Introduction
Reflection, technologies and the Efrahrraum model
“Reflection plays an important role in experiential learning, both cognitively and metacognitively. It has been widely discussed in the literature as an important approach for promoting learning and higher order thinking skills, developing professional practices, and facilitating and structuring learning through experiences” (Looi & Wu, 2015, p. 610)
The Hypervideo and video annotation
Research aims and questions
Methods
Context and participants of the study
Data collection
Academic Year | Technology used | Sub-group | Students’ Working Method | Amount of collected videos | Amount of collected reflective reports | Amount of selected videos |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015/2016 | Gr. A (unspecified) | At | Team work | 38 | 84 | 14 |
2015/2016 | Gr. A (unspecified) | Ai | Individual work | 29 | 29 | 14 |
2016/2017 | Gr. B (iVideo) | Bt | Team work | 30 | 69 | 14 |
2016/2017 | Gr. B (iVideo) | Bi | Individual work | 15 | 15 | 14 |
Step 1 – the codebook’ drafting
Hierarchy of categories | |||
---|---|---|---|
1st Hierarchy Level | 2nd Hierarchy Level | Category Label | |
The Student | reports / Describes / Narrates | Work-related events | A |
education and / or training-related events | B | ||
Assignment-related events | C | ||
reflects on the job or the work (regarding) | the interviewee | D | |
their work | E | ||
Work in general | F | ||
reflects on education and / or training (regarding) | regarding the interviewee | G | |
their education and training | H | ||
education and training in general | I | ||
reflects on submitted assignments | reflective-report drafting | L | |
videomaking (technical aspects) | M | ||
interview preparation and conducting | N | ||
post-production (editing etc.) | O | ||
cooperating with peers | P | ||
the assignment in general | Q | ||
reports on what the interviewee disclosed - through a description - about experiences regarding | work and personal life | R | |
interpersonal relationships | S | ||
reports on what the interviewee disclosed - through a reflection - about experiences regarding | work and personal life | T | |
interpersonal relationships | U | ||
Cross-cutting categoriesa | the student refers to specific moments in the video or interview | V | |
the student refers to the teaching module’s contents | Z |
Step 2 –the sample’ coding
Results
Reflective reports and corresponding video characteristics
Sub-group/group | N | M | SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Video Time (in seconds) | At | 14 | 779,64 | 295,189 |
Ai | 14 | 847,50 | 326,643 | |
A | 28 | 813,57 | 307,442 | |
Bt | 14 | 625,14 | 155,593 | |
Bi | 14 | 595,57 | 216,685 | |
B | 28 | 610,36 | 185,714 | |
Reports’ length (Words number) | At | 14 | 1315,71 | 311,955 |
Ai | 14 | 1265,93 | 425,771 | |
A | 28 | 1290,82 | 367,127 | |
Bt | 14 | 611,36 | 384,896 | |
Bi | 14 | 919,29 | 604,213 | |
B | 28 | 765,32 | 521,237 |
-
there was a significant difference in the video length for Group A and Group B conditions; t(54) = 2.994, p < 0.01,d = 0.800
-
there was a significant difference in the report length for group A and Group B conditions; t(54) = 4.362, p < 0.001,d = 1.166
Frequencies of the coding categories
Category label | Group A | Group B | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
∑ | M | SD | ∑% | M% | SD% | ∑ | M | SD | ∑% | M% | SD% | |
A | 62 | 2.2143 | 11.7169 | .1830 | 0.0065 | .0346 | 663 | 23.6786 | 86.0715 | 3.1540 | .1126 | .4095 |
B | 33 | 1.1786 | 6.2364 | .0980 | 0.0035 | .0185 | 368 | 13.1429 | 56.0877 | 1.7510 | .0625 | .2668 |
C | 11,384 | 406.5714 | 183.7652 | 33.6510 | 1.2018 | .5432 | 4011 | 143.2500 | 135.9372 | 19.0820 | .6815 | .6468 |
D | 6449 | 230.3214 | 155.0544 | 19.0600 | .6807 | .4584 | 5799 | 207.1071 | 180.2684 | 27.5900 | .9854 | .8577 |
E | 741 | 26.4643 | 50.3650 | 2.1910 | .0783 | .1490 | 806 | 28.7857 | 86.8811 | 3.8350 | .1370 | .4134 |
F | 6302 | 225.0714 | 194.1246 | 18.6270 | .6653 | .5738 | 3165 | 113.0357 | 148.1392 | 15.0590 | .5378 | .7048 |
G | 478 | 17.0714 | 33.7199 | 1.4130 | .0505 | .0997 | 277 | 9.8929 | 16.9735 | 1.3180 | .0471 | .0808 |
H | 261 | 9.3214 | 44.1547 | .7720 | .0276 | .1306 | 372 | 13.2857 | 45.5110 | 1.7690 | .0632 | .2164 |
I | 316 | 11.2857 | 35.2618 | .9330 | .0333 | .1042 | 833 | 29.7500 | 46.4532 | 3.9650 | .1416 | .2211 |
L | 0 | .0000 | 0.0000 | .0000 | .0000 | .0000 | 154 | 5.5000 | 21.6820 | .7320 | .0261 | .1031 |
M | 42 | 1.5000 | 4.9103 | .1250 | .0045 | .0146 | 81 | 2.8929 | 10.7267 | .3860 | .0138 | .0511 |
N | 836 | 29.8571 | 47.8336 | 2.4720 | .0883 | .1414 | 757 | 27.0357 | 60.9155 | 3.6020 | .1286 | .2899 |
O | 208 | 7.4286 | 21.1843 | .6150 | .0220 | .0626 | 77 | 2.7500 | 10.6549 | .3670 | .0131 | .0508 |
P | 178 | 6.3571 | 17.9283 | .5270 | .0188 | .0531 | 177 | 6.3214 | 20.9674 | .8420 | .0301 | .0997 |
Q | 3282 | 117.2143 | 100.6377 | 9.7030 | .3465 | .2974 | 1566 | 55.9286 | 60.8446 | 7.4490 | .2660 | .2895 |
R | 1848 | 66.0000 | 73.9124 | 5.4630 | .1951 | .2185 | 932 | 33.2857 | 56.4983 | 4.4350 | .1584 | .2689 |
S | 358 | 12.7857 | 29.3350 | 1.0580 | .0378 | .0867 | 356 | 12.7143 | 31.1280 | 1.6920 | .0604 | .1480 |
T | 1009 | 36.0357 | 53.7618 | 2.9820 | .1065 | .1589 | 625 | 22.3214 | 37.6770 | 2.9730 | .1062 | .1792 |
U | 43 | 1.5357 | 8.1262 | .1270 | .0045 | .0240 | 0 | .0000 | 0.0000 | .0000 | .0000 | .0000 |
∑ | 33,830 | 100 | 21,019 | 100 | ||||||||
V | 1287 | 45.9643 | 53.2642 | 27.9540 | 0.9984 | 1.1569 | 1516 | 54.1429 | 64.6694 | 38.1740 | 1.3634 | 1.6285 |
Z | 3317 | 118.4643 | 104.6360 | 72.0490 | 2.5732 | 2.2728 | 2455 | 87.6786 | 104.2590 | 61.8230 | 2.2080 | 2.6254 |
∑ | 4604 | 100 | 40,967 | 100 |
T | df |
p
| Cohen’s d | |
---|---|---|---|---|
C | 3.260 | 54 | .002 | .871 |
I | −2.345 | 54 | .023 | −.627 |
D | −1.658 | 54 | .103 | −.443 |