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1992 | Buch

The Emergence of Interfacial Engineering Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Advanced Techniques for Surface Engineering

herausgegeben von: Wolfram Gissler, Hermann A. Jehn

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Buchreihe : Eurocourses: Mechanical and Materials Science

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

Today's shortages of resources make the search for wear and corrosion resistant materials one of the most important tasks of the next century. Since the surface of a material is the location where any interaction occurs, it is that there the hardest requirements on the material are imposed: to be wear resistant for tools and bearings; to be corrosion resistant for turbine blades and tubes in the petrochemical industry; to be antireflecting for solar cells; to be decorative for architectural panels and to combine several of these properties in other applications. Surface engineering is the general term that incorporates all the techniques by which a surface modification can be accomplished. These techniques include both coating and modification of the surface by ion implantation and laser beam melting. In recent years a continuously growing number of these techniques were developed to the extent that it became more and more difficult to maintain an overlook and to understand which of these highly differentiated techniques might be applied to resolve a given surface engineering problem. A similar development is also occuring for surface characterization techniques. This volume contains contributions from renowned scientists and engineers to the Eurocourse the aim of which was to inform about the various techniques and to give a comprehensive survey of the latest development on this subject.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Introductory Remarks

The Emergence of Interfacial Engineering
Opening Remarks on the Occasion of the Euro-Course: Advanced Techniques for Surface Engineering
Abstract
From a conventional background in metallurgical treatments, such as case carburising, nitriding, galvanising and “shot peening”, the technologies associated with the protection of surfaces, or the modification of the structural and chemical properties of the top atomic layers of materials surfaces have blossomed into a separate sub-discipline, now commonly referred to as “Surface Engineering”.
E. D. Hondros

Fundamentals

Nucleation and Growth of Thin Films
Abstract
Nucleation and film growth determine the coating structure and the coating properties. In certain film/substrate systems an experimental study of the processes in the very initial stage of film formation is possible. They reflect the results of modeling using the kinetic nucleation theory or the thermodynamic approach. Tor practical systems, i.e. non-UHV conditions, alloy and compound deposition, the relation are much more complex, but the structures developed are very similar to those obtained for pure metal deposits. In the present paper the approaches of kinetic nucleation theory and of “thick” film growth modeling are outlined and the structures developed as a function of substrate temperature and particle energy are presented. In principal the theoretical investigations are very helpful even if they don’t allow to draw quantitative conclusions for complex coating/substrate systems.
H. A. Jehn
Interfaces and Adhesion
Abstract
In most applications the minimum criterion for adequate coating performance is that it remains attached to the substrate over the lifetime of the component. Control of the factors affecting adhesion is thus essential and this equates to careful control of the structure and composition of the interfacial layers if the best performance of the coating is to be achieved. Practical adhesion is a macroscopic property which depends on chemical and mechanical bonding at the interface, residual stress and the presence of any stresses imposed by the application and the mechanism of interfacial failure which depends on the coating and substrate materials and the working environment. In this paper the mechanisms of adhesion and how these relate to interfacial structure are discussed in detail. In addition techniques for assessing and improving adhesion are also reviewed.
S. J. Bull

Techniques of Surface Engineering

Nitriding, Boriding and Carburizing of Steels
Abstract
This paper describes three surface hardening processes of steels and mainly the basic principles, technical advantages and limitations, industrial applications of these diffusion methods of carbon, nitrogen and boron. Thermo-chemical treatments like: carburizing, bonding and nitriding are described. Specificities of each treaments are reviewed.
Patrick Jacquot
Ion Implantation for Surface Engineering
Abstract
Low energy accelerators are used widely for the modification of materials and in research on material properties. The ion implantation of semiconductors becomes an industrial application of major importance. The ion implantation technique has steadely been extended to the intire range of materials including metals, ceramics, glasses and polymers.. This paper considers a number of areas in which ion beams are now applied, such as microelectronics, metallurgy, corrosion science,optics.
P. Mazzoldi
Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition
Abstract
The basic principles of Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition processes are examined along with reactor architectures. Emphasis is given to the chemistry of the discharge and to active species and deposition precursors with the aim of correlating film compositions with discharge internal parameters. The processes for the deposition of films of fluoropolymers, metal containing polymers, SiO2-likes and silicone-likes are examined as case studies.
R. d’Agostino, P. Favia, F. Fracassi, R. Lamendola
Physical Vapor Deposition Techniques I: Evaporation and Sputtering
Abstract
Thin films of numerous materials can be deposited on various substrates at low temperatures via condensation of vapors generated by vacuum evaporation or cathode sputtering techniques. Thermodynamic and kinetics aspects together with other basic considerations involved in evaporative deposition techniques are discussed. Evaporation of compounds and alloys can be improved using activated reactive evaporation processes. The major experimental techniques employed in vacuum evaporation and sputtering processes of some elements or compounds are described. The principles and basic equipment of diode sputtering are briefly presented. The sputtering yield of materials can be determined from the Sigmund model. The yield value depends on various factors : ion energy, incidence angle of ions, crystallographic orientation of the target surface,... The characteristics of sputtered species are compared to those of evaporated species. Thorough investigations of experimental parameter effects on sputter-deposition processes are required for optimization of deposition rates and properties of films. Sputtering systems operating at low pressures and high frequency sputtering equipments for deposition of insulating films are also described.
Y. Pauleau
Physical Vapor Deposition Techniques II: Ion Plating, Arc Deposition and Ion Beam Deposition
Abstract
Ion plating, arc deposition and ion beam deposition are physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes for the production of nitride, carbide and oxide coatings. The application fields of these coatings are wear protection, decoration and optical interference coatings. Common features of these processes are the incorporation of reactive gas ions into the growing film and ion bombardment of the substrates before and during deposition. Ion impact facilitates process temperatures inferior to those in comparable chemical vapor deposition (CUD) processes, and ion bombarded coatings have higher adhesion strength, higher density and apparently higher elasticity than coatings prepared without ion bombardment.
E. Moll
PLASMA SPRAYING — A Versatile Coating Technique
Abstract
Plasma spray technology, with its great number of coating-substrate combinations, satisfies the demand of new materials needed to work in severe environments. After a general introduction on thermal spraying processes, the fundamentals specific to plasma spray are described. Depending on the pressure level, the chemical composition of the environment and the type of electrical arc, the plasma spray process is divided into the following types: atmosphere (APS), vacuum (VPS), inert gas (IPS), controlled atmosphere (CAPS), under water (UPS) and inductive coupled (ICPS) plasma spray. Their operating principles and their fields of application are reported. The components of the plasma torch, particularly their shapes influence, the shape at the produced arc and its capability to accelerate particles. The composition of the plasmogenic gases, their behaviour under discharge and the effects on melting and acceleration of powder particles are briefly discussed. The deposition parameters determine the microstructure of the coating: unmelted particles, poor adherence and coherence, cracks, open and closed porosity, are intrinsic to the coating procedure. Surface pretreatments, degreasing, sand blasting, sputter-cleaning and preheating, increase coating adherence. Post-coating treatments such as thermal annealing, sealing (e.g. liquid-metal, organic compound infiltration), hot isostatic pressing and electron beam or laser surface melting are used to increase the adhesion and reduce the porosity. Coating materials and coating evaluations are also considered. A broad list of industrial applications typical of plasma spray together with a potential list of further process and material developments are outlined.
F. Brossa, E. Lang
Laser Surface Treatments: Microstructural Aspects
Abstract
Different laser surface treatments are briefly summarised. The principles which govern the formation of microstructures are presented. Macroscopic aspects of heat flux, which determine the local growth conditions, are discussed together with the formation of microstructures. Special emphasis is placed upon the effects associated with rapid solidification. Finally, the concept of microstructure selection maps, necessary for any rational alloy and process development, is introduced.
A. Frenk, W. Kurz
Hybrid Processes
Abstract
Especially for the deposition of hard materials hybrid processes are considerej2. The deposition of ternary layers composed of Ti and other metals and nitrogen and of Cr and other metals and nitrogen with a combination of reactive arc evaporation and magnetron sputtering is discussed in detail. For the plasma CVD process of TiN the influence of different plasma excitation methods is shown. The combination of PVD and plasma CVD is discussed for the deposition of metal-carbon coatings. The experimental difficulties of laser CVD for TiN deposition and its advantages in contrast to normal CVD are described.
H. Freller, H. P. Lorenz

Characterization of Coatings and Surfaces

Measurement of Mechanical Properties of Thin Solid Films I: Hardness, Elasticity and Stress
Abstract
This article gives an overview of current techniques to determine hardness, Young’s modulus and stress state of a thin solid film on a substrate. The former two are measured with an instrument sometimes referred to as a nanometer indenter. It is capable of detecting continuously the indentation depth of a diamond tip in dependence of load on the indenter with nanometer precision. From loading-unloading cycles the mechanical parameters hardness and Young’s modulus are calculated. The stress state of thin films can be obtained by measuring the curvature of a bent substrate with the stressed film fixed to it or by x-ray techniques to determine the spacing between strained crystal planes. The mathematical theory, assumptions and limitations of these techniques are discussed and two examples of the information obtained from these measurements are presented.
Klaus H. Taube
Measurement of Mechanical Properties of Thin Solid Films II: Friction and Wear
Abstract
The friction and wear performance of surfaces is critical to the functionality of industrial mechanisms, engines transmissions and all manner of process plants, especially with regard to their efficiency of operation and life cycle costs. Whilst typically dominated by mechanical properties, it is increasingly realised that surface chemistry also plays a mojor role in determining the friction and wear behaviour. Thus in recent years there have been many attempts to formulate a basic understanding of friction and wear, and to develop equipments and test procedures which allow the study and standardised testing of couples for different applications. The theoretical and practical background to this subject is covered in this chapter.
A. Matthews, K. Holmberg
Microstructural Characterization of Films and Surface Layers
Abstract
The chapter is subdivided in two parts: structural and morphological characterization. The first part contains a short summary of the basic principles of diffraction: Bragg’s law and intensity determination of diffraction lines. Evaluation methods of powder diffraction patterns and the influence of grain size and strain on the diffraction line widths are then described. X-ray diffractometer techniques, in particular Bragg-Brentano and Seemann-Bohlin types, and also the glancing angle x-ray diffractometer, are discussed Finally the unique features of neutron diffraction techniques are shortly mentioned. The second part contains a description of the principles of scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Several application examples are given. Special consideration is made of the various modes of TEM microscopy: Bright and dark field imaging, out of focus imaging and selected area diffraction.
W. Gissler, J. Haupt

Surface Engineering in the Industrial Practice

Surface Engineering for High Temperature Corrosion Resistance
Abstract
This review considers surface engineering techniques for high temperature corrosion resistance. A brief description of high temperature corrosion is given and criteria for surface engineering are outlined. The most important classes of surface treatments for high temperature corrosive applications are discussed, notably surface alloying, diffusion coatings and metallic and ceramic overlay coatings. Also, the important role of surface modification techniques, in particular ion implantation, as a research tool for corrosion science is highlighted.
M. F. Stroosnijder, M. J. Bennett, R. Mevrel
Decorative Coatings
Abstract
Vapour-deposited hard coating like TiN, ZrN and a great number of ternary or multicomponent compounds of the transition show a variety of colours out of which the golden TiN is the most well-known tint. The use of such coatings for decorative purposes combines their decorative properties with their excellent wear resistance and good corrosion resistance. In the present paper first the colours and their dependence on composition and process parameters are discussed followed by information on the corrosion behaviour of coating/substrate systems and their testing methods. Finally, examples are given for the application of decorative hard coatings and specific coating sequences for improvement of the corrosion resistance if less noble substrate materials have to be coated.
H. A. Jehn
Diamond and Diamond-Like Carbon Films
Abstract
Diamond and diamond-like layers present outstanding possibilities of development, and in many cases like in optics or microelectronics, decisive technological jumps are expected. This is due to the exceptional combination of properties of these materials. The properties of diamond and diamond-like layers, the expected markets and applications of diamond and diamond-like films are presented. The techniques available for diamond films production by thermal and plasma activated methods are reviewed. A description of the principal mechanisms of diamond deposition as well as the problems related to it are discussed. In the case of diamond-like carbon, the mechanisms of densification under ion bombardment are presented.
François Rossi
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Advanced Techniques for Surface Engineering
herausgegeben von
Wolfram Gissler
Hermann A. Jehn
Copyright-Jahr
1992
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN
978-94-017-0631-5
Print ISBN
978-90-481-4214-9
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0631-5