSpringback prediction compared to a purely isotropic hardeningIsotropic hardening model. The results analysis shows that the elastic modulusModulus evolution has an influence on springbackSpringback prediction of the same order as the combined hardening. A solution is proposed here to improve the elastic modulusModulus evolutive model according to the final stress state after springbackSpringback.

In the pursuit of innovative choleraCholera treatment, this study explores green-synthesized silver oxideSilver oxides nanoparticlesNanoparticles (AgO NPs) using Psidium guajava LPsidium guajava L. extract as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. Extensive characterizationCharacterization through X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffractionX-ray diffraction (XRD) (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques confirmed the AgO NPs’ purity, crystallinity, morphology, and size distribution. The recorded average particle diameter of ~42.41 nm indicates uniformity, beneficial for applications like drug delivery and antimicrobialAntimicrobial therapy. However, the Polydispersity Index (PDI) value of 0.534 suggests some size variability. XRF analysis verified successful AgO NP synthesis with minimal ironIron contamination, suitable for biomedical applicationsBiomedical applications. XRDX-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra revealed the presence of crystalline silver oxideSilver oxides nanoparticleNanoparticles. SEM micrographs showcased an agglomerated clustered morphology, promoting interactions with cholera-causing bacteria. Psidium guajava LPsidium guajava L. extract mediated AgO NPs’ exhibit potential for choleraCholera treatment, offering purity, crystallinity, and antimicrobialAntimicrobial properties, advancing innovative treatment approaches.

In the quest for innovative COVID-19 solutions, eco-friendlyEco-friendly iron oxideIron oxide nanoparticlesNanoparticles synthesized with Musa paradisiaca peel extract as both a reducing and stabilizing agent show great promise. Comprehensive characterizationCharacterization through FTIR, XRDX-ray diffraction (XRD), DLS, SEM, and EDS techniques has revealed their potential. FTIR analysis confirmed ironIron and functional groups from the peel extract. XRDX-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated high crystallinity with magnetite (Fe3O4) and/or maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) phases. Dynamic light scattering showed an average particle diameter of 43.35 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.612, revealing size distribution. SEM uncovered intriguing, aggregated formations, enhancing their potential for various biological applications, including drug delivery and antimicrobialAntimicrobial use in the fight against COVID-19. Nonetheless, rigorous research and clinical validation are crucial to unlock their full potential. These nanoparticlesNanoparticles serve as beacons of hope in our ongoing quest for effective COVID-19 treatment strategies.

Soil contaminationSoil contamination by organic pollutantsOrganic pollutants poses significant environmental challengesChallenges, necessitating innovative remediationRemediation approaches. This mini-review explores the role of manganese oxide nanoparticlesManganese oxide nanoparticles in addressing this issue. Manganese oxide nanoparticlesManganese oxide nanoparticles exhibit remarkable properties, including high surface area and redox activity, making them promising candidates for soil remediationRemediation. This review outlines the sources and characteristics of organic pollutantsOrganic pollutants in soil, elucidates the properties of manganese oxide nanoparticlesManganese oxide nanoparticles, and delves into their mechanisms of action. Recent research highlights the efficacy of manganese oxide nanoparticlesManganese oxide nanoparticles in removing organic pollutantsOrganic pollutants from soil, underscoring their potential in environmental cleanupEnvironmental cleanup. However, challengesChallenges related to scalability, long-term effectiveness, and ecological impacts require careful consideration. Looking ahead, future research should focus on advanced nanoparticleNanoparticles design, integration with complementary remediationRemediation techniques, and sustainable synthesis methodsSynthesis methods to propel manganese oxide nanoparticlesManganese oxide nanoparticles as a key player in soil remediationRemediation efforts.

This study introduces ternary oxide nanoparticlesNanoparticles synthesized from a blend of plantain peelPlantain peel, guava leaves, and mushroom extracts, containing ironIron, silver, and vanadium. These nanoparticlesNanoparticles, with an average diameter of 291.6 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.137, exhibit characteristics suitable for drug delivery systems, potentially enhancing tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes. Their irregular morphology leadsLead to aggregated formations, creating a porous structurePorous structures ideal for drug loading and controlled release, which may improve therapeutic efficacy. The incorporation of silver oxideSilver oxides nanoparticlesNanoparticles imparts antimicrobialAntimicrobial properties, offering potential inhibitionInhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. This innovative approach, combining ironIron, silver, and vanadium oxides, presents promising avenues for TB treatment. Future research is imperative to validate the nanoparticlesNanoparticles' effectiveness and safety, highlighting their potential in advancing TB treatment strategies and infectious disease management.

A new generation of high-performance, ultra-high strength (UHS) steelsSteel are required for lightweight applications at low prices. Traditionally, the outstanding properties of maraging (martensite-aging) steelsSteel emerge from semi-coherent nanoprecipitation in a martensitic matrix. However, coherency strains originating from the semi-coherent precipitates promote crackCrack initiation under load and thus inevitably reduce ductility. Multiple authors have suggested as a solution a highly-dense nanoprecipitation of Ni(AlAl,Fe) coherent precipitates with minimal latticeLattices misfit and validated the idea experimentally. In this work, we computationally designed, from processing to performance, a UHS steelSteel composed of Fe-Ni-Al-Mo with a higher specific yield strength and much lower price. Several foundational computational tools within the ICMEICME framework were adopted to design the steelSteel, including Thermo-Calc, TC-PRISMA, DICTRA, and TC-Python.

The effect of cerium on the solidificationSolidification nucleation and microstructureMicrostructure of high-strength low-alloy steelSteel was investigated. The in situ observationIn situ observation, inclusionInclusions characterizationCharacterization and microstructureMicrostructure analysis were performed via high temperatureHigh temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscope, and electron backscatter diffraction. The results showed that Ce significantly increased the nucleation site density. After cerium treatmentCerium treatment, the solidificationSolidification temperatureTemperature range and time were decreased by 17.6 °C and 22.44 s, respectively. Based on the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kologoromov theory, the solidificationSolidification rate constant increased from 7.59 × 10–5 to 5.68 × 10–4 after adding Ce, promoting the phase transformationPhase transformations. The typical inclusionsInclusions were modifiedModified from CaS and CaS+MgAl2O4 to CeAlO3+CaS and Ce2O2S+CaS with an increase in number and a decrease in size when adding Ce. Numerous fine rare earth inclusionsRare earth inclusions could effectively induce the formation of δ-Fe and γ-Fe through heterogeneous nucleation, thereby decreasing the average grain size from 13.76 to 12.38 µm.

The automotiveAutomotive industry faces the challengeChallenges of enhancing fuel efficiency while meeting global environmental regulations concerning emissions. Thus, advanced high-strength steelsAdvanced high-strength steels (AHSS) recently gained significant attention due to their improved combination of strength and ductility compared to conventional steelsSteel, allowing the manufacturing of lighter body-in-white assemblies. Among the AHSS, medium-manganeseManganese steelsSteel, which contain 3–12 wt% Mn and belong to the third-generation category, are of great interest. Since the mechanical and microstructural properties of medium-manganeseManganese steelsSteel rely heavily on the amount and stability of retained austeniteRetained austenite, the impact of adding vanadium, ranging from 0 to 0.75 wt%, was explored. The results showed that the microstructureMicrostructure of the microalloyed medium-Mn steelsSteel consists of martensite and retained austeniteRetained austenite phases. The findings also revealed that increasing the vanadium content led to an increase in the proportion of retained austeniteRetained austenite coupled with the refinement of austenite grain size.

The morphology of carbides in AISI M35 high-speed steelHigh-speed steel electroslag remeltingElectroslag remelting ingot, as well as decompositionDecomposition mechanism of the carbides at high temperatureHigh temperature were investigated by thermodynamic calculations, microscopy analyses, and phase analyses. The calculation results indicated that the main types carbides formed in steelSteel during solidificationSolidification were MC and M2CM2C. Through observation, it was found that there were lots of network eutectic carbidesNetwork eutectic carbides in the electroslag ingot, and the size of carbides at the center was larger than that at the edge. The micro morphologies of carbides in the ingot mainly had two types: a lath-like shape and a brain one, and both phases were identified as M2CM2C. They could be decomposed and formed new phases MC and M6C at high temperaturesHigh temperature. The decompositionDecomposition of M2CM2C carbides occurred obviously with the increasing holding temperatureTemperature, especially at 1,423 to 1,473 K. Which were more easily broken and deformed in the subsequent working.

High chromiumChromium Ferritic-martensitic (FM) steelsSteel are employed for especially thermal and nuclear power plant because of their low thermal expansion, corrosionCorrosion resistance, and creep performance. In this study, weld metalMetals phase transformationPhase transformations and mechanical propertiesMechanical properties oh high chromiumChromium steelSteel without Ni were investigated. The microstructureMicrostructure of produced all weld metalMetals were characterized by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDS. In addition, Thermo-Calc software was used to consider thermodynamic equilibrium stages and phase transformationsPhase transformations. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed in order to detect A1, A2, A3, and Ms-Mf temperatureTemperature. Weld metalMetals microstructureMicrostructure has tempered martensitic also precipitates observed mostly in the PAGB and lath boundary. α → γ transformation 834 °C and Curie temperatureTemperature 737 °C observed by DSC. Impact energy at 25 °C 57J while 60 °C was 97J observed.

The precipitationPrecipitation andTechnology evolutionary behavior of eutectic carbidesEutectic carbides in 7Cr13N steelSteel were investigated and compared with 8Cr13MoV steel. The results showed that the eutectic carbide precipitationPrecipitation at the center and edge of 7Cr13N ingot was reduced by 26.8% and 67.0% compared with 8Cr13MoV ingot. The decrease in carbon content and the increase in solid mass fraction at the start of carbide precipitation are the main reasons for the decrease in eutectic carbide precipitationPrecipitation in 7Cr13N steelSteel. Eutectic carbide will be broken during the cogging processProcess to increase its volume fraction. Then, the eutectic carbides will be dissolved during the diffusion annealing process, and the undissolved eutectic carbides will be further broken and dispersed during the hot rollingHot rolling processProcess. The eutectic carbide will not change basically after the end of hot rolling. The size of the eutectic carbide that remains in the final tool is between 3–5 μm.

New technologiesTechnology are requiring the use of molten saltsMolten salt (i.e. electrolytic cells, certain fusion reactor designs, etc.). As a result, thermoelectric properties like electrical conductivityElectrical conductivity are required to further these design efforts. To increase the accuracy of the electrical conductivityElectrical conductivity measurements, several factors need to be taken into account. In particular, molten saltMolten salt wetting characteristics, materialsMaterials selection, and measurement geometry must be thoroughly evaluated to ensure accurate data is measured while maintaining an accurate calibration in a highly dynamic environment. These factors will be discussed in the context of a concentric electrode measurement apparatus.

It has been recognised that reactions between liquid metalMetals and liquid slagSlag are electrochemical in nature. Hence, manipulation of the reactions (enhancement or retardation) may be expected when an external electromotive force is applied. In this work, the removal of both, boronBoron and phosphorusPhosphorus, from silicon by CaO–SiO2–Al2O3/–MgOMgO slagsSlag, enhanced by applying electromotive force (EMF), was investigated. An improved cell configuration was developed and utilized. New data were generated by carrying out experiments in an argon atmosphere at 1773 K for 120 min with different currents (0.5 or 1.0 A) passed through the molten slagSlag and silicon. The change of the element concentrations as well as the current and potential difference across the slagSlag and silicon were tracked and measured. The current and potential readings of the experiments show that the molten CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 slagSlag was more electrically conductive than the CaO–SiO2–MgOMgO slagSlag at 1773 K. The electrical field that was applied to the system reduced the concentration of boronBoron in the silicon by 45.0% for the CaO–SiO2–Al2O3 slagSlag (with both electrical currents, 0.5 and 1 A), and 8.3% for CaO–SiO2–MgOMgO slagSlag (with 0.5 A imposed). The phosphorusPhosphorus concentration in the silicon was not influenced by the electric slagSlag treatment.

The electrodepositionElectrodeposition of cobaltCobalt from cobaltCobalt chloride using eutectic mixture of urea and choline chloride in the molar ratio 2:1 was investigated. The effect of temperatureTemperature on the cathodic current density, energy consumption, crystalline orientation, and surface morphology was studied. At applied potential of 3.0 V and CoCl2 concentration of 0.2 M, temperatureTemperature was varied in the range of 343 K and 383 K to determine the best experimental condition to obtain higher current density. The current density value increased from 24 A/m2 at 343 K to 140 A/m2 at 383 K. This rise was attributed to increased conductivity of electrolyte and better mobility of ions at higher temperatureTemperature. The energy consumption of 4 kWh/kg was obtained at 383 K. XRDX-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the presence of pure cobaltCobalt in all the samples. The surface morphology of the deposits showed that there is a significant grain growth at higher temperatureTemperature due to thermal activation increasing the diffusion of ions.

Additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) is of great interest to industry and students alike, but many students receive little or no formal education on the topic until the graduate level. Described here are two introductory coursesIntroductory courses in materialsMaterials engineering that integrate additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) projects into a hands-on formal learning experience wherein students learn fundamentals of engineering design and structureStructure-processing-properties thinking. The goal of these courses is to capture the interest and excitement of young engineers and engage them in additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) beyond the typical “maker” experiences. In the freshman course, which serves as a broad introduction to engineering, students conduct metalcastingMetalcasting projects involving iterative design of printed lost-PLAPolylactic acid (PLA) patterns and printed sand molds. In the sophomore course, which is designed to replace a traditional lecture course in statics, students study solid mechanics in materialsMaterials by additively manufacturing test specimens and comparing computational models to their physical experiments. Students completing these courses should be well-prepared for upper-level coursework in engineering design, lab courses, structural materialsMaterials, and computational materialsMaterials science while also having a more sophisticated understanding of the pros/cons and applications of additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM).

Additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) is a technologyTechnology with almost no limits in materialsMaterials and designs and is now being used in multiple teaching and learning activities at universities and other education environments. This presentation shows results of active learningActive learning using additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) in combination with other strategies for teaching introduction to materialsMaterials science, compositesComposites, additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM), and at a university museum. Diverse materialsMaterials and technologiesTechnology were also used for fabrication and characterizationCharacterization in several courses taught by the author of the presentation.

Reactor developers continue to recognize opportunities for further enhancing fast spectrum reactor designs with advanced core materialsMaterials, but all the materialMaterials test reactors currently available to the United States are thermal spectrum designs. Fortunately, the Advanced Test Reactor and High Flux Isotope Reactor are versatile high flux facilities where spectral modification strategies can be used to reduce undesirable thermal neutron capture transmutation damage and augment fast flux delivered to specimens. New opportunities to leverage high flux regions and specially designed fast flux boosting experiment configurations can be used to achieve meaningful fast fluences on large specimens in ATR. New optimizationOptimization potentials can be employed to achieve even higher fluences, albeit for smaller specimens, using thermal neutron filters in HFIR test positions. These capabilities, while not true fast reactors, can provide highly relevant environments for researchers needing to study the effects of fast neutron damageFast neutron damage in bulk materialMaterials specimens.

Electrochemical graphitization in molten saltsMolten salt is a novel method for converting amorphous carbon into graphite materialsMaterials at relatively low temperaturesTemperature. For this processProcess, it is of great significance to further understand the correlationCorrelation between the thermal and physical properties of molten saltMolten salt and the structural properties of the electrolyte to optimize the molten saltMolten salt selection further and adjust the product's microstructureMicrostructure. In this work, the electrochemical transformation of deposited carbonDeposited carbon in different chloride (NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2) molten saltsMolten salt was studied. The results show that under conditions at a cell voltage of 2.8 V and a molten pool temperatureTemperature of 900 °C for eight hours, amorphous deposited carbonDeposited carbon can achieve graphitization transformation in CaCl2, accompanied by removing O, N, and S atoms. Pearson correlationCorrelation analysis of molten saltMolten salt thermophysical properties and electrolytic product structureStructure showed that the conductivity and viscosity of molten saltMolten salt affected the change of specific surface area during the electrochemical transformation of deposited carbonDeposited carbon. The molecular simulation results show that the charge transferCharge transfer of cations to cathode DC in molten saltMolten salt contributes to the change of surface chemical properties of the electrolysis products, and the greater the transfer charge, the greater the degree of graphitization transformation of amorphous carbon, and the greater the removal rate of impurity elements.

Red mud is an alkaline solid wasteWaste generated during the smelting processProcess of bauxite, but its utilizationUtilization rate is low, and there are still billions of tons of red mud that are not effectively treated every year. In this study, the molten saltMolten salt electro-deoxidation processProcess was employed to extract valuable elements from red mud. Based on the characterizationCharacterization results of the red mud raw materialsMaterials, thermodynamic calculations of the reactants in the system were performed using HSC and Factsage thermodynamic calculation software. The results showed that Fe2O3 and SiO2 in the cathode reacted with CaO in the molten saltMolten salt to form Ca2Fe2O5 and Ca2SiO4 before electrochemical reduction due to the rapid electrolytic deoxygenation of Fe2O3, indicating that the reduction processProcess of the Fe component is Ca2Fe2O5/Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO → Fe; and the reduction processProcess of the Si component is SiO2/Ca2SiO4 → Si.

Lithium-ion batteriesLithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) (LIBs) have a wide range of applications due to their excellent properties, resulting in a sharp increase in the quantity of waste LIBsWaste LIBs. The cathode materialsMaterials of waste LIBsWaste LIBs contain a large amount of metalMetals ions such as cobaltCobalt, manganeseManganese, and nickelNickel. If not properly treated in a timely manner, it can leadLead to resource wasteWaste and environmental pollution. The molten salt methodMolten salt method provides a possibility for the recoveryRecovery of valuable metalMetals materialsMaterials from the cathode of LIBs. In this paper, the feasibility of recovering metallic manganeseManganese through the molten salt methodMolten salt method is analyzed through thermodynamic calculations. The results show that at temperaturesTemperature above 600 ℃, Mn(IV) can spontaneously reduce to Mn(III), and Mn(III) gradually undergoes reduction when a voltage is applied, following the reduction processProcess of Mn(IV) → Mn(III) → Mn(II) → Mn. This paper provides theoretical support for the molten saltMolten salt deoxidation recoveryRecovery of metallic manganeseManganese from lithium manganeseManganese oxide.

MembranesMembrane in microfluidics have several uses, including separation/filtration such as particle separation, solute separation, and reverse osmosis. MembranesMembrane are increasingly being employed in biomedical applicationsBiomedical applications such as blood partitioning and can be used to extract circulating tumor cells. In the current work, a femtosecond 400 fs laser was used to fabricate periodic structuresStructure on silicone membranesMembrane, including pCO2 and pO2. The goal is to generate periodic forms without cutting through the membranesMembrane’ thin coated surface. The maintenance of the hydrophobicity of the laser-fabricated samples is another area of interest in the study. To accomplish the study's goal, several input laser processProcess parameters were varied. From the study, it was observed that the fabrication of different periodic structuresStructure on pCO2 and pO2 is feasible with the depth of penetration being controlled well via control of the scanning speed. This study provides a route for manufacturers to implement femtosecond laserFemtosecond laser surface profiling required for surface modification of medical and sensor membraneMembrane and products.

Shape memory alloysShape memory alloys (SMAs) are excellent candidates for selection and use in a spectrum of engineering applications, spanning actuators, hydraulic couplings, morphed aircraft wings, to name a few, and medical applications, spanning the domain of endovascular stents and orthodontic arch-wires. This is primarily because they exhibit the two distinct characteristics of shape memory effect (SME) and super-elastic effect (SE). The shape memory alloysShape memory alloys (SMAs) are often required to function in a cyclic manner between their transition temperaturesTemperature when chosen for use in a variety of applications. The cycling that they often go through can be broken down into the three distinct categories, namely: (i) thermal, (ii) mechanical (stress), and (iii) thermomechanical. These categories are essentially determined by the following: (i) functional properties of the materialMaterials (SME or SE), (ii) temperatureTemperature, and (iii) loading conditions. The phenomenon, known as functional fatigue, often occurs when shape memory alloyShape memory alloys (SMA) actuators are subjected to repeated use due to thermal cyclingThermal cycling or thermomechanical cyclingThermomechanical cycling. This causes the two functional properties, namely: (i) transformation temperaturesTransformation temperature and (ii) recoveryRecovery strain, to be affected, which in turn causes an observable degradation in the shape memory characteristics of the chosen alloy. A noticeable fluctuation in the functional qualities is often dependent on the type of cycling that is performed. For instance, the transformation temperaturesTransformation temperature often tend to fall during thermal cyclingThermal cycling but reveal an observable increase during thermomechanical cyclingThermomechanical cycling. These alterations are thought to be caused by the creation and presence of dislocations during the cycling processProcess. A sizeable number of dislocations are often present during the early stages of the cycling processProcess. However, as a result of dislocation–dislocation interactions that take place during sustained use of the device under cyclic conditions, the materialMaterials will gradually become work-hardened. The thermal actuators often work under different upper cycle temperaturesTemperature while the application is in use. This is essentially because the thermal actuators tend to gradually pick up heat from the surrounding atmosphere. Under these conditions, it is anticipated that the shape memory alloysShape memory alloys (SMAs) will be able to function by undergoing partial transformation rather than full cycling with no detrimental influence on their overall performance. To build a SMA actuator having a combination of high performance and improved fatigue lifeFatigue life, it is both essential and desirable to delve deeper into studying and evaluating the influence of both operational and testing parameters during thermomechanical cyclingThermomechanical cycling. In this paper, the results of a recent study aimed at investigating the impact of thermal cyclingThermal cycling and stress cycling on NiTiZrNiTiZr high temperatureHigh temperature shape memory alloyShape memory alloys and its effect on functional fatigue are presented and briefly discussed.

Additive manufacturing (AMAdditive manufacturing (AM)) is fast replacing conventional processing route for the fabrication of near net-shape objects having a combination of intricate shapes and size. Inconel 718Inconel 718 is a nickelNickel-base superalloySuperalloys, that is primarily chosen for use in the forged condition for a spectrum of gas turbine applications. Understanding the damage tolerance behavior of such a materialMaterials is one of the primary requirements for its selection and use in such applications. In the present study, standard tensile and compact tension (CT) specimens of Inconel 718Inconel 718 materialMaterials were fabricated using the selective laser meltingSelective laser melting (SLM) technique of additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM). Preliminary track tests were conducted and optimized processProcess parameters were used for additive manufacturingAdditive manufacturing (AM) or printing of the test specimens. Standard procedure, in accordance with procedures detailed in the standard ASTM E 647, was followed for conducting the constant amplitude fatigue crack growthFatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) tests at four different stress ratios, namely: R = 0.1, R = 0.3, R = 0.5, and R = 0.7. Interestingly, the effect of stress ratio was minimum on crackCrack growth rate in the Paris regime, while the threshold (Kth) and maximum stress intensity factor (Kmax) values were observed to be noticeably affected. Evidence from fractographyFractography observations of the cyclically deformed and failed test specimens is corroborated with the test results.

Buildings have a large urban footprint, are one of the greatest consumers of resources and raw materialsMaterials, and are responsible for 40% of the global energy usage and contribute to as much as 33% of the greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. WasteWaste wood, ground granulated blast furnace slagSlag, and fly ash are an important source of wasteWaste that can be recycled to make wood-geopolymer concrete compositeComposites building materialBuilding material helping to better achieve a circular economy. The wood-geopolymer compositeComposites blocks have added properties enabling thermal, acoustic, and humidity regulation within buildings that reduce energy consumption. This study has shown that recyclingRecycling partially decontaminated copperCopper-chrome-arsenic (CCA) treated wasteWaste timberTimber may have slightly better mechanical propertiesMechanical properties than wasteWaste virgin timberTimber. Different amounts of wood in the wood-geopolymer compositesComposites can be used for load and non-load-bearing applications. The study has also shown that the use of less than 40% by weight of partially decontaminated CCA-treated timberTimber in the wood-geopolymer compositeComposites blocks is able to meet the 5 mg/litre leachate limit for a wide variety of environmental leachate tests.

Accurate quantification of heat fluxHeat flux during high-speed thin slab continuous castingContinuous casting is essential for the design and development of the products as well as operation and quality control of the casting processProcess. A novel method for the estimation of the funnel-type mold based on the measured responding temperaturesTemperature from two surfaces of thermocouples that embedded inside the funnel moldFunnel mold during continuous castingContinuous casting has been developed. The method includes a Three-DimensionalThree-dimensional Inverse transient Heat Conduction Problem (3D-IHCP) model that is solved by the conjugate gradient method. The results indicated that the heat fluxesHeat flux and temperaturesTemperature across funnel moldFunnel mold hot surface calculated by 3D-IHCP show the same variation tendency as those calculated by 2D-IHCP. Nevertheless, the heat fluxesHeat flux calculated by 3D-IHCP are larger than those calculated by 2D-IHCP for the locations below the meniscus at the funnel and transition region, but are closed to those calculated by 2D-IHCP for the other positions due to the inclined wall of the funnel-type mold and the convex mold curvature.

While known to affect metalMetals quality, yield, and processProcess efficiency, the metalMetals vapor plasma arc behavior in vacuum arc remeltingVacuum arc remelting has remained elusive to reliable measurements and controls. Due to the unpredictable nature of the arc, complete processProcess automation and quality control has been limited in its success to prevent defectsDefects. However, the application of magnetic sensorsMagnetic sensors in the early 2000s illuminated the behavior of the arc through analysis of the measurements with predictive models. Since then, we have pushed the technologyTechnology to not only measure the position and distribution of the arc at the gap, but also to measure the vertical position of the arc gap, side-arcs, the concentricity of the electrode, and to provide feedback for active magnetic control, in order to optimize metalMetals quality and yield.

This project introduces a new fiber optic-based temperatureTemperature measurement technologyTechnology for dynamic pyrometallurgical processesProcess such as Ausmelt or Kivcet. Fiber opticsFiber optics allow temperatureTemperature to be measured continuously and with high spatial resolution using the distributed temperatureTemperature system (DTS), which helps improve process controlProcess control and optimizationOptimization. Experimental tests were carried out in a laboratory furnace, wrapped with optical fiber, to obtain the external temperatureTemperature profile, and through heat transferHeat transfer, the internal temperatureTemperature profile of the furnace was obtained. Programming (Python) was used to processProcess the measurements and obtain the furnace temperatureTemperature profile every 10 cm as a function of time.

Nowadays, the use of secondary materialsMaterials instead of primary one taking advantage of its less energy needs is becoming even more important all the time. Following the global trend, the CopperCopper producers are being charged to recover all sorts of different scraps with different qualities. The challengeChallenges is to remove different contaminations using oxidation and after that reduce it again upon to remove the oxygen from refined CopperCopper. TechnologiesTechnology are being developed to overcome those issues, providing a flexible condition whether oxidant or reductant to interact the flame with the smelted CopperCopper bath achieving specific chemical compositions and tuning it using indirect measure technologiesTechnology to control a CopperCopper Scrap Converter.

The processProcess of recovering LeadLead (Pb) from automotiveAutomotive batteriesBatteries using rotary furnaces is widely known worldwide. While scraps and other feedstocks are becoming increasingly expensive, new technologiesTechnology must be developed to keep the processProcess costs as low as possible. A typical rotary furnace has a fuel consumption of about 500–1000 kWh per tonne of Pb bullion. Thinking out to overcome those costs, improve the process controlProcess control, and become more efficient, Linde deployed their Image Analysis System—OPTIVIEW™, into a Rotary Furnace processProcess, aiming to take advantage of alternative fuels and all CO excess coming from the scrap load. The system reached a specific fuel consumption of 300 kWh per tonne Pb, reducing the oxygen consumption, increasing the throughput, and controlling the emissions for a LeadLead recoveryRecovery plant from automotiveAutomotive batteriesBatteries.

In today’s competitive environment, the supervision and optimizationOptimization of metallurgicalMetallurgical production processesProcess is of major importance. “TMT—Tapping Measuring TechnologyTechnology” proposes a vast portfolio of probesProbes adapted to the needs of blast furnace process controlProcess control and is also developing completely new probesProbes, adapted to the specific needs of other industries. Modern probesProbes and process measurementProcess measurement systems assess the specific operation condition of a furnace and provide detailed processProcess insight. Productivity, efficiency, and even the lifetime of a furnace can be significantly improved by collecting, interpreting, and acting upon such processProcess data correctly. This paper provides an overview of established blast furnace measurement systems and suggests the application of similar probesProbes to other metallurgicalMetallurgical furnaces. The presented range of probesProbes includes traditional technologiesTechnology, which have been proven since several decades as well as novel technologiesTechnology based on innovative measuring methods, allowing to assess gas temperatureTemperature distributions, and charging profiles.

This study addresses the lack of rapidly exploitable experimental data for benchmarking fluid structureStructure interaction models used in simulating parachutes for planetary landing systems. Results from in situ $$\mu $$ -CT imaging of parachute textiles under loaded conditions using a 2D tensile tester are presented in tandem with the application of a high-accuracy segmented tomography produced via machine learningMachine learning. The sample used in this study is MIL-C-44378(GL) Type II parachute textile. The images are processed to track the locations and dimensions of individual tows within the scanned region, enabling the reconstruction and monitoring of the micro-scale properties of each tow and the overall scanned volume. Specifically, the images highlight the importance of load history on textile performance for experiments with radial loads relevant to those in-flight. The materialMaterials is found to have permanent deformation after removal of load, indicating irreversible changes to architecture when loaded. Pore sizes do not return to initial distributions after removal of load, but overall pore ratio does. This is a result of fewer smaller pores existing after load is removed due to fiber reorganization. Crimp angles do not change for the warp tows due to pretension during manufacturing, but the weft crimp angles do decrease with load, being mostly recovered after loading is reduced.

X-ray diffractionX-ray diffraction (XRD) (XRD) is one of the central experimental metrology tools in materialsMaterials characterizationCharacterization. Molecular dynamics (MDMolecular dynamics (MD)) modeling engine, such as LAMMPSLarge-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS), provides a powerful computation function to help analyze atomic samples in simulation with a virtual XRD method. The implemented virtual XRD computation is a particularly effective atomic analysis tool in MDMolecular dynamics (MD) study. However, the current version of virtual XRD pattern is calculated as powder diffraction nature even if the atomic sample is highly textured or single crystal. In this research, we developed methods to enable XRDX-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis on crystal structuresStructure such as the highly textured α′-Fe8N and αʺ-Fe16N2Fe16N2 materialMaterials system. We showed the verified crystalline textureTexture can be generated, and the refined diffraction patterns with textureTexture correction can be used to analyze the chemical ordering and composition.

Based on the use of calculation and analytical methods for forecasting phase and structural stability, the heat-resistant nickel alloyHeat-resistant nickel alloy 3MI-M5 chemical composition has been developed. This alloy does not contain rhenium but contains an increased amount of tantalum and tungsten (8.5% at the average level) and is intended for manufacturing of cast working bladesBlade by the method of directional crystallizationDirectional crystallization. Developed alloy after heat treatmentHeat treatments under the regime foreseen for modern IV generation alloys provides a tensile strengthTensile strength above 1300 MPa with satisfactory ductility (more than 6.0%) at a temperatureTemperature of 20 °C, as well as time to failure at a test temperatureTemperature of 975 °C and a load of 300 MPa 60…90 h, which meets the requirements for the serial alloy ЖC32-BI and it is much less expensive.

Low-temperature solderLow-temperature solder alloys have drawn a large amount of attention. Because using low-temperature soldering also reduces the energy cost of fabrication processesProcess. It allows the fabrication of inexpensive assembly materialsMaterials, such as printed circuit boards, without high-assembly temperatureTemperature resistance and temperatureTemperature-sensitive components, such as LEDs, by avoiding thermal damage. The superplasticitySuperplasticity mechanism of Sn-based alloys has not yet been clearly established. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of third-element addition on the microstructureMicrostructure and superplastic behavior of Sn-Bi-based alloys. Low-melting-point Pb-free Sn-Bi-Sb and Sn-Bi-Zn solder alloys were used in this study. Tensile tests were carried out on the alloys under various cooling ratesCooling rate, temperaturesTemperature (25, 40, 60, and 80 °C), and strain rates (10–3–10–1/s). The Sb- and Zn-added Sn-Bi-based alloys demonstrated superplastic deformation at 80 °C. The strain-rate sensitivity index of the Sn-Bi-based alloys at 80 °C exceeded 3, which is the threshold considered for superplastic deformation behavior. These results suggest that the superplastic deformation of Sn-Bi-based alloys is independent of the grain size of the primary Sn phase.

Clarifying the characteristics of primary carbidePrimary carbide and its evolution behavior during hot rollingHot rolling in high-carbon chromiumChromium bearing steelBearing steel is crucial to control the contact fatigue failure caused by it. The morphology, distribution, solute segregationSegregation, and the type of carbide were investigated via dendrite etching, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractionX-ray diffraction (XRD). Furthermore, the melting processProcess of primary carbidePrimary carbide and its evolution during rolling were studied by high-temperatureHigh temperature confocal laser scanning microscope and continuous casting-direct rolling simulator, respectively. The results show that primary carbidePrimary carbide exists almost only in the central equiaxed crystal zone of the continuously cast bloomBloom and appears as a Cr-rich white eutectic structureStructure between dendrites. The type of primary carbidePrimary carbide is M3CM3C cementite, and the decompositionDecomposition and melting temperaturesTemperature are 1066.5 ℃ and 1160.1 ℃, respectively. Rolling below the melting temperatureTemperature causes the primary carbidesPrimary carbide to fracture and flow as the metalMetals deforms, and are finally distributed in a chain-like manner in the banded structureBanded structure.

Rotary friction weldingRotary friction welding is a promising technique for joining cylindrical components of dissimilar materialsMaterials. This study experimentally investigates the performance of rotary frictionFriction welded SS321SS321-AA2219AA2219 joints, with and without AA6063 interlayer. The evolution of force and temperatureTemperature during the processProcess is studied and its effect on microstructureMicrostructure and mechanical propertiesMechanical properties is observed. Placing an interlayer between SS321SS321 and AA2219AA2219 affects the force and temperatureTemperature evolution during the processProcess. By using AA6063 as an interlayer, both force and temperatureTemperature during the processProcess increased. Electron back scattered diffractionElectron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) results showed the fine grains towards the AA2219AA2219 side. The strain free AA2219AA2219 grains near the interface suggest dynamic recrystallizationDynamic recrystallization from plastic deformation. On the SS321SS321 side of the joint interface, the presence of strained and deformed grains is indicated by the high LAGB fraction (77.2% for without interlayer and ~ 80% for with interlayer). The phase identification from EBSDElectron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) phase map revealed the presence of Al2Fe and Al13Fe4 intermetallics in the joints made without interlayer. Besides Al2Fe and Al13Fe4, AlFe, Fe7Al11, and Al5Fe2 were also noticed the joint made without interlayer. The strength of joint made with interlayer was 227.4 ± 7.4 MPa, which was ~ 40% higher than the joints made with interlayer. Joint efficiency was 56.7% with respect to AA2219AA2219 base materialMaterials.

In this paper, the main phase composition and morphological characteristics of the FeO–SiO2–V2O3–MgOMgO–TiO2 vanadium slagVanadium slag system were investigated using high-temperatureTemperature phase equilibrium experiments combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis and Raman spectroscopyRaman spectroscopy. The results show that the vanadium slagVanadium slag is mainly composed of (Fe, Mg)V2O4, (Fe, Mg)2TiO4, (Fe, Mg)2SiO4, and MgSiO3. As the MgOMgO content increases from 0 to 10.71%, V is always enriched in the spinelSpinel phase, and Mg is mainly enriched in the spinelSpinel and olivine phases, where the increase of Mg content causes a high-angle shift of the characteristic peak of the olivine phase on the XRD spectral peak. The increase of FeO/SiO2 (2, 3, 4, respectively) favors the growth of spinelSpinel size. A single Mg2SiO4 is generated with the increase of FeO/SiO2 in the high-magnesiumMagnesium vanadium slagVanadium slag. And the results suggest a network depolymerizationNetwork depolymerization effect of MgOMgO.

The kineticsKinetics of austenite formationAustenite formation in a Cr–Mo–V low-alloy medium-carbon steelCarbon steel was determined by dilatometric analysis under continuous and isochronous heating conditions. The dilatometric analysis was carried out at different heating rates, and it was observed that austenite formationAustenite formation occurs in two stages: (1) decompositionDecomposition of carbides and (2) transformation of ferrite into austenite. It was also shown that the critical temperaturesTemperature for austenite formationAustenite formation increase with increasing heating rate. Likewise, the continuous heating transformation diagram was constructed from the critical temperaturesTemperature, indicating the transformation zones during austenite formationAustenite formation. The degree or volume fraction of austenite formed was determined as a function of the heating rate and the temperatureTemperature per transformation stage. Finally, an iso-conversion method was implemented to determine the activation energiesActivation energy in stages at 50% transformation.

Solid-solution-strengthened ferritic ductile ironSolid-solution-strengthened ferritic ductile iron (SSFDI) exhibits a superior ratio of tensile strengthTensile strength to elongation compared to conventional ductile ironIron grades, up to a maximum silicon content of 4.3 wt%. Beyond this threshold, SSFDI experiences a sudden decline in ultimate tensile strengthTensile strength and elongation at fracture. This degradation can be attributed to negative silicon segregationSegregation during solidificationSolidification, with the highest silicon concentration observed near the graphite nodules. The resulting high silicon concentration promotes long or short-range ordering of ironIron and silicon, leading to the formation of superstructures such as BCC_B2 and D03. These superstructures hinder dislocation mobilityDislocation mobility and contribute to the abrupt fracture of the materialMaterials. This research investigates the influence of aluminium additionAluminium addition and cooling conditionsCooling conditions on silicon segregationSegregation profile in EN-GJS-500–14 through phase field simulationsPhase field simulations. The phase field method allows for the modelling of microstructural evolutionMicrostructural evolution during solidificationSolidification till solid state transformation. By systematically varying the composition of the alloy and adjusting the cooling parameters, the simulation results provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying silicon homogenizationSilicon homogenization and the mitigation of superstructure formation. The findings from this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the microstructural evolutionMicrostructural evolution in high silicon ductile ironIron and provide guidance for optimizing the alloy composition and cooling conditionsCooling conditions to facilitate silicon homogenizationSilicon homogenization. By effectively suppressing the formation of superstructures, it is anticipated that the mechanical propertiesMechanical properties of SSFDI can be enhanced, potentially expanding its application range in various industries.

Homogenization heat treatmentHeat treatments after casting is performed to eliminate the dendritic segregationSegregation and coarse eutectic intermetallic phases since they reduce the fracture toughnessFracture toughness of aluminium alloys. By the homogenization treatment, β-AlFeSi can be converted to more spherical α-AlFeSi particles. The β → α transition is crucial because the β-AlFeSi particles cause a number of surface defectsDefects and limit the extrudability. Also, the rate of cooling in the homogenization furnace is one of the critical influencing factors on the size of the Mg2Si precipitates which affect the mechanical propertiesMechanical properties positively. In this study, billetsBillet of AA 6063 from the same cast were put through homogenization heat treatmentHeat treatments by using batch-type and continuous furnaces. The solution, quenching, and aging heat treatmentHeat treatments were applied to each sample. Microstructural characterizationCharacterization by SEM and the hardnessHardness test were conducted to understand the effects of the furnace type on the mechanical propertiesMechanical properties of aged AA 6063 aluminium.

The grain size and microstructureMicrostructure distribution of hot-rolled ribbed steelSteel bar play a vital role in its comprehensive mechanical propertiesMechanical properties. This article calculates the phase transition temperatureTemperature and CCT curve through thermodynamic software. The calculation results provide theoretical support for the production of carbon reduction and efficiency enhancing hot-rolled ribbed steelSteel bars. The results indicate that the theoretical phase transition temperatureTemperature for austenite to ferrite is 810 ℃. According to the CCT curve, when the cooling rateCooling rate is 5 ℃/s, the temperatureTemperature at which austenite transforms into bainite is 544.3 ℃. The grain size decreases with the decrease of finish rolling temperatureTemperature and wire drawing temperatureTemperature. The average grain size has increased from 11.5 level of the original processProcess test steelSteel to 12.5 level of the optimized processProcess. Compared with test steelSteel 1 # and 6 #, the average grain size increased from 11.5 to 12.5, and the proportion of pearlite increased from 53 to 67%. The experimental steelSteel bars produced by the 6 # processProcess have the best uniformity. After optimizing the processProcess, the cost per ton of steelSteel will be reduced by 10 yuan, and 350 tons of carbon dioxide will be reduced throughout the year.

The welding of dissimilar metalsMetals is desirable for light-weighting applications in many industries. The brittle intermetallic compoundsIntermetallic compound present in the dissimilar joints of aluminum alloysAluminum alloys and stainless steelStainless steel affect the joint mechanical propertiesMechanical properties adversely. To improve the dissimilar joint properties, phases including intermetallics in the joints must be identified. Dissimilar joints of Al5083 and SS304 are fabricated with different laser power, ranging from 1 to 2 kW. These joints were subjected to characterizationCharacterization for phase identification and microhardness testing. Phases were predicted by Thermo-Calc software and validated through XRD results and relevant literature. At the dissimilar interface, the first phase Fe2Al5 is experimentally observed from the aluminumAluminum/steelSteel chemical reaction. Phases were also predicted through Thermo-Calc software. It predicted Fe2Al5 and FeAl3 at the interface, while XRD results showed only Fe2Al5 at the interface. High heating and cooling rateCooling rate in laser weldingLaser welding leadsLead to non-equilibrium conditions, and it suppresses certain phases. The high hardnessHardness at the interface of AlAl/steelSteel butt joint is attributed to the brittle intermetallics.

In laser powder bed fusionLaser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) (L-PBF) of maraging steelMaraging steel, oscillating thermal cycles inherent to additive manufacturing (AMAdditive manufacturing (AM)) revert the melt pool to its parent phase repeatedly and create sharp lath transformation morphologies. Investigating the influence of parent textureTexture and solute distribution, this study delves into the variant formation during fcc-γ austenite to bct-α′ martensitic transformation, especially under prolonged aging. Results indicate columnar prior austenite grains in as-built samples, which undergo refinement after direct aging and adopt an equiaxed morphology after annealing. By contrast, overaged specimens show austenite reversionAustenite reversion which starts at cellular boundaries that have disintegrated over time due to chemical diffusion. The austenite grain formation remarkably mirrors the preceding melt pool patterns. Furthermore, certain reverted austenite grains displayed limited orientation selection, such as a columnar grain that did not manifest any of the six possible c ( $$\overline{1}$$ 11) variants. Future studies will discover the mechanisms dictating selection during austenite reversionAustenite reversion.

This study explores the impact of electric field and temperatureTemperature on flash sinteringFlash sintering of zirconia nanoparticlesNanoparticles using molecular dynamics simulationsMolecular dynamics simulation. The findings suggest that the electric field effect is secondary to the temperatureTemperature effect. A comparison of simulations varying temperatureTemperature and electric field reveals a more significant difference in diffusion coefficient with temperatureTemperature variations. Furthermore, the electric field effect does not exhibit a consistent monotonic trend, as seen in the changing order of curves when temperatureTemperature increases. The induced electric field contributes to crystal orientation alignment and promotes surface mechanisms throughout the sinteringSintering stages. While a higher electric field leadsLead to greater atomic motion in the initial stage, the relationship is not strictly monotonic. However, it consistently enhances the diffusion coefficient of surface atoms, highlighting its role in surface mechanisms. Further research is warranted to fully understand the interplay between electric field, temperatureTemperature, and sintering mechanismsSintering mechanisms.

The MnV2O6 and Mn2V2O7 were prepared by solid-state reaction using the initial reactant MnO and V2O5 powder. X-ray diffractionX-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope were employed to verify and characterize phase composition and micro-images of the as-prepared MnV2O6 and Mn2V2O7 powder. α-MnV2O6 is a relatively round particle with a diameter of 2–10 μm, and it crystallizes in monoclinic belonging to the space group of C2/m. While β-Mn2V2O7 is an irregular particle with a diameter of 10–15 μm, and it crystallizes in monoclinic belonging to the space group of C2/m. The solubilitySolubility of MnV2O6 and Mn2V2O7 in water at 25 °C was studied as well.

SFCA-ISFCA-I, which is the most ideal binder phase in ironIron ore sinteringSintering, was prepared via a solid-state reaction with analytical reagents. The crystal structureStructure, cold strength, and reduction behavior were individually characterized. The results indicate that SFCA-ISFCA-I crystallizes with latticeLattices parameters of a = 10.62 Å, b = 13.38 Å, c = 11.79 Å, and V = 1122.18 Å3 and SFCA-ISFCA-I has good mechanical strength. The non-isothermal reduction results reveal that the SFCA-ISFCA-I reduction is basically completed when the temperatureTemperature reaches 962 °C. The results of isothermal reduction test show that the reduction degree of SFCA-ISFCA-I is 97% when it was reduced at 900 °C for 90 min. The order of reduction performanceReduction performance is Fe2O3 > Fe3O4 > SFCA-I > CaO · 2Fe2O3 > CaO · Fe2O3 > 2CaO · Fe2O3 > Ca3Fe2Si1.58Ti1.42O12. In addition, the high-temperatureHigh temperature heat capacity of SFCA-ISFCA-I was measured and its function with temperatureTemperature was modeled.

Acid and ammonia leachingLeaching was carried out on old froth flotation copper tailingsCopper tailings from the Copperbelt Province in ZambiaZambia. The following parameters were studied: type of acid, leachingLeaching time, residence time, pulp density, and temperatureTemperature. Over 80% of Cu was extracted during leachingLeaching with sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. On the other hand, leach efficiency for manganeseManganese was around 70%. By comparison, sulphuric acid yielded a slight higher leach efficiency for copper and manganeseCopper and manganese than hydrochloric acid. LeachingLeaching time and temperatureTemperature had a little influence on the recoveryRecovery of copperCopper under acidic leachingLeaching. By comparison, leach efficiency of manganeseManganese was more dependent on the time than copperCopper. The optimum time was four hours for ammonia leachingLeaching. Analysis of the leach solution with ICP-OES showed that ammonia leachingLeaching was more selective for copperCopper than manganeseManganese.

In this study, an investigation is carried out applying the thiocyanate-thiourea systemThiocyanate-Thiourea System, for the extraction of copperCopper present in the tailings of the region of Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. MetallurgicalMetallurgical mining wasteMining waste is known for its environmental impactEnvironmental impact, but it also contains base metalsBase metals of economic interest, such as copperCopper (Cu). Prior to the leachingLeaching processProcess, the sample was characterized by XRDX-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM-EDS, ICP-MS, and FRX techniques to determine the mineralogy present and the elemental content of Cu. The parameters analyzed were [Thiocyanate] and [Thiourea]. After a reaction time of 60 min, a maximum dissolution of 97.63% was obtained.

The use of glycine (C2H5NO2) in the presence of thiourea (CH4N2S) for the leachingLeaching of base metalsBase metals is under-researched. The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of glycine concentration on the leachingLeaching of copperCopper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and leadLead (Pb) contained in mining tailingsMining tailings in the presence of thiourea. The sample was previously mineralogically characterized by XRDX-ray diffraction (XRD) and to know the elemental content of Cu, Zn, and Pb, the FRX and ICP techniques were implemented. For the leachingLeaching tests, different concentrations of [C2H5NO2] were used, maintaining a constant concentration of 0.1 mol l−1 of [CH4N2S], later the residual solids were characterized by XRDX-ray diffraction (XRD). As a result, a leachingLeaching of 33.02, 87.44, and 33.48% was obtained for Cu, Zn, and Pb, respectively.

In the mining district of Zimapan, tons of mining wasteMining waste from Cu, Pb, and Zn ore beneficiation plants are accumulated in urbanized areas. These solid wastesWaste contain a diverse elemental composition, where characteristic mineral species from the exploited deposits still prevail and are subjected to erosion agents that allow their transport and accumulation in surrounding areas. This study reports the characterizationCharacterization of such mineral solids to establish the distribution of potentially toxic elements at different particle sizes, as well as the calculation of cut-off grades that allow the classification of the residual dust as a source of secondary extraction that can subsequently be reintegrated into mining activities. The analysis conducted through ICP showed a high concentration of Fe at different particle sizes. However, the calculation of enrichment factorsEnrichment factor determined that it is an abundant element associated with the parent rock, as corroborated by XRD and SEM–EDS techniques, which confirmed the presence of Hedenbergite [96-100-1815] and Cubanite [96-900-1498] in the matrix. Therefore, Fe is not considered a potential contaminant. On the other hand, elements such as Ag and Pb contain an appropriate concentration to be considered as sources of secondary extraction and potentially toxic elements, so their extraction involves feasible reintegration with lesser environmental impactsEnvironmental impact.

In this research, the assessment is reported that between the initial absorption and the compressive strengthCompressive strength of concrete blocks (vibro-compactedVibro-compacted); the correlationsCorrelation are compared with a standard, which presents, after 28 days of manufacturing, a resistance to the compression of 96.08 kg/cm2 and an initial absorption coefficientInitial absorption coefficient of 21.4 g/(cm2 × min0.5), which was compared with three different mixtures of fly ashFly ash and an additiveAdditive: The first was added with 10% of fly ashFly ash less 5% cement which presents a compressive strengthCompressive strength of 83.32 kg/cm2 and an initial absorption coefficientInitial absorption coefficient of 19.72 g/(cm2 × min0.5), the second the additiveAdditive was added which present, a compressive strengthCompressive strength of 81.63 kg/cm2 and an initial absorption coefficientInitial absorption coefficient of 19.42 g/(cm2 × min0.5), and the last sample was added 10% of fly ashFly ash plus the additiveAdditive which present a compressive strengthCompressive strength of 97.51 kg/cm2 and an initial absorption coefficientInitial absorption coefficient of 7.51 g/(cm2 × min0.5). The resistance values in all cases are acceptable for the ONNCCE regulations; however, only the sample with the addition of fly ashFly ash plus the additiveAdditive considerably decreases the initial absorption coefficientInitial absorption coefficient. The ONNCCE regulations were followed when performing the physical examinations. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractionX-ray diffraction (XRD), and a laser particle analyzer were used to characterize the fly ashFly ash.

RecyclingRecycling processesProcess and circulation of materialsMaterials are important to utilize limited resources. Nonferrous metalsMetals are no exception to these materialsMaterials. Nonferrous metals-region has made efforts on constructing circulation networksCirculation network. DOWA group, one of the Japanese nonferrous companies, has also been committed to them by treating larger amounts of recycled materialsMaterials. Currently, DOWA adopts TSL furnace, with which we could increase the ratio of recycled materialsMaterials to higher value than other processesProcess and recover several sorts of metalsMetals efficiently. In addition, DOWA group companies cooperate with each other and construct recyclingRecycling networks, to treat wide range of materialsMaterials. In this presentation, the characteristics of DOWA group recyclingRecycling networks are overviewed.

The main objective of this thesis project is the implementation of an electro-winning processProcess for metallic tin recoveryRecovery in basic medium using the by-productsBy-products from the Harris I processProcess, which come from leadLead refining at the EMK company. To achieve this, several essential stages were carried out: first, the by-productsBy-products and the solution obtained from them were characterized. Then, electrochemical tests were performed using the obtained electrolyte to determine the optimal operating conditions. These tests were carried out in a parallel electrode system, maintaining a basic pH. The results of the laboratory-scale tests were very encouraging, since they achieved an impressive 99.78% recoveryRecovery of tin by electrolytic treatment under specific conditions. In summary, this project demonstrates the feasibility of implementing the electro-winning of metallic tin at EMK, which entails significant advantages such as increased production efficiency, cost reduction, and a contribution to minimizing environmental impactEnvironmental impact by reducing wasteWaste generation. The results obtained in this phase can serve as a basis for future pilot-scale implementations and could have a positive impact on both the company and the environment.

CopperCopper smelting slagSlag from LuanshyaLuanshya town in the Copperbelt province of ZambiaZambia contains significant amounts of elemental sulphurSulphur (about 37 weight %) which was dumped by the community. Leached tests with and without pre-treatmentPre-treatment were carried out on the materialMaterials. Direct leachingLeaching (without pre-treatmentPre-treatment) yielded maximum recoveryRecovery of about 26% for copperCopper, while cobaltCobalt and chromiumChromium could not be extracted. Pre-treatment was done by roasting the materialMaterials in air at a temperatureTemperature range of 150–700 °C. The roasted calcine was leached at 33% solids and pH of 1.8. CopperCopper leach efficiency of about 82% was obtained. The dissolution of cobaltCobalt and chromiumChromium during leachingLeaching was dependent on roasting temperatureTemperature. Leach efficiency for cobaltCobalt and chromiumChromium decreased with increase in roasting temperatureTemperature. It was concluded that high sulphurSulphur containing slagSlag materialMaterials should be processed via air roasting followed by leachingLeaching.

The risk in supply chain of critical raw materialsMaterials as nickelNickel, cobaltCobalt, and lithium put pressure for the search of new sources to attend the demand of low-carbon technologiesTechnology. RecyclingRecycling is important to promote the circular economy and increase their supply. The main challengeChallenges of Li-ion batteriesBatteries recyclingRecycling from electric vehicles is the possibility to recyclingRecycling most of all types of batteriesBatteries in a flexible processFlexible process. This work presents a flexible hydrometallurgical processProcess to recover metalsMetals from different types of batteriesBatteries, including NMCNMC, NCANCA, and LFPLFP batteriesBatteries. The processProcess recovers plastics and case materialMaterials after physical treatment. LeachingLeaching using acids extracts over 95% of the metalsMetals present in the cathode. Separation and purification steps obtain different products. Different possibilities are presented, considering precipitationPrecipitation, solvent extractionSolvent extraction, and electrodialysis. Products with purity between 90 and 98% may be obtained from cathode materialsMaterials, including the resynthesis of cathode.

Injection of hydrogen gasHydrogen gas into molten metallurgicalMetallurgical slagsSlag has been evaluated in pilot trialsPilot trials in Swerim’s universal converter, using two different techniques: (i) tuyere injection and (ii) coherent jet (CoJet) technologyTechnology developed by Linde. 1.8–2.5 tons of zinc-containing slagSlag from Boliden Rönnskär was used for each heat, and a maximum hydrogen flowrate of 1.2 Nm3/min. The results show that it is possible to safely inject hydrogen into liquid metalMetals slagSlag using both techniques. The zinc reduction yield was similar for the best tuyere trial and the CoJet trials with 0.6 kg/min (best CoJet-heat reached 0.8 kg/min) which can be compared to 1.3 kg/min for the reference case using carbon. During one heat, the reduction continued at an unchanged rate when the hydrogen feed was stopped, indicating that hydrogen was not the only reducing agent in the processProcess. The yield for the reduction of with ZnO, PbO, and Cu2O by hydrogen gasHydrogen gas reached maximum 31% for the most successful heat, or 25% considering only the reduction of ZnO. The yield calculated for reduction by carbon was 9% (ZnO, PbO, Cu2O) or 7% (only ZnO), but a lower yield is expected since carbon also acts as an energy source, whereas the hydrogen processProcess uses propane for the heating. If the energy used for reduction is compared to the energy added during the fuming, the calculated energy efficiency is higher for the carbon processProcess.

Harmless treatment of Zn hydrometallurgyHydrometallurgy wastewater is of great significance with the increasingly stringent environmental protection. RecoveryRecovery of strategic metalsMetals such as Co and Zn from the wastewater has dual significance for resource recoveryRecovery and environmental protection. In this work, a selective chelation precipitationSelective chelation precipitation-flotation processProcess was proposed to recover Co and Zn from Zn hydrometallurgyHydrometallurgy wastewater with low concentrations of Co, Zn, and Mn metalsMetals. Its demonstrated sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDDC) can be used as a selective chelation reagent to synchronously recover Co and Zn in the precipitationPrecipitation flotation processProcess. The effects of pH value, NaDDC dosage, chelation temperatureTemperature, reaction time, and flotation reagent dosage on the recoveryRecovery efficiency of Co and Zn from wastewater were systematically studied. After optimizationOptimization, over 99% Co and Zn were firstly recycled from the wastewater by selective chelation precipitationSelective chelation precipitation-flotation processProcess, and the rest Mn solution can be further purified to qualified recycled water.

IronIron in the form of fayaliteFayalite in copper tailingsCopper tailings poses a challengeChallenges for traditional beneficiation methods due to its fine particle size. In this work, ironIron present in copper tailingsCopper tailings was efficiently recovered by reducing fayaliteFayalite to metallic ironIron and subsequently separating it from gangue using the low-intensity magnetic separationMagnetic separation. Additionally, this approach prevents the agglomeration of the metallic ironIron during high-temperatureHigh temperature reduction. The effects of the reduction temperatureTemperature, reductant dosage, and flux dosage on iron recoveryIron recovery from copper tailingsCopper tailings were investigated using a combined processProcess of the direct reduction and magnetic separationMagnetic separation. The results confirm that it is feasibility of ironIron recover from copper tailingsCopper tailings through direct the combined processProcess. The optimal reduction conditions are CaO to copper slagCopper slag ratio of 7.5 wt% CaO, 30 wt% anthracite to copper slagCopper slag ratio, 1100–1200 °C, and a duration of 3 h. The optimal experimental magnetic field current is 0.5 A. The final product obtained has an ironIron grade of 78%.

Copper slagCopper slag, as one of the significant global bulk solid wastesWaste, has increasingly become a key factor restricting the green development of the copperCopper industry. It contains valuable elements such as copperCopper, ironIron, leadLead, and zinc, with copperCopper and ironIron grades surpassing those of corresponding industrial minerals. The research on the resource utilizationUtilization of copper slagCopper slag has continuously evolved, and there have been significant achievements in extracting different valuable components from copper slagCopper slag. With the growing environmental awareness, the concept of low-carbon and energy-saving has gradually infiltrated the processing technologyTechnology of copper slagCopper slag. This article focuses on the comprehensive review of the direct application of hot-state copper slagCopper slag processesProcess, presenting research achievements in the past 20 years regarding the depletion and reduction of copperCopper from slagSlag. Additionally, future research directions for copper slagCopper slag are proposed, providing a theoretical foundation for the resource utilizationUtilization and greening of copper slagCopper slag.

Waste Zn-Mn batteriesWaste Zn-Mn batteries were the largest producer of e-wasteWaste, which was not only typical hazardous materialsMaterials but also the high-grade secondary resource of Zn and Mn. Existing hydrometallurgyHydrometallurgy methods mainly used acids to leach the wasteWaste batteriesBatteries, and then purified the products by precipitating, extracting, etc. However, Mn-Zn spinelMn-Zn spinel was easily formed in spent batteriesBatteries, which were stubborn and only dissolved in strong acid systems. In this study, a novel processProcess for selective recoverySelective recovery of Zn and Mn from wasteWaste batteriesBatteries by reduction roastingReduction roasting followed by an acid leachingLeaching processProcess was developed, of which spent graphite electrodes were used as reducing agents. The effect of roasting and leachingLeaching parameters was studied, and the recoveryRecovery efficiency of Zn and Mn was about 98.5% and 99.5%, respectively. In addition, the phase transformationPhase transformations of Mn-Zn spinelMn-Zn spinel was declared by thermomechanical analysisThermomechanical analysis, XRDX-ray diffraction (XRD), ICP, etc.

Sumitomo MetalMetals Mining, Co, Ltd. (SMM) has a globally unique and original model based on collaboration among three businesses of the mineral resources, smelting, refining, and materialsMaterials. It can provide a comprehensive in-house nickelNickel supply chain covering everything from securing nickelNickel mineral ore raw materialMaterials to the production of battery materialsBattery materials for EVs. Niihama NickelNickel Refinery, own by SMM has a variety of processesProcess including solvent extractionSolvent extraction which is main processProcess for producing nickel sulfateNickel sulfate used for battery materialsBattery materials. This solvent extractionSolvent extraction processProcess, which is called “Crowding organic bypass—solvent extractionSolvent extraction (COB-SX),” is unique and effective for not only nickelNickel and cobaltCobalt separation, but also nickelNickel and other impurities. This report shows some improvements about mainly solvent extractionSolvent extraction processProcess such as removal of impurities and separation of organic and aqueous phase.

Electromagnetic stirring has become an essential technique to improve billetBillet quality during continuous castingContinuous casting processProcess. Compared with the conventional electromagnetic stirring (EMS), permanent magnet stirringPermanent magnet stirring (PMS) based on sintered NdFeB materialMaterials owns the great advantages of simple structureStructure, high magnetic flux densities, and low power consumption. In this work, the characteristics differences between electromagnetic stirring and permanent magnet stirringPermanent magnet stirring are explained, and the present application of permanent magnet stirringPermanent magnet stirring is also introduced in square billetBillet continuous castingContinuous casting. Industrial trials suggest that mold PMS can decrease the hole defectsDefects on the surface and improve the central porosityPorosity and carbon segregationSegregation of the billetBillet. Final permanent magnet stirringPermanent magnet stirring is adopted at solidificationSolidification end of the high carbon steelCarbon steel continuous castingContinuous casting. Experimental results reveal that with the increase in the rotation speed of PMS, the central carbon segregationSegregation index of the billetBillet decreases obviously.

Using past experimental data is advantageous in materialMaterials design; however, constructing machine learningMachine learning models based on this data remains challenging for materialsMaterials scientists unfamiliar with machine learningMachine learning. While data scientists can build appropriate machine learningMachine learning models with their expertise in statistics, machine learningMachine learning, and computer science, they may need more domain knowledge, particularly tacit knowledge in materialsMaterials design. Therefore, collaboration between data scientists and materialsMaterials scientists is necessary, but the differences in expertise between the two groups can hinder the development of materials informaticsMaterials informatics. In Resonac Corporation, we have leveraged the remote work opportunities caused by COVID-19 to accelerate the usage of materials informaticsMaterials informatics. We accomplished this by deploying the electronic laboratory notebooks and statistical analysis tool and implementing web applicationsWeb application with a user-friendly Graphical User Interface for materialsMaterials scientists. As a result, remote work has allowed materialsMaterials scientists to focus on data organization, statistical data analysisData analysis, and the usage of web applicationsWeb application.

The increasing demand for remote learningRemote learning and collaboration in the field of 3D printing3D printing (3DP) presents both challengesChallenges and opportunities for educators and learners. This paper aims to explore effective strategies for engaging and training remote learners in 3DP. It discusses the unique considerations, innovative approaches, and best practices that can enhance the remote learningRemote learning experience and facilitate effective collaboration in 3DP projects. The paper examines the use of virtual platformsVirtual platforms, interactive tools, and hands-on activities to create an engaging and interactive learning environment for remote learners. It also addresses the importance of instructor guidanceInstructor guidance, peer collaboration, and feedback mechanisms in remote 3DP education. The insights provided in this paper can help educators, trainers, and institutions in designing effective remote learningRemote learning programs and maximizing the potential of 3D printing education3D printing education.

Aimed to efficiently recycle and utilize the scrap steelScrap steel to produce high-end micro-alloyed rare earthRare earth steelSteel, this study proposed an integrated processProcess of Si–Mn deoxidation, Al-enhancing deoxidationAl-enhancing deoxidation, and rare earthRare earth micro-alloying based on the high alkalinity refining slagSlag, achieving efficient control of sulfur and oxygenSulfur and oxygen impurities in scrap steelScrap steel, and producing 7CrSiMnVMo rare earthRare earth steelSteel by rare earthRare earth Ce alloying. The results show that the sulfur concentration of the 7CrSiMnVMo rare earthRare earth steelSteel is only 0.0023%; meanwhile, the total oxygen concentration of scrap steelScrap steel can reach below 0.0018% after combining Si–Mn deoxidation, Al-enhancing deoxidationAl-enhancing deoxidation, and rare earthRare earth micro-alloying with high alkalinity refining slagSlag. And it can form finely dispersed Ce2O3 and Ce2O2S rare earth inclusionsRare earth inclusions by the addition of Ce after sulfur and oxygenSulfur and oxygen control, and the rare earth recovery rateRare earth recovery rate can reach over 80%.

In this paper, the utilizationUtilization processProcess of high-phosphorusPhosphorus ironIron ore, pelletPellet hydrogen reductionHydrogen reduction followed by melting separationMelting separation, was experimentally studied. After oxidation roasting, the oolitic structureStructure in the original ore powder was destroyed, and the content of Fe2+ in the pelletsPellet was 0.69 wt%. At the reduction temperatureTemperature of 1173 K, the metallization rate of pelletsPellet could reach 90% under N2:H2 = 1:1 atmosphere and the phosphorusPhosphorus content in the pelletPellet increased to 0.95 wt%. In the melting separationMelting separation stage, the molten ironIron with a phosphorusPhosphorus content of 0.34 wt% was obtained by mixing 15% CaO into the metalized pelletPellet, and the iron recoveryIron recovery was 88%.