Top

Tribology Letters

Published in:

01-12-2018 | Original Paper

Tribological Behavior of TiAlN, AlTiN, and AlCrN Coatings at Boundary Lubricating Condition

Authors: Doğuş Özkan, Yaman Erarslan, Egemen Sulukan, Levent Kara, M. Alper Yılmaz, M. Barış Yağcı

Published in: Tribology Letters | Issue 4/2018

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

In this study, ~ 3.5 µm thick multilayer titanium alumina nitride (TiAlN), alumina titanium nitride (AlTiN), and alumina chromium nitride (AlCrN) coatings were deposited on the H13 steel surface by cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (CAPVD) method. The tribological performance of the coatings was evaluated by a tribometer at boundary lubrication condition. Then, coating surfaces were observed by optical microscope, optical profilometer, and atomic force microscope to evaluate the morphological changes, wear volumes, and tribofilm thickness. Also, scanning electron microscopy (energy dispersive X-ray) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry analyses were applied to coating surfaces for the tribochemical evolution of the tribofilm. Results showed that AlCrN coating performed the best tribological behavior at boundary lubricated condition, when compared to TiAlN and AlTiN coatings and it can be used as a wear resistant cam tappet coating in internal combustion engines.

previous article Particulate Matter Generation Properties from Sliding Parts Made of Various Carbonaceous Films

next article Characterization of DLC-Coated and Uncoated Surfaces by New Directional Blanket Curvature Covering (DBCC) Method

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Ludema, K.C.: Friction: Wear, Lubrication a Text Book in Tribology. CRC Press, New York (1996)CrossRef

Stachowiak, G.W., Batchelor, A.W.: Engineering Tribology, 3rd edn, p 2. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford (2006)CrossRef

Chu, S., Majumdar, A.: Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future. Nature 488, 294–303 (2012)CrossRef

Holmberg, K., Andersson, P., Erdemir, A.: Global energy consumption due to friction in passenger cars. Tribol. Int. 47, 221–234 (2012)CrossRef

Rosen, B.G., Ohlsson, R., Thomas, T.R.: Wear of cylinder bore micro topography. Wear 198, 271–279 (1996)CrossRef

Neville, A., Morina, A., Haque, T., Voong, M.: Compatibility between tribological surfaces and lubricant additives—how friction and wear reduction can be controlled by surface/lube synergies. Tribol. Int. 40, 1680–1695 (2007)CrossRef

Pawlak, Z.: Tribochemistry of Lubricating Oils, 1st edn. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam (2003)

Yan, L., Yue, W., Wang, C., Wei, D., Xu, B.: Comparing tribological behaviors of sulfur- and phosphorus-free organomolybdenum additive with ZDDP and MoDTC. Tribol. Int. 53, 150–158 (2012)CrossRef

Barnes, A.M., Bartle, K.D., Thibon, V.R.A.: A review of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPS): characterization and role in the lubrication oil. Tribol. Int. 34, 389–395 (2001)CrossRef

10.

Nicholls, M.A., Do, T., Norton, P.R., Kasrai, M., Bancroft, M.G.: Review of the lubrication of metallic surfaces by zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphates. Tribol. Int. 38, 15–39 (2005)CrossRef

11.

Nehme, G., Mourhatcha, R., Aswatha, P.: B., Effect of contact load and lubricant volume on the properties of tribofilms formed under boundary lubrication in a fully formulated oil under extreme load conditions. Wear 268, 1129–1147 (2010)CrossRef

12.

Morina, A., Green, J.H., Neville, A., Priest, M.: Surface and tribological characteristics of tribofilms formed in the boundary lubrication regime with application to internal combustion engines. Tribol. Lett. 15, 443–452 (2003)CrossRef

13.

Heuberger, R., Rossi, A., Spencer, N.D.: XPS study of the influence of temperature on ZnDTP tribofilm composition. Tribol. Lett. 25, 185–196 (2007)CrossRef

14.

Haque, T., Morina, A., Neville, A., Kapadia, R., Arrowsmith, S.: Study of the ZDDP antiwear tribofilm formed on the DLC coating using AFM and XPS techniques. J. ASTM Int. 4(7), 92–102 (2007)CrossRef

15.

Hsu, S.M., Gates, R.S.: Boundary lubricating films: formation and lubrication mechanism. Tribol. Int. 38, 305–312 (2005)CrossRef

16.

Priest, M., Taylor, C.M.: Automobile engine tribology—approaching the surface. Wear 241, 193–203 (2000)CrossRef

17.

Pidduck, A.J., Smith, G.C.: Scanning probe microscopy of automotive anti-wear films. Wear 212, 254–264 (1997)CrossRef

18.

Summer, F., Grün, F., Schiffer, J., Godor, I., Papadimitriou, I.: Tribological study of crankshaft bearing systems: comparison of forged steel and cast iron counter parts under start-stop operation. Wear 338, 232–241 (2015)CrossRef

19.

Özkan, D., Kaleli, H., Yüksek, L.: Quantitative comparison of tribological performance of chromium- and zinc-phosphate-coated piston rings in tribotest rig. J. Eng. Tribol. 231(1), 75–92 (2017)

20.

Bartuli, C., Valente, T., Casadei, F.: Advanced thermal spray coatings for tribological applications. Mater. Des. Appl. 221, 175–185 (2007)

21.

Papadopoulos, P.: Investigation of fundamental wear mechanisms at the piston ring and cylinder wall interface in internal combustion engines. J. Eng. Tribol. 221, 337–343 (2007)

22.

Badisch, E., Roy, M.: Surface Engineering for Enhanced Performance Against Wear. Springer, London (2013)

23.

Lauda, P.: Applications of thin coatings in automotive industry. J. Achiev. Mater. Manuf. Eng. 24, 51–56 (2007)

24.

Bair, S., Griffioen, J.A., Winer, W.O.: The tribological behavior of an automotive cam and flat lifter system. J. Tribol. 108, 478–486 (1986)CrossRef

25.

Dobrenizki, L., Tremmel, S., Wartzack, S., Hoffmann, D.C., Brögelmann, T., Bobzin, K., Bagcivan, N., Musayev, Y., Hosenfeldt, T.: Efficiency improvement in automobile bucket tappet/camshaft contacts by DLC coatings—influence of engine oil, temperature and camshaft speed. Surf. Coat. Technol. 308, 360–373 (2016)CrossRef

26.

Gangopadhyay, A., Sinha, K., Uy, D., McWatt, D.G., Zdrodowski, R.J., Simko, S.J.: Friction: wear, and surface film formation characteristics of diamond-like carbon thin coating in valvetrain application. Tribol. Trans. 54(1), 104–114 (2010)CrossRef

27.

Gangopadhyay, A., McWatt, D.G., Zdrodowski, R.J., Simko, R.J., Matera, S., Sheffer, K., Furby, R.S.: Valvetrain friction reduction through thin film coatings and polishing. Tribol. Trans. 55(1), 99–108 (2012)CrossRef

28.

Johnston, S.V., Hainsworth, S.V.: Effect of DLC coatings on wear in automotive applications. Surf. Eng. 21(1), 67–71 (2005)CrossRef

29.

Kano, M.: Super low friction of DLC applied to engine cam follower lubricated with ester-containing oil. Tribol. Int. 39, 1682–1685 (2006)CrossRef

30.

Lawesa, S.D.A., Hainsworth, S.V., Fitzpatrick, M.E.: Impact wear testing of diamond-like carbon films for engine valve-tappet surfaces. Wear 268, 1303–1308 (2010)CrossRef

31.

Lawesa, S.D.A., Hainsworth, S.V., Fitzpatrick, M.E.: Evaluation of the tribological properties of DLC for engine applications. J. Phys. D 40, 5427–5437 (2007)CrossRef

32.

Gangopadhyay, A., Soltis, E., Johnson, M.D.: Valvetrain friction and wear: Influence of surface engineering and lubricants. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. J 218(3), 147–156 (2004)CrossRef

33.

Masuda, M., Ujino, M., Shimoda, K., Nishida, K., Marumoto, I., Moriyama, Y.: Development of Titanium Nitride Coated Shim for a Direct Acting OHC Engine. SAE paper no. 970002 (1997)

34.

Gangopadhyay, A.K., McWatt, D., Willermet, P.A., Crosbie, G.M., Allor, R.L.: Effects of composition and surface finish of silicon nitride tappet inserts on valvetrain friction. In: Proceedings of the 25th Leeds–Lyon Symposium on Tribology, Tribology Series 36, Lyon, 8–11 Sep, pp. 635–644 (1999)

35.

Aihua, L., Jianxin, D., Haibing, C., Yangyang, C., Jun, Z.: Friction and wear properties of TiN, TiAlN, AlTiN and CrAlN PVD nitride coatings. Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Met. 31, 82–88 (2012)CrossRef

36.

Singh, K., Limaye, P.K., Soni, N.L., Grover, A.K., Agrawal, R.G., Suri, A.K.: Wear studies of (Ti–Al)N coatings deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering. Wear 258, 1813–1824 (2005)CrossRef

37.

Wang, Q., Zhou, F., Yan, J.: Evaluating mechanical properties and crack resistance of CrNi CrTiN, CrAlN and CrTiAlN coatings by nanoindentation and scratch tests. Surf. Coat. Technol. 285, 23–213 (2013)

38.

Liew, W.Y.H., Jie, J.L.L., Yan, L.Y., Dayou, J., Sipaut, C.S., Madlan, M.F.B.: Frictional and wear behavior of AlCrN, TiN, TiAlN single layer coatings, and TiAlN/AlCrN, AlN/TiN-nano-multilayer coatings in dry sliding. Procedia Eng. 68, 512–517 (2013)CrossRef

39.

Vettivel, S.C., Jegan, R., Vignesh, J., Suresh, S.: Surface characteristics and wear depth profile of TiN, TiAlN and AlCrN coated stainless steel in dry sliding wear condition. Surf. Interfaces 6, 1–10 (2017)CrossRef

40.

Mo, J.L., Zhu, M.H., Lei, B., Leng, Y.X., Huang, N.: Comparison of tribological behaviors of AlCrN and TiAlN coatings—deposited by physical vapor deposition. Wear 263, 1423–1429 (2007)CrossRef

41.

Mo, J.L., Zhu, M.H.: Tribological oxidation behavior of PVD hard coatings. Tribol. Int. 42, 1758–1764 (2009)CrossRef

42.

Dejun, K., Haoyuan, G.: Friction–wear behaviors of cathodic arc ion plating AlTiN coatings at high temperatures. Tribol. Int. 88, 31–39 (2015)CrossRef

43.

PalDey, S., Deevi, S.C.: Single layer and multilayer wear resistant coatings of (Ti, Al)N: a review. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 342, 58–79 (2003)CrossRef

44.

Tokarev, O.A., Demchyshyn, A.V., Avtonomov, G.A.: The structure and mechanical properties of multilayer nanocrystalline TiN/ZrN coatings obtained by vacuum-arc deposition. Process. Appl. Ceram. 1(1–2), 43–47 (2007)CrossRef

45.

Khadem, M., Penkov, O.V., Yang, H.K., Kim, D.E.: Tribology of multilayer coatings for wear reduction: a review. Friction 5(3), 248–262 (2017)CrossRef

46.

Bhushan, B.: Principles and Applications of Tribology, 2nd edn, pp. 930–932. Wiley, Chichester (2013)CrossRef

47.

Gissler, W., Jehn, H.A.: Advanced Techniques for Surface Engineering, 1st edn., pp. 258–261. Springer, Luxembourg (1992)CrossRef

48.

Ashworth, S., Mistry, K., Morina, A., Neville, A.: Single cam tribometer for evaluating tribological parameters and tribo-chemistry of valve train. Mater. Surf. Interfaces 6(1), 31–37 (2012)CrossRef

49.

ASTM International: Standard Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Wear, G133-05, pp 1–9 (2016)

50.

Dowson, D.: Elastohydrodynamic and micro–elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Wear 190, 125–138 (1995)CrossRef

51.

Hoag, K., Dondlinger, B.: Vehicular Engine Design, 2nd edn., pp. 370–371. Springer, Vienna (2016)CrossRef

52.

Lubrecht, A.A., Venner, C.H., Colin, F.: Film thickness calculation in elasto–hydrodynamic lubricated line and elliptical contacts: the Dowson, Higginson, Hamrock contribution. J. Eng. Tribol. 223, 511–515 (2009)

53.

Pettersson, U., Jacobson, S.: Friction and wear properties of micro textured DLC coated surfaces in boundary lubricated sliding. Tribol. Lett. 17(3), 553–559 (2004)CrossRef

54.

Podgornik, B., Jacobson, S., Hogmark, S.: DLC coating of boundary lubricated components—advantages of coating one of the contact surfaces rather than both or none. Tribol. Int. 36, 843–849 (2003)CrossRef

55.

Siczek, K.J.: Tribological Processes in the Valve Train Systems with Lightweight Valves New Research and Modeling, pp. 87–90. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (2016)

56.

Nayak, N., Lakshminarayanan, P.A., Babu, M.K.G., Dani, A.D.: Predictions of cam follower wear in diesel engines. Wear 260, 181–192 (2006)CrossRef

57.

Zhang, J., Spikes, H.: On the mechanism of ZDDP antiwear film formation. Tribol. Lett. 63(24), 1–15 (2016)

58.

Mo, J.L., Zhu, M.A., Leyland, A., Matthews, A.: Impact wear and abrasion resistance of CrN, AlCrN and AlTiN PVD coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 215, 170–177 (2013)CrossRef

59.

McQueen, J.S., Gaoa, H., Black, E.D., Gangopadhyay, A.K., Jensen, R.K.: Friction and wear of tribofilms formed by zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate antiwear additive in low viscosity engine oils. Tribol. Int. 38, 289–297 (2005)CrossRef

60.

Ronkaninen, H., Likonen, J., Koskinen, J., Varjus, S.: Effect of tribofilm formation on the tribological performance of hydrogenated carbon coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 79, 87–94 (1996)CrossRef

61.

Davis, G.D.: Contamination of surfaces: origin, detection and effect on adhesion. Surf. Interface Anal. 20, 368–372 (1993)CrossRef

62.

Hutchings, I.M., Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials. Edward Arnold, London (1992)

63.

Rudnick, L.R.: Lubricant Additives Chemistry and Applications, pp. 40–43. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (2003)CrossRef

64.

Zhang, Z., Yamaguchi, E.S., Kasrai, M., Bancroft, G.M.: Tribofilms generated from ZDDP and DDP on steel surfaces: Part 1, growth, wear and morphology. Tribol. Lett. 19(3), 211–220 (2005)CrossRef

65.

Jaeger, D., Patscheider, J.: A complete and self-consistent evaluation of XPS spectra of TiN. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 185, 523–534 (2012)CrossRef

66.

Saha, N.C., Tompkins, H.G.: Titanium nitride oxidation chemistry: an Xray photoelectron spectroscopy study. J. Appl. Phys. 72, 3072 (1992)CrossRef

67.

Biesinger, M.C., Laua, L.W.M., Gerson, A.R., Smart, R.C.S.: Resolving surface chemical states in XPS analysis of first row transition metals, oxides and hydroxides: Sc, Ti, V, Cu and Zn. Appl. Surf. Sci. 257, 887–898 (2010)CrossRef

68.

Bardi, U., Chenakin, S.P., Ghezzi, F., Giolli, C., Goruppa, A., Lavacchi, A., Miorin, E., Pagura, C., Tolstogouzov, A.: High-temperature oxidation of CrN/AlN multilayer 1 coatings. Appl. Surf. Sci. 252, 1339–1349 (2005)CrossRef

69.

Wang, H., Teeter, G., Turner, J.A.: Modifying a stainless steel via electrochemical nitridation. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 2064 (2011)CrossRef

70.

Ana, Z.: Research Perspectives on Functional Micro- and Nanoscale Coatings, pp. 147–150. IGI Global, Hershey (2016)

71.

Frankel, G.S., Schrott, A.G., Davenport, A.J., Isaacs, H.S., Jahnes, C.V., Russak, M.A.: X-ray absorption study of electrochemically grown oxide films on AlCr sputtered alloys II. In situ studies. J. Electrochem. Soc. 141(1), 83–90 (1994)CrossRef

72.

Wang, B., Yu, L., Zhang, J., Pu, Y., Zhang, H., Li, W.: Phosphorus-doped carbon supports enhance gold-based catalysts for acetylene hydro chlorination. RCS Adv. 4, 15877–15885 (2014)

73.

Buckley, D.H.: Surface Effects in Adhesion, Friction, Wear, and Lubrication, pp. 308–310. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1981)

74.

Johnson, D.W., Hils, J.E., Esters, P.: Thiophosphate esters and metal thiophosphates as lubricant additives. Lubricants, 1, 132–148 (2013)CrossRef

75.

Booth, J.E., Nelson, K.D., Harvey, T.J., Wood, R.J.K., Wang, L., Powrie, H.E.G., Martinez, J.G.: The feasibility of using electrostatic monitoring to identify diesel lubricant additives and soot contamination interactions by factorial analysis. Tribol. Int. 39, 1564–1575 (2006)CrossRef

76.

Haque, T., Morina, A., Nevilla, A.: Effect of friction modifiers and antiwear additives on the tribological performance of a hydrogenated DLC coating, J. Tribol. 132, 032101-1CrossRef

77.

Zhongyi, H., Liping, X., Sheng, H., Aixi, C., Jianwei, Q., Xisheng, F.: Tribological and antioxidation synergistic effect study of sulfonate-modified nano calcium carbonate. PLoS ONE 8(5), e62050 (2013)CrossRef

78.

Dai, W., Kheireddin, B., Gao, H., Kan, Y., Clearfield, A., Liang, H.: Formation of anti-wear tribofilms via α-ZrP nanoplatelet as lubricant additives. Lubricants 4(28), 403002 (2016)

79.

Marcus, P., Maurice, V.: Passivation of Metals and Semiconductors, and Properties of Thin Oxide Layers, 1st edn, pp. 568–570. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006)

80.

Heruberger, R., Rossi, A., Spencer, N.D.: Pressure dependence of ZnDTP tribochemical film formulation: a combinatorial approach. Tribol. Lett. 28, 209–222 (2007)CrossRef

81.

Nehme, G., Ramoun, M., Aswath, P.B.: Effect of load and lubricant volume on the properties of tribofilms formed under boundary lubrication in a fully formulated oil under extreme load conditions. Wear 268, 1129–1147 (2010)CrossRef

82.

Minfray, C., Martin, J.M., Barros, M.I.D., Mogne, T.L., Kersting, R., Hagenhoff, B.: Chemistry of ZDDP tribofilm by ToF-SIMS. Tribol. Lett. 17(3), 351–357 (2004)CrossRef

Title: Tribological Behavior of TiAlN, AlTiN, and AlCrN Coatings at Boundary Lubricating Condition
Authors: Doğuş Özkan
Yaman Erarslan
Egemen Sulukan
Levent Kara
M. Alper Yılmaz
M. Barış Yağcı
Publication date: 01-12-2018
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Tribology Letters / Issue 4/2018
Print ISSN: 1023-8883
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2711
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-018-1111-1

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 4/2018

Role of Carbon Nanotube Tribolayer Formation on Low Friction and Adhesion of Aluminum Alloys Sliding against CrN

Exploring Lubrication Function of MACs Greases for TC4 Alloy Under Sliding and Fretting Conditions

Particulate Matter Generation Properties from Sliding Parts Made of Various Carbonaceous Films

Effect of Rheology and Slip on Lubricant Deformation and Disk-to-Head Transfer During Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR)

Effect of Mechanochemically Functionalized Multilayer Graphene on the Tribological Properties of Silicon Carbide/Graphene Nanocomposites in Aqueous Environment

Water-Based Lubrication of Hard Carbon Microspheres as Lubricating Additives

Premium Partners