1 Introduction
1.1 The New Zealand curriculum
1.2 The Norwegian curriculum
1.3 Ongoing work with new curricula in Norway
New Zealand key competencies (MoE 2007, p. 12) | Norwegian basic skills (Directorate for Education and Training [DET] 2006) |
---|---|
Thinking | Oral skills |
Using language, symbols, and texts | Reading |
Managing self | Writing |
Relating to others | Digital skills |
Participating and contributing | Numeracy |
2 Research question
3 Methodology: explanatory sequential design
3.1 The first phase: quantitative survey
3.2 The second phase: strategically selecting the participants
3.3 The third phase: conducting the interviews
4 Theoretical perspectives
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Ideological curricula, referring to the ideological and political ideas and underlying values of a curriculum.
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Formal curricula, referring to a curriculum as a formal, officially sanctioned document.
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Perceived curricula, referring to how an actual curriculum is perceived, for instance, by parents, school management, teacher educators, and teachers.
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Operational curricula, referring to how a curriculum is implemented in daily teaching in classrooms.
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Experienced curricula, referring to how an actual curriculum is experienced by students.
5 Results and discussion
5.1 Attitudes towards skill-based and competency-based perspectives on learning
5.1.1 Quantifying the attitudes relating to skill-based and competency-based perspectives
5.1.2 Quantifying the stances taken when asked about preferred perspective
Position in the matrix | Expressed attitude: positive towards competency-based/critical towards skill-based | Expressed attitude: positive towards skill-based/critical towards competency-based |
---|---|---|
Positive Norwegian participants | X | – |
X | X | |
X | – | |
X | – | |
X | – | |
Critical Norwegian participants | X | – |
X | – | |
X | X | |
X | – | |
X | – | |
Positive New Zealand participants | X | – |
X | – | |
X | – | |
– | X | |
X | – | |
Critical New Zealand participants | X | – |
X | X | |
X | – | |
X | – | |
X | – |
Subject curriculum (skill-based) | Quality framework/core curriculum (competency-based) | |
---|---|---|
As theory in use (operational curriculum) | Explicit | Explicit |
As espoused theory (perceived curriculum) | Explicit | Often implicit |
5.1.3 A qualitative analysis of the content
A Norwegian teacher educator explained his reason for wanting a change by saying: ‘Yes, because I feel that the five Norwegian [basic skills] are actually wrong. It is not what [education] is about, in my mind’. Another stated, ‘Concerning education as a whole, much of the New Zealand perspective is more related to how I actually experience the Norwegian education system’. Norwegian teacher educators are experiencing discrepancies between their formal curriculum and their own convictions regarding education as well as how the curriculum is operationalised in practice.The NZ key competencies are more encompassing of the interpersonal skills required for effective participation in today’s society and are therefore more forward-focused. The key competencies of Thinking and Using language, symbols, and texts include each of your basic skills, and then the other three, Managing self, Relating to others, and Participating and contributing indicate the need for our students to use or apply the basic skills in a broad range of contexts that will evolve throughout their lives. These key competencies indicate more explicitly the requirement for individuals to be problem solvers and collaborative participants in society.
5.2 Top-down governing on teacher attitudes
5.2.1 Political pressure
This pressure also makes teacher educators concerned for their students. A New Zealand teacher educator reflects on the possible consequences of focusing too much on skill-based learning:Anything that is new technology is associated with progress and positive. So, I think that the new things are kind of taken on uncritically, and I fear that ministries, policymakers are guilty of that. Not just ministers and policymakers, but I can see corporate entities are entering the education market. You know, sponsoring schools and giving computers. So, from this kind of context, the economic political pressures, comes the consumer pressures, develops the idea… or this kind of contest produces the idea that ‘oh, digital is wonderful’. So, we should take it on…
Another elaborates on the matter:I think it is political, I think it is a political goal that, you know… and again it’s a concern… yes, we do want our students to be numerate and to be literate, but it’s only half the brain, and it’s at the expense of the majority of people who go through schools and come out feeling quite worthless.
The concern was evident among the Norwegian participants as well. One explains:I think we’re seeing traits at the moment, globally, in wanting to have these particular skills. I would see it as very sad that we would kind of lose this holistic notion of learning and actually relating… and the skills which sit within [the New Zealand curriculum]. I think it is really important for the 21st century citizen, you know. I think it is a big concern, actually.
The majority of the New Zealand teacher educators were worried about a shift towards a more technical and instrumental focus, thereby losing their current high-level vision of citizenship. These worries were often founded in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) rankings and other politically driven motives.I have been at lectures about the basic skills, and everything is being governed by big corporations, you know. They make tests and tools, and if you are not managing you can buy this and that… There is so much business in it,… and Norway has joined in. Why?
5.2.2 Concerns about a shift towards a skill-oriented curriculum
This was explained by another as follows:I would say, looking at the Norwegian skills, this is probably more the previous iteration of focus in New Zealand, where we had the skills focus. They all look very familiar to me, except, of course, the digital tools are more recent, but these are the basic skills that have been the bedrock of thinking about educational planning for a long time. I think there have been some positive moves, so I take a critical perspective on the basic skills. This [New Zealand competencies] fits the policy climate for today’s education. To focus on wider skills, and the idea of social contribution, rather than cognitive learning as focus for education.
The New Zealand teacher educators were, in general, not in agreement with the skill-based perspective expressed in the Norwegian basic skills, and they were worried about how their school system would be governed politically in the future. One explained:People need something else and a bit more, and what they identified as the something else and the bit more is mostly these relational skills. How you relate to other people. How you manage or organise yourself while you are doing that. The Norwegian seems to be still focused on those traditional skills, adding the digital tools.
It would be the PISA rankings that would fuel the shift, one claimed. Why New Zealand has not already experienced this shift is explained by cultural differences. This is described by a New Zealand participant:I could see that it’s going back to these… you know, the basic skills, and I don’t see this as progress. I think it’s a big concern. Something we need to be very, very… especially with initial teacher education… we need to be very vocal about it. It’s a major concern. But it’s the government… it’s the government who is pushing this, and yes… we need to be very aware of what is happening.
In line with these perceptions, Norwegian teacher educators said that they are related to the competency-based perspective, but they expressed a concern that it would not match what the students would be measured by. As one said: ‘I believe the New Zealand perspective would result in a higher degree of coping for the students. There would be less measuring, which is a result of the PISA studies’, or as another explained: ‘I want more focus on in-depth knowledge, more focus on understanding. Not just technical skills’.Norway does well in PISA, and so Norway wants to keep its ranking high because their policy is really being driven by these big international assessments. Um… New Zealand teachers tend to be kind of independent thinkers and they wouldn’t… they don’t like that… New Zealand teachers don’t like being told ‘you have to do this because there is going to be some big examination’, or whatever. It does not fit with our culture.
5.2.3 The role of the teacher
A New Zealand teacher educator claimed that ‘the Norwegian one is a lot more constrained. So, I see this [key competencies] as providing the opportunity for teachers to be a lot more creative in how they adapt their programmes in the classroom’. An understanding among the teacher educators was that the focus on how learning is defined in the curricula would influence the role of the teacher and could limit their ability to make independent pedagogical reflections that influence their practices.I am frustrated by the Norwegian basic skills. I have gone from thinking ‘okay, we have to do this’ to ‘what? Why do we have to do this?’. There are no pedagogical reasons. Nothing makes sense. We have been tricked. Changing to the New Zealand focus would mean letting the teachers be pedagogues and making choices based on what they actually know.