Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Properties of Insensitive Energetic Materials and Their Measurement Read chapter Read first chapter

2018 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

9. 1, 3, 5-Triamino-2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzene (TATB)

Authors : Dabir S. Viswanath, Tushar K. Ghosh, Veera M. Boddu

Published in: Emerging Energetic Materials: Synthesis, Physicochemical, and Detonation Properties

Publisher: Springer Netherlands

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This chapter reviews the research and development work on 1, 3, 5-Triamino-2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), and TATB-based formulations. Syntheses, analytical methods, thermophysical properties, performance, formulations, and toxicological and safety of TATB are included in this chapter.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter 1-Azido-2-Nitro-2-Azapropane (ANAP)
next chapter Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP)
Literature
1.
Dobratz BM (1995) The insensitive high explosive triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB). Development and Characterization-1888 to 1994 Report LA-13104-H, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos NM, USA
2.
Agrawal JP, Hodgson RD (2007) Organic chemistry of explosives. Wiley, Hoboken NJ
3.
Flurscheim B, Holmes EL (1929) CCCXCIX Pentanitroaniline. J Chem Soc (London) 304 L Hexaminobenzene 334
4.
Mitchell AR, Pagoria PF, Schmidt RD (1997) US Patent No 5,569,783, 29 Oct 1996; 5,633,406, 27 May 1997; 6,069,277, 30 May 2000
5.
Bellamy AJ, Ward SJ, Golding P (2002) Synthesis of ammonium diaminopicrate (ADAP), a new secondary explosive. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 27(2):59–61CrossRef
6.
7.
Urbansky T, Vasudeva SK (1978) Heat resistant explosives. J Scientific Ind Res 37:221–280
8.
Atkins RL, Hollins RA, Wilson WS (1986) Synthesis of polynitro compounds hexa-substituted benzenes. J Org Chem 51:3261–3266CrossRef
9.
Ott RG, Benzinger TM (1991) Preparation of 1,3,5-trizmino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene. J Energetic Mater 5:343 US Patent No 4,997,987
10.
Yang G, Nie F, Huang H, Zhao L, Pang W (2006) Preparation and characterization of nano-TATB explosive. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 31:390CrossRef
11.
Pagoria PF, Lee GS, Mitchell AR, Schmidt RD (2002) A review of energetic materials synthesis. Thermochim Acta 384:187CrossRef
12.
Agrawal JP (1998) Recent trends in high-energy materials. Progr Energy Combustion Sci 24:1–30CrossRef
13.
Huang Z, Chen B, Gao G (2005) IR vibrational assignments for TATB from the density functional B3LYP/6-31G(d) method. J Mol Struct 752:87CrossRef
14.
Liu H, Zhao J, Ji G, Wei D, Gong Z (2006) Vibrational properties of molecule and crystal of TATB: A comparative density functional study. Phys Lett A 358:63CrossRef
15.
Kolb JR, Rizzo HF (1979) Growth of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) I anisotropic thermal txpansion. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 4:10CrossRef
16.
Son SF, Asay BW, Henson BF, Sander RK, Ali AN, Zielinski PM, Phillips DS, Schwarz RB, Skidmore CB (1999) Dynamic observation of a thermally activated structure change in 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) by second harmonic generation. J Phys Chem B 103(26):5434–5440. doi:10.​1021/​JP983307H CrossRef
17.
Talawar MB, Agarwal AP, Anniyappan M, Gore GM, Asthana SN, Venugopalan S (2006) Method for preparation of fine TATB (2–5 μm) and its evaluation in plastic bonded explosive (PBX) formulations. J Hazard Mater 137(3):1848–1852. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jhazmat.​2006.​05.​031 CrossRef
18.
Makashir PS, Kurian EM (1996) Spectroscopic and thermal studies on the decomposition of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene. J Therm Anal 46:225CrossRef
19.
20.
Byrd EFC, Rice BM (2009) Improved prediction of heats of formation of energetic materials using quantum mechanical calculations. [Erratum to document cited in CA144:256621]. J Phys Chem A 113(19):5813. doi:10.​1021/​jp806520b CrossRef
21.
Meyer R, Kohler J, Homburg A (2002) Explosives, 5th edn. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim Germany, p 344
22.
Garza RG (1979) A thermogravimetric study of TATB and two TATB-based explosives. Report UCRL-82723 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore CA, USA
23.
24.
Stephenson RM, Malanowski S (1987) Handbook of the thermodynamics of organic compounds. Elsevier, New York
25.
Toghiani RK, Toghiani H, Maloney SW, Boddu VM (2008) Prediction of physicochemical properties of energetic materials. Fluid Ph Eq 64:86CrossRef
26.
Solovyev VP, Selezenev AA, Aleinikov AY, Lashkov VN, Postnikov AY (2007) Calculation and experimental determination of the HE dependence specific heat versus temperature. In University of Pardubice, pp 299–306
27.
Jones DA, Parker RP (1994) Simulation of cookoff results in a small scale test. Report DSTO-TR-0090 DSTO Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
28.
Beard BC, Sharma J (1993) Surface chemical characterization methods applied to energetic materials. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 296(Structure and Properties of Energetic Materials):257–268 (Boston MA 1992) DH Liebenberg, RW Armstrong, JJ Gilman (eds) Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh PA
29.
F Nie, G Yang, G Zheng, Z Qiao, H Huang (2007) Proc NTREM Conference, Pardubice. p 452, April 25–27
30.
Agrawal JP (2005) Some new high energy materials and their formulations for specialized spplications. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 30:316CrossRef
31.
Osmont A, Catoire L, Gökalp I, Yang V (2007) Ab initio quantum chemical predictions of enthalpies of formation, heat capacities, and entropies of gas-phase energetic compounds. Combust Flame 151:262CrossRef
32.
Selig W (1977) How to Estimate the Solubility of an Insoluble Compound: 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene (TATB). Report UCID-17412-Rev. 1, 1977. Estimation of the Solubility of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene (TATB) in Various Solvents, Report UCID-17412, 1977, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore CA, USA
33.
Foltz MF, Ornellas DL, Pagoria PF, Mitchell AR (1996) Recrystallization and solubility of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene in dimethyl sulfoxide. J Mater Sci 31(7):1893–1901. doi:10.​1007/​BF00372205 CrossRef
34.
Foltz MF, Maienschein JL, Green LG (1996) Particle size control of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene by recrystallization from DMSO. J Mater Sci 31(7):1741–1750. doi:10.​1007/​BF00372187 CrossRef
35.
Keshavarz MH (2007) Quick estimation of heats of detonation of aromatic energetic compounds from structural parameters. J Hazard Mater 143:549CrossRef
36.
Kennedy JE, Lee KY, Spontarelli T, Stine JR (1998) Los Alamos, Report LA-UR-98-2525
37.
38.
Department of Army (1984 September) Military explosives, TM 9-1300-214, pp 8–72
39.
Mader CL (2008) Numerical modeling of explosive and propellants. CRC Press, New York NY
40.
Borg RAJ, Kemister G, Jones DA (1995 October) DSTO-TR-0226. Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
41.
42.
43.
Hallam JS (1976) TATB formulation study. Univ California, UCID-17087, p 28
44.
Kolb JR, Pruneda CO (1979) Surface chemistry and energy of untreated and thermally treated TATB and plastic-bonded TATB composites. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, UCRL-82623 CONF-790632-9
45.
Pruneda CO, Bower JK, Kolb JR (1980) Polymeric coatings effect on energy and sensitivity of high explosives. Org Coat Plast Chem 42:588–594
46.
Rainwater KA, Lightfoot JM, Richardson RB (1988) Literature review of the lifetime of DOE materials: aging of plastic bonded explosives and the explosives and polymers contained therein. Report ANRCP-1998-12, Amarillo National Resource Center for Plutonium, San Antonio TX, USA
47.
Adriaanse C (2010) Security: colorful response to TATP explosives. Chem Ind 21:9 (London, UK)
48.
Al-Jalili TAR, Shah HN (1988) Protoheme, a dispensable growth factor for Bacteroides fragilis grown by batch and continuous culture in a basal medium. Curr Microbiol 17(1):13–18CrossRef
49.
Almog J, Klein A, Tamiri T, Shloosh Y, Abramovich-Bar S (2005) A field diagnostic test for the improvised explosive urea nitrate. J Forensic Sci 50(3):582–586CrossRef
50.
Amani M, Chu Y, Waterman KL, Hurley CM, Platek MJ, Gregory OJ (2012) Detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) using a thermodynamic based gas sensor. Sens Actuators B 162(1):7–13CrossRef
51.
Andrews G, Lewis D, Notey J, Kelly R, Muddiman D (2010) Part I: characterization of the extracellular proteome of the extreme thermophile Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus by GeLC-MS2. Anal Bioanal Chem 398(1):377–389CrossRef
52.
Armitt D, Zimmermann P, Ellis-Steinborner S (2008) Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) degradation products. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22(7):950–958CrossRef
53.
Ball R (2013) Thermal oscillations in the decomposition of organic peroxides: identification of a hazard, utilization, and suppression. Ind Eng Chem Res 52(2):922–933. doi:10.​1021/​ie301070d CrossRef
54.
Banerjee S, Mohapatra SK, Misra M, Mishra IB (2009) The detection of improvised nonmilitary peroxide based explosives using a titania nanotube array sensor. Nanotechnology 20(7):075502CrossRef
55.
Bellamy AJ (1999) Triacetone triperoxide: its chemical destruction. J Forensic Sci 44(3):603–608CrossRef
56.
Benson SJ, Lennard CJ, Maynard P, Hill DM, Andrew AS, Roux C (2009) Forensic analysis of explosives using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS)—preliminary study on TATP and PETN. Sci Justice 49(2):81–86CrossRef
57.
Brady JE, Smith JL, Hart CE, Oxley J (2012) Estimating ambient vapor pressures of low volatility explosives by rising-temperature thermogravimetry. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 37(2):215–222. doi:10.​1002/​prep.​201100077 CrossRef
58.
Brady JJ, Judge EJ, Levis RJ (2010) Identification of explosives and explosive formulations using laser electrospray mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 24(11):1659–1664CrossRef
59.
Brauer B, Dubnikova F, Zeiri Y, Kosloff R, Gerber RB (2008) Vibrational spectroscopy of triacetone triperoxide (TATP): anharmonic fundamentals, overtones and combination bands. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 71(4):1438–1445CrossRef
60.
Brauer CS, Barber J, Weatherall JC, Smith BT, Tomlinson-Phillips J, Wooten A (2011) Characterization of peroxide-based explosives using Raman spectroscopy: isotopic analysis and DFT calculations of triacetone triperoxide (TATP). Proc SPIE 8019:80190H/1-80190H/6 (Sensors, and command, control, communications, and intelligence (C3I) technologies for homeland security and homeland defense X)
61.
Brautigam CA, Deka RK, Schuck P, Tomchick DR, Norgard MV (2012) Structural and thermodynamic characterization of the interaction between two periplasmic Treponema pallidum lipoproteins that are components of a TPR-protein-associated TRAP transporter (TPAT). J Mol Biol 420(1–2):70–86CrossRef
62.
Bry A, Frenois C, Nony S, Forzy A, Hairault L (2009) Sampling importance for the detection of explosives vapors by laboratory techniques. Actual Chim 334:28–35
63.
Bulatov V, Reany O, Grinko R, Schechter I, Keinan E (2013) Time-resolved, laser initiated detonation of TATP supports the previously predicted non-redox mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15(16):6041–6048CrossRef
64.
Bulatov V, Reany O, Grinko R, Schechter I, Keinan E (2013) Time-resolved, laser initiated detonation of TATP supports the previously predicted non-redox mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15(16):6041–6048CrossRef
65.
Buttigieg GA, Knight AK, Denson S, Pommier C, Bonner Denton M (2003) Characterization of the explosive triacetone triperoxide and detection by ion mobility spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 135(1):53–59CrossRef
66.
Cagan A, Schmidt H, Rodriguez JE, Eiceman GA (2010) Fast gas chromatography-differential mobility spectrometry of explosives from TATP to Tetryl without gas atmosphere modifiers. Int J Ion Mobility Spectrom 13(3–4):157–165CrossRef
67.
Capua E, Cao R, Sukenik CN, Naaman R (2009) Detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) with an array of sensors based on non-specific interactions. Sens Actuators B 140(1):122–127CrossRef
68.
Cerna J, Bernes S, Canizo A, Eyler N (2009) 3,3,6,6,9,9-Hexaethyl-1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxacyclononane at 296 K. Acta Crystallogr Sect C: Cryst Struct Commun 65(11):o562–o564CrossRef
69.
Chen J, Wu W, McNeil AJ (2012) Detecting a peroxide-based explosive via molecular gelation. Chem Commun (Camb) 48(58):7310–7312CrossRef
70.
Chen N-C, Wu S-H, Wang C-H, Tsai C-L, Huang Y-T, Shih H-M (2014) Thermal hazard assessment of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) using differential scanning calo-rimetry (DSC). J Appl Fire Sci 23(4):423–434. doi:10.​2190/​AF.​23.​4.​d CrossRef
71.
Chou H-H, Shih H-H, Cheng C-H (2010) Triptycene derivatives as high-Tg host materials for various electrophosphorescent devices. J Mater Chem 20(4):798–805. doi:10.​1039/​B918188A CrossRef
72.
Climent E et al (2013) Selective, sensitive, and rapid analysis with lateral-flow assays based on antibody-gated dye-delivery systems: the example of triacetone triperoxide. Chemistry 19(13):4117–4122CrossRef
73.
Contini AE, Bellamy AJ, Ahad LN (2012) Taming the beast: measurement of the enthalpies of combustion and formation of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and diacetone diperoxide (DADP) by oxygen bomb calorimetry. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 37(3):320–328. doi:10.​1002/​prep.​201100100 CrossRef
74.
Cooper JK, Grant CD, Zhang JZ (2013) Experimental and TD-DFT study of optical absorption of six explosive molecules: RDX, HMX, PETN, TNT, TATP, and HMTD. J Phys Chem A 117(29):6043–6051CrossRef
75.
Corfield R (2006) Was TATP lethal liquid? Chem Ind 16:4 (London, UK)
76.
Costales-Nieves C, Boddu VM, Maloney SW, Chakka S, Damavarapu R, Viswanath DS (2010) SPARC prediction of physical properties of explosive compounds. In American institute of chemical engineers, pp a291/1–a291/17
77.
Cotte-Rodriguez I, Chen H, Cooks RG (2006) Rapid trace detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) by complexation reactions during desorption electrospray ionization. Chem Commun (Camb) 9:953–955
78.
Cotte-Rodriguez I, Hernandez-Soto H, Chen H, Cooks RG (2008) In situ trace detection of peroxide explosives by desorption electrospray ionization and desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Anal Chem 80(5):1512–1519 (Washington, DC, US) doi:10.​1021/​ac7020085
79.
Crowson A, Cawthorne R (2012) Quality assurance testing of an explosives trace analysis laboratory–further improvements to include peroxide explosives. Sci Justice 52(4):217–225CrossRef
80.
81.
DeCamp DL, Lim S, Colman RF (1988) Reaction of pyruvate kinase with the new nucleotide affinity labels 8-[(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)thio]adenosine 5’-diphosphate and 5’-triphosphate. Biochemistry 27(20):7651–7658. doi:10.​1021/​bi00420a012 CrossRef
82.
DeGreeff L, Rogers DA, Katilie C, Johnson K, Rose-Pehrsson S (2015) Technical note: headspace analysis of explosive compounds using a novel sampling chamber. Forensic Sci Int 248:55–60CrossRef
83.
Denekamp C, Gottlieb L, Tamiri T, Tsoglin A, Shilav R, Kapon M (2005) Two separable conformers of TATP and analogues exist at room temperature. Org Lett 7(12):2461–2464CrossRef
84.
Dobrokhotov V et al (2012) Toward the nanospring-based artificial olfactory system for trace-detection of flammable and explosive vapors. Sens Actuators B 168:138–148CrossRef
85.
86.
Dubnikova F, Kosloff R, Oxley JC, Smith JL, Zeiri Y (2011) Role of metal ions in the destruction of TATP: theoretical considerations. J Phys Chem A 115(38):10565–10575CrossRef
87.
Dubnikova F, Kosloff R, Zeiri Y, Karpas Z (2002) Novel approach to the detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP): its structure and its complexes with ions. J Phys Chem A 106(19):4951–4956CrossRef
88.
Dunayevskiy I, Tsekoun A, Prasanna M, Go R, Patel CKN (2007) High-sensitivity detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and its precursor acetone. Appl Opt 46(25):6397–6404CrossRef
89.
Efremenko I, Zach R, Zeiri Y (2007) Adsorption of explosive molecules on human hair surfaces. J Phys Chem C 111(32):11903–11911CrossRef
90.
Egorshev VY, Sinditskii VP, Smirnov SP (2013) A comparative study on two explosive acetone peroxides. Thermochim Acta 574:154–161CrossRef
91.
Eren S, Uezer A, Can Z, Kapudan T, Ercag E, Apak R (2010) Determination of peroxide-based explosives with copper(II)-neocuproine assay combined with a molecular spectroscopic sensor. Analyst 135(8):2085–2091 (Cambridge, UK)
92.
Espinosa-Fuentes EA, Pacheco-Londono LC, Barreto-Caban MA, Hernandez-Rivera SP (2012) Novel uncatalyzed synthesis and characterization of diacetone diperoxide. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 37(4):413–421. doi:10.​1002/​prep.​201000130 CrossRef
93.
Evans HK, Tulleners FAJ, Sanchez BL, Rasmussen CA (1986) An unusual explosive, triacetonetriperoxide (TATP). J Forensic Sci 31(3):1119–1125CrossRef
94.
Ewing RG, Waltman MJ, Atkinson DA (2011) Characterization of triacetone triperoxide by ion mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry following atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Anal Chem 83(12):4838–4844 (Washington DC, US)
95.
Ezoe R, Imasaka T, Imasaka T (2015) Determination of triacetone triperoxide using ultraviolet femtosecond multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 853:508–513CrossRef
96.
Fan W, Young M, Canino J, Smith J, Oxley J, Almirall JR (2012) Fast detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) from headspace using planar solid-phase microextraction (PSPME) coupled to an IMS detector. Anal Bioanal Chem 403(2):401–408CrossRef
97.
Fang X, Ahmad SR (2009) Detection of explosive vapour using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Appl Phys B: Lasers Opt 97(3):723–726CrossRef
98.
Felix-Rivera H, Ramirez-Cedeno ML, Sanchez-Cuprill RA, Hernandez-Rivera SP (2011) Triacetone triperoxide thermogravimetric study of vapor pressure and enthalpy of sublimation in 303–338 K temperature range. Thermochim Acta 514(1–2):37–43CrossRef
99.
Fialkov AB, Moragn M, Amirav A (2011) A low thermal mass fast gas chromatograph and its implementation in fast gas chromatography mass spectrometry with supersonic molecular beams. J Chromatogr A 1218(52):9375–9383CrossRef
100.
Fidler Albo RL et al (2010) Degradation of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) using mechanically alloyed Mg/Pd. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 35(2):100–104CrossRef
101.
Fitzgerald M, Bilusich D (2011) Sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acid-catalyzed triacetone triperoxide (TATP) reaction mixtures: an aging study. J Forensic Sci 56(5):1143–1149CrossRef
102.
Fitzgerald M, Bilusich D (2012) The identification of chlorinated acetones in analyses of aged triacetone triperoxide (TATP). J Forensic Sci 57(5):1299–1302CrossRef
103.
Fujiyama-Novak JH, Gaddam CK, Das D, Vander Wal RL, Ward B (2013) Detection of explosives by plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Sens Actuators B 176:985–993CrossRef
104.
Gaft M, Nagli L (2008) UV gated Raman spectroscopy for standoff detection of explosives. Opt Mater 30(11):1739–1746 (Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
105.
Gerber M, Walsh G, Hopmeier M (2014) Sensitivity of TATP to a TASER electrical output. J Forensic Sci 59(6):1638–1641CrossRef
106.
Germain ME, Knapp MJ (2008) Turn-on fluorescence detection of H2O2 and TATP. Inorg Chem 47(21):9748–9750
107.
Girotti S et al (2011) A quantitative chemiluminescent assay for analysis of peroxide-based explosives. Anal Bioanal Chem 400(2):313–320CrossRef
108.
Giubileo G, Colao F, Puiu A (2012) Identification of standard explosive traces by infrared laser spectroscopy: PCA on LPAS data. Laser Phys 22(6):1033–1037CrossRef
109.
Giubileo G, Puiu A (2010) Photoacoustic spectroscopy of standard explosives in the MIR region. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res, Sect A 623(2):771–777CrossRef
110.
Gu H, et al. (2010) Geometry-independent neutral desorption device for the sensitive EESI-MS detection of explosives on various surfaces. Analyst 135(4):779–788 (Cambridge, UK) doi:10.​1039/​b921579d
111.
Haroune N, Crowson A, Campbell B (2011) Characterisation of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) conformers using LC-NMR. Sci Justice 51(2):50–56CrossRef
112.
Hilton CK, Krueger CA, Midey AJ, Osgood M, Wu J, Wu C (2010) Improved analysis of explosives samples with electrospray ionization-high resolution ion mobility spectrometry (ESI-HRIMS). Int J Mass Spectrom 298(1–3):64–71CrossRef
113.
Hiyoshi RI, Nakamura J, Brill TB (2007) Thermal decomposition of organic peroxides TATP and HMTD by T-jump/FTIR spectroscopy. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 32(2):127–134CrossRef
114.
Huestis DL, Mullen C, Coggiola MJ, Oser H (2008) Laser-ionization mass spectrometry of explosives and chemical warfare simulants. Sel Top Electron Syst 48:417–423 (Spectral sensing research for water monitoring applications and science and technology for chemical, biological and radiological defense)
115.
Huestis DL, Mullen C, Coggiola MJ, Oser H (2008) Laser-ionization mass spectrometry of explosives and chemical warfare simulants. Int J High Speed Electron Syst 18(1):159–165CrossRef
116.
Jensen L, Mortensen PM, Trane R, Harris P, Berg RW (2009) Reaction kinetics of acetone peroxide formation and structure investigations using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Appl Spectrosc 63(1):92–97CrossRef
117.
118.
Junqueira JRC, de AWR, Salles MO, Paixao TRLC (2013) Flow injection analysis of picric acid explosive using a copper electrode as electrochemical detector. Talanta 104:162–168
119.
Katz G, Zybin S, Goddard WA III, Zeiri Y, Kosloff R (2014) Direct MD simulations of terahertz absorption and 2D spectroscopy applied to explosive crystals. J Phys Chem Lett 5(5):772–776. doi:10.​1021/​jz402801m CrossRef
120.
Kessel R (1991) An end to TATP in the UK. Hastings Cent Rep 21(6):3
121.
Kozole J et al (2012) Characterizing the gas phase ion chemistry of an ion trap mobility spectrometry based explosive trace detector using a tandem mass spectrometer. Talanta 99:799–810CrossRef
122.
123.
124.
Kuzmin VV, Solov’ev MYe, Tuzkov YB, Kozak GD (2008) Forensic investigation of some peroxides explosives. Cent Eur J Energ Mater 5(3–4):77–85
125.
Latendresse CA, Fernandes SC, You S, Zhang HQ, Euler WB (2013) A fluorometric sensing array for the detection of military explosives and IED materials. Anal Methods 5(20):5457–5463. doi:10.​1039/​c3ay40293b CrossRef
126.
Lazic V, Palucci A, Jovicevic S, Carpanese M (2011) Detection of explosives in traces by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy: differences from organic interferents and conditions for a correct classification. Spectrochim Acta Part B 66(8):644–655. doi:10.​1016/​j.​sab.​2011.​07.​003 CrossRef
127.
128.
129.
Li X, Zhang Z, Tao L (2013) A novel microarray chemiluminescence method based on chromium oxide nanoparticles catalysis for indirect determination of the explosive triacetone triperoxide at the scene. Analyst 138(5):1596–1600 (Cambridge, UK) doi:10.​1039/​c3an00084b
130.
Lin H, Suslick KS (2010) A colorimetric sensor array for detection of triacetone triperoxide vapor. J Am Chem Soc 132(44):15519–15521CrossRef
131.
Lu D, Cagan A, Munoz RAA, Tangkuaram T, Wang J (2006) Highly sensitive electrochemical detection of trace liquid peroxide explosives at a Prussian-blue ‘artificial-peroxidase’ modified electrode. Analyst 131(12):1279–1281CrossRef
132.
Lubczyk D, Grill M, Baumgarten M, Waldvogel SR, Muellen K (2012) Scaffold-optimized dendrimers for the detection of the triacetone triperoxide explosive using quartz crystal microbalances. ChemPlusChem 77(2):102–105CrossRef
133.
Lubczyk D, Siering C, Loergen J, Shifrina ZB, Muellen K, Waldvogel SR (2010) Simple and sensitive online detection of triacetone triperoxide explosive. Sens Actuators B 143(2):561–566CrossRef
134.
MacCrehan W, Moore S, Hancock D (2011) Development of SRM 2907 trace terrorist explosives simulants for the detection of semtex and triacetone triperoxide. Anal Chem 83(23):9054–9059 (Washington DC, US) doi:10.​1021/​ac201967m
135.
MacCrehan W, Moore S, Schantz M (2012) Reproducible vapor-time profiles using solid-phase microextraction with an externally sampled internal standard. J Chromatogr A 1244:28–36CrossRef
136.
Malashikhin S, Finney NS (2008) Fluorescent signaling based on sulfoxide profluorophores: application to the visual detection of the explosive TATP. J Am Chem Soc 130(39):12846–12847CrossRef
137.
Mamo SK, Gonzalez-Rodriguez J (2014) Development of a molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensor for the electrochemical determination of triacetone triperoxide (TATP). Sensors 14(12):23269–23282. doi:10.​3390/​s141223269 CrossRef
138.
Marr AJ, Groves DM (2003) Ion mobility spectrometry of peroxide explosives TATP and HMTD. Int J Ion Mobility Spectrom 6(2):59–62
139.
Matyas R (2013) Triacetonetriperoxide—a notorious explosive. Chem Listy 107(4):277–282
140.
141.
142.
Matyas R, Pachman J (2007) Thermal stability of triacetone triperoxide. Sci Technol Energ Mater 68(4):111–116
143.
144.
145.
Matyas R, Pachman J, Ang H-G (2009) Study of TATP: spontaneous transformation of TATP to DADP—Full Paper. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 34(6):484–488. doi:10.​1002/​prep.​200800043
146.
147.
Matyas R, Selesovsky J, Musil T (2012) Study of TATP: mass loss and friction sensitivity during ageing. Cent Eur J Energ Mater 9(3):251–260
148.
Matyas R, Selesovsky J, Musil T (2013) Decreasing the friction sensitivity of TATP, DADP and HMTD. Cent Eur J Energ Mater 10(2):263–275
149.
150.
151.
McGann WJ, Haigh P, Neves JL (2002) Expanding the capability of IMS explosive trace detection. Int J Ion Mobility Spectrom 5(3):119–122
152.
153.
154.
155.
Muller D, Levy A, Shelef R, Abramovich-Bar S, Sonenfeld D, Tamiri T (2004) Improved method for the detection of TATP after explosion. J Forensic Sci 49(5):935–938CrossRef
156.
Munoz RAA, Lu D, Cagan A, Wang J (2007) “One-step” simplified electrochemical sensing of TATP based on its acid treatment. Analyst 132(6):560–565CrossRef
157.
158.
159.
160.
Oxley J, Smith J, Luo W (2006) Peroxide explosives: detection and destruction. Proc NATAS Annu Conf Therm Anal Appl 34th:027.05.901/1-027.05.901/7
161.
Oxley J, Smith JL, Brady J, Naik S (2010) Determination of urea nitrate and guanidine nitrate vapor pressures by isothermal thermogravimetry. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 35(3):278–283. doi:10.​1002/​prep.​200800013 CrossRef
162.
163.
164.
165.
Oxley JC, Smith JL, Bowden PR, Rettinger RC (2013) Factors influencing triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and diacetone diperoxide (DADP) formation: part I. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 38(2):244–254. doi:10.​1002/​prep.​201200116 CrossRef
166.
Oxley JC, Smith JL, Bowden PR (2012) Rettinger RC Factors influencing triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and diacetone diperoxide (DADP) formation. In North american thermal analysis society, pp 65–77
167.
168.
169.
170.
Oxley JC, Smith JL, Kirschenbaum L, Marimganti S, Bernier E (2005) Transfer of explosives to hair. Proc NATAS Annu Conf Therm Anal Appl 33rd:094.36.892/1-094.36.892/9
171.
Oxley JC, Smith JL, Kirschenbaum L, Shinde KP, Marimganti S (2004) New source of evidence: explosive traces in hair. Proc SPIE-Int Soc Opt Eng 5403:246–255 (Pt. 1, Sensors, and command, control communications, and intelligence (C31) technologies for homeland security and homeland defense III) doi:10.​1117/​12.​548165
172.
Oxley JC, Smith JL, Kirschenbaum LJ, Marimganti S (2007) Accumulation of explosives in hair–part II: factors affecting sorption. J Forensic Sci 52(6):1291–1296CrossRef
173.
174.
Oxley JC, Smith JL, Kirschenbaum LJ, Marimganti S, Vadlamannati S (2008) Detection of explosives in hair using ion mobility spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 53(3):690–693CrossRef
175.
176.
Oxley JC, Smith JL, Luo W, Brady J (2009) Determining the vapor pressures of diacetone diperoxide (DADP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD). Propellants Explos Pyrotech 34(6):539–543. doi:10.​1002/​prep.​200800073 CrossRef
177.
178.
Oxley JC, Smith JL, Resende E (2001) Determining explosivity part II: comparison of small-scale cartridge tests to actual pipe bombs. J Forensic Sci 46(5):1070–1075CrossRef
179.
Oxley JC, Smith JL, Resende E, Pearce E, Chamberlain T (2003) Trends in explosive contamination. J Forensic Sci 48(2):334–342CrossRef
180.
Oxley JC, Smith JL, Shinde K, Moran J (2005) Determination of the vapor density of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) using a gas chromatography headspace technique. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 30(2):127–130. doi:10.​1002/​prep.​200400094 CrossRef
181.
Oxley JC, Smith JL, Steinkamp L, Zhang G (2013) Factors influencing triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and diacetone diperoxide (DADP) formation: part 2. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 38(6):841–851. doi:10.​1002/​prep.​201200215 CrossRef
182.
Pacheco-Londono LC, Primera-Pedrozo OM, Hernandez-Rivera SP (2004) Experimental and theoretical model of reactivity and vibrational detection modes of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and homologues. Proc SPIE-Int Soc Opt Eng 5617:190–201. doi:10.​1117/​12.​578603
183.
184.
185.
Parajuli S, Miao W (2013) Sensitive Determination of Triacetone Triperoxide Explosives Using Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. Anal Chem 85(16):8008–8015 (Washington DC, US) doi:10.​1021/​ac401962b
186.
Partridge A, Walker S, Armitt D (2010) Detection of impurities in organic peroxide explosives from precursor chemicals. Aust J Chem 63(1):30–37. doi:10.​1071/​CH09481 CrossRef
187.
Pena AJ, Pacheco-Londono L, Figueroa J, Rivera-Montalvo LA, Roman-Velazquez FR, Hernandez-Rivera SP (2005) Characterization and differentiation of high energy cyclic organic peroxides by GC/FT-IR, GC-MS, FT-IR, and Raman microscopy. Proc SPIE-Int Soc Opt Eng 5778:347–358 (Pt. 1, Sensors, and command, control, communications, and intelligence (C3I) technologies for homeland defense IV) doi:10.​1117/​12.​604194
188.
189.
Peterson GR, Bassett WP, Weeks BL, Hope-Weeks LJ (2013) Phase pure triacetone triperoxide: the influence of ionic strength, oxidant source, and acid catalyst. Cryst Growth Des 13(6):2307–2311. doi:10.​1021/​cg301795j CrossRef
190.
191.
Pettersson A, Johansson I, Wallin S, Nordberg M, Oestmark H (2009) Near real-time standoff detection of explosives in a realistic outdoor environment at 55 m distance. Propellants Explos Pyrotech 34(4):297–306. doi:10.​1002/​prep.​200800055 CrossRef
192.
Price MA, Ghee AH (2009) Modeling for detonation and energy release from peroxides and non-ideal improvised explosives. Cent Eur J Energ Mater 6(3–4):239–254
193.
Primera-Pedrozo OM, Pacheco-Londono LC, De la Torre-Quintana LF, Hernandez-Rivera SP, Chamberlain RT, Lareau RT (2004) Use of fiber optic coupled FT-IR in detection of explosives on surfaces. Proc SPIE-Int Soc Opt Eng 5403:237–245 (Pt. 1, Sensors, and command, control communications, and intelligence (C31) technologies for homeland security and homeland defense III) doi:10.​1117/​12.​542812
194.
Ramirez ML, Felix-Rivera H, Sanchez-Cuprill RA, Hernandez-Rivera SP (2010) Thermal-spectroscopic characterization of acetone peroxide and acetone peroxide mixtures with nitrocompounds. J Therm Anal Calorim 102(2):549–555. doi:10.​1007/​s10973-010-0952-0 CrossRef
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
Rowell F, Seviour J, Lim AY, Elumbaring-Salazar CG, Loke J, Ma J (2012) Detection of nitro-organic and peroxide explosives in latent fingermarks by DART- and SALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 221(1–3):84–91CrossRef
200.
Ryniec R, Piszczek M, Szustakowski M (2010) Multicriterial analysis of explosives in the THz range. Acta Phys Pol A 118(6):1235–1238CrossRef
201.
Salinas Y et al (2014) Chromo-fluorogenic detection of nitroaromatic explosives by using silica mesoporous supports gated with tetrathiafulvalene derivatives. Chem—Eur J 20(3):855–866. doi:10.​1002/​chem.​201302461 CrossRef
202.
Salinas Y et al (2014) Chromo-fluorogenic detection of nitroaromatic explosives by using silica mesoporous supports gated with tetrathiafulvalene derivatives. Chemistry 20(3):855–866CrossRef
203.
Santos JP et al. (2014) Nanocrystalline tin oxide nanofibers deposited by a novel focused electrospinning method. Application to the detection of TATP precursors. Sensors 14(12):24231–24243 doi:10.​3390/​s141224231
204.
Schade W, Bohling C, Bauer C (2007) Laser optical sensors permit highly sensitive detection of explosives. Phys J 6(4):25–30
205.
Schulte-Ladbeck R, Edelmann A, Quintas G, Lendl B, Karst U (2006) Determination of peroxide-based explosives using liquid chromatography with on-line infrared detection. Anal Chem 78(23):8150–8155. doi:10.​1021/​ac0609834 CrossRef
206.
207.
Schulte-Ladbeck R, Kolla P, Karst U (2002) A field test for the detection of peroxide-based explosives. Analyst 127(9):1152–1154 (Cambridge, UK) doi:10.​1039/​b206673b
208.
209.
210.
211.
Scott AM, Petrova T, Hill F, Leszczynski J (2012) Density functional theory study of interactions of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP) with metal-organic framework (IRMOF-1(Be)). Struct Chem 23(4):1143–1154CrossRef
212.
Shaw A, Calhoun RL (2012) Electrogenerated chemiluminescence with ruthenium trisbipyridine and TATP. ECS Trans 41:49–56 (27, Physical and analytical electrochemistry (General session)–220th ECS meeting, 2011) doi:10.​1149/​1.​3692523
213.
214.
Sigman ME, Clark CD, Caiano T, Mullen R (2008) Analysis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and TATP synthetic intermediates by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22(2):84–90. doi:10.​1002/​rcm.​3335 CrossRef
215.
Sigman ME, Clark CD, Fidler R, Geiger CL, Clausen CA (2006) Analysis of triacetone triperoxide by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry by electron and chemical ionization. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 20(19):2851–2857. doi:10.​1002/​rcm.​2678 CrossRef
216.
217.
218.
Song-im N, Benson S, Lennard C (2013) Stability of explosive residues in methanol/water extracts, on alcohol wipes and on a glass surface. Forensic Sci Int 226(1–3):244–253CrossRef
219.
Stambouli A, El BA, Bouayoun T, Bellimam MA (2004) Headspace-GC/MS detection of TATP traces in post-explosion debris. Forensic Sci Int 146(Suppl):S191–S194CrossRef
220.
Staples EJ (2004) Detecting chemical vapours from explosives using the zNose, an ultra-high speed gas chromatograph. NATO Sci Ser, II 159:235–248 (Electronic noses & sensors for the detection of explosives)
221.
Tarvin M, McCord B, Mount K, Sherlach K, Miller ML (2010) Optimization of two methods for the analysis of hydrogen peroxide: high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in direct current mode. J Chromatogr A 1217(48):7564–7572. doi:10.​1016/​j.​chroma.​2010.​10.​022 CrossRef
222.
Todd MW et al (2002) Application of mid-infrared cavity-ringdown spectroscopy to trace explosives vapor detection using a broadly tunable (6–8 μm) optical parametric oscillator. Appl Phys B: Lasers Opt 75(2–3):367–376. doi:10.​1007/​s00340-002-0991-8 CrossRef
223.
Tomlinson-Phillips J, Wooten A, Kozole J, Deline J, Beresford P, Stairs J (2014) Characterization of TATP gas phase product ion chemistry via isotope labeling experiments using ion mobility spectrometry interfaced with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Talanta 127:152–162. doi:10.​1016/​j.​talanta.​2014.​03.​044 CrossRef
224.
225.
van Duin A, Zybin S, Chenoweth K, Han S-P, Goddard WA, III (2005) Reactive force fields based on quantum mechanics for applications to materials at extreme conditions. Lect Ser Comput Comput Sci 4 B:1109–1113 (Advances in computational methods in sciences and engineering)
226.
van Duin ACT, Zeiri Y, Dubnikova F, Kosloff R, Goddard WA III (2005) Atomistic-scale simulations of the initial chemical events in the thermal initiation of triacetonetriperoxide. J Am Chem Soc 127(31):11053–11062. doi:10.​1021/​ja052067y CrossRef
227.
Viswanath DS, Reinig M, Ghosh TK, Boddu VM (2010) Vapor pressure of nitro compounds. In vol Pt. 1. University of Pardubice, Institute of energetic materials, pp 306–309
228.
229.
Walter MA, Panne U, Weller MG (2011) A novel immunoreagent for the specific and sensitive detection of the explosive triacetone triperoxide (TATP). Biosensors 1:93–106. doi:10.​3390/​bios1030093 CrossRef
230.
Widmer L, Watson S, Schlatter K, Crowson A (2002) Development of an LC/MS method for the trace analysis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP). Analyst 127(12):1627–1632 (Cambridge, UK). doi:10.​1039/​b208350g
231.
232.
233.
Wu S-H et al (2012) Thermal hazard analysis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) by DSC and GC/MS. J Loss Prev Process Ind 25(6):1069–1074CrossRef
234.
235.
236.
Xu M, Han J-M, Wang C, Yang X, Pei J, Zang L (2014) Fluorescence ratiometric sensor for trace vapor detection of hydrogen peroxide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(11):8708–8714. doi:10.​1021/​am501502v CrossRef
237.
Xu X, van dCAM, Kok EM, de BPCAM (2004) Trace analysis of peroxide explosives by high performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS/MS) for forensic applications. J Forensic Sci 49(6):1230–1236
238.
Yamaguchi S, Uchimura T, Imasaka T, Imasaka T (2009) Gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry of triacetone triperoxide based on femtosecond laser ionization. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 23(19):3101–3106. doi:10.​1002/​rcm.​4225 CrossRef
239.
240.
Zeman S, Bartei C (2008) Some properties of explosive mixtures containing peroxides part II. Relationships between detonation parameters and thermal reactivity of the mixtures with triacetone triperoxide. J Hazard Mater 154(1–3):199–203CrossRef
241.
242.
Zhang W-H, Zhang W-D, Chen L-Y (2010) Highly sensitive detection of explosive triacetone triperoxide by an In2O3 sensor. Nanotechnology 21(31):315502CrossRef
243.
Zhukov IS, Kozak GD, Tsvigunov AN, Moroz NS (2010) Transformation of aluminum at explosion of its mixtures with TATP and HMTD. In vol Pt. 2. University of Pardubice, Institute of energetic materials, pp 822–824
244.
Zuck A et al (2008) Explosive detection by microthermal analysis. J Energ Mater 26(3):163–180CrossRef
Metadata
Title
1, 3, 5-Triamino-2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzene (TATB)
Authors
Dabir S. Viswanath
Tushar K. Ghosh
Veera M. Boddu
Copyright Year
2018
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Book
Emerging Energetic Materials: Synthesis, Physicochemical, and Detonation Properties

Print ISBN: 978-94-024-1199-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-94-024-1201-7

Copyright Year: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1201-7_9