Top

Polymer Bulletin

Published in:

18-04-2020 | Original Paper

Curing and thermal properties of tannin-based epoxy and its blends with commercial epoxy resin

Author: Hussein Ali Shnawa

Published in: Polymer Bulletin | Issue 4/2021

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

In order to find partial substitution for bisphenol A-based commercial epoxy resin (CE), a bio-based epoxy resin was prepared from eucalyptus tannins through a typical glycidylation reaction with epichlorohydrin. The structure of tannin-based epoxy resin (TE) was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Herein, mixtures of TE and CE (TE–CE) were prepared using varying loading amounts (20, 40 and 60) wt/wt%of TE. Tannins used here are produced by solid–liquid extraction from the outer bark of eucalyptus tree, mainly consisting of condensed tannins. Through the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and FTIR techniques, the reactivity of tannin epoxy with and without commercial epoxy resin to form cross-linking network was investigated. TE was successfully cured with amine-based curing agent. Furthermore, compared to commercial epoxy resin (CE), TE exhibited broad low exothermic peak, insignificant cross-linking properties and low curing enthalpy at different levels of curing agent. Moreover, to study the influence of TE substitution on the curing properties of CE, curing behavior of TE–CE mixtures was investigated by DSC. It was found that TE at high loading levels such as 40 and 60 wt/wt% increases slightly the reactivity of CE by decreasing curing characteristics temperatures such as the initial of curing, peak exotherm and completion of curing temperatures. TE can serve as curing accelerator and has a non-desirable impact on the curing performance of CE resin such as curing enthalpy. And up to 20 wt/wt% of CE could be replaced by TE without any significant reduction in the curing behavior of CE.

previous article Synthesis of novel conducting polyaniline composites based on seaweed Enteromorpha compressa macro-alga powder

next article Photoinduced nanocomposites based on soluble precursor of CdS nanoparticles in polymethyl methacrylate matrix obtained by bulk radical polymerization

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Baroncini EA, Yadav SK, Palmese GR, Stanzione JF (2016) Recent advances in bio-based epoxy resinsand bio-based curing agents. J Appl Polym Sci 113:44103. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.44103CrossRef

Jin F, Li X, Park S (2015) Synthesis and application of epoxy resins: a review. J Ind Eng Chem 29:1–11CrossRef

Khot SN, Lascala JJ, Can E, Morye SS, Williams GI, Palmese GR, KusefogluSH WR (2001) Development and application of triglyceride-based polymers and composites. Appl Polym Sci 82:703–723CrossRef

Ratna D, Banthia AKJ (2000) Epoxidized soybean oil toughened epoxy adhesive. Adhes Sci Technol 14:15–25CrossRef

Wang K, Chen L, Wu JS, Toh ML, He CB, Yee AF (2005) Epoxy nanocomposites with highly exfoliated clay: mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms. Macromolecules 38:788–800CrossRef

Liu WS, Zhou R, Goh HLS, Huang S, Lu XH (2014) From waste to functional additive: toughening epoxy resin with lignin. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:5810–5817CrossRef

Fankhauser-Noti A, Fiselier K, Biedermann S, Grob K (2006) Assessment of epoxidized soy bean oil (ESBO) migrating into foods: comparison with ESBO-like epoxy fatty acids in our normal diet. J Food Chem Toxicol l44:1279–1286CrossRef

Qin J, Liu H, Zhang P, Wolcott M, Zhang J (2014) Use of eugenol and rosin as feedstocks for biobased epoxy resins and study of curing and performance properties: use of eugenol and rosin as feedstocks. Polym Int 63:760–765CrossRef

Nikafshar S, Zabihi O, Hamidi S, Moradi Y, Barzegar S, Ahmadi M, Naebe M (2017) A renewable bio-based epoxy resin with improved mechanical performance that can compete with DGEBA. RSC Adv 7(14):8694–8701CrossRef

10.

Kamila S, Mateusz B, Monika B, Rafał LG, Paweł KO, Maciej C, Agnieszka G (2019) Thermal stability, fire and smoke behavior of epoxy composites modified with plant waste fillers. Polymers 11(8):1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11081234CrossRef

11.

Nair SS, Christopher D, Levin DB, Ning Y (2019) Highly toughened and transparent biobased epoxy composites Reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils. Polymers 11(4):612CrossRef

12.

Anelise SNF, Carla RFV, Matheus S, Claudia ALC, Maria do CV, Zefa VP (2104) Evaluation of antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds in psychotria leaf extracts. Antioxidants 3:745–757

13.

Lu Y, Shi Q (1995) Larch tannin adhesive for particleboard. Holz Roh Werkst 53:17–19CrossRef

14.

Pizzi A (1994) Tannin-based wood adhesives. In: Pizzi A (ed) Advanced wood adhesives technology. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp 149–217CrossRef

15.

Sellers T Jr. (2001) Wood adhesive innovations and applications in North America. For Prod J 51:12–22

16.

Nouailhas H, Aouf C, Le Guerneve C, Caillol S, Boutevin B, Fulcrand H (2011) Synthesis and properties of biobased epoxy resins. Part 1. Glycidylation of flavonoids by epichlorohydrin. J Polym Sci, Part A: Polym Chem 49:2261–2270CrossRef

17.

Jahanshahi S, Pizzi A, Abdolkhani A, Doosthoseini K, Shakeri A, Lagel MC, Delmotte L (2016) MALDI-TOF, 13C-NMR, FT-MIR and strength characterization of glycidyl ether tannin epoxy resins. Ind Crops Prod 16(83):177–185CrossRef

18.

Xiaoma F, Fangqiao Z, WeiWei JL, Mingqing C, Xiaoya L (2016) Tannic acid as a bio-based modifier of epoxy/anhydride thermosets. Polymers 8:314. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8090314CrossRef

19.

Shayesteh J, Antonio P, Ali A, Alireza S (2016) Analysis and testing of bisphenol A-free bio-based tannin epoxy-acrylic adhesives. Polymers (MDPI) 8(4):7531–7539

20.

Sofia B, Chahinez A, Caillolb S, Bernard B, Pierre PJ, He´le`ne F (2014) Functionalized green tea tannins as phenolic prepolymers for bio-based epoxy resins. Ind Crops Prod 53:296–307CrossRef

21.

Safety data sheet of NITOPRIME 25 and HARDENER 25, fosroc limited (2014). http://www.fosroc.com/assets/productSafetysheets/Nitoprime-25-hardener.pdf. Accessed 22 May 2018

22.

Ping L, Pizzi A, Guo ZD, Brosse N (2012) Condensed tannins from grape pomace: characterization by FTIR and MALDI TOF and production of environment friendly wood adhesive. Ind Crops Prod 40:13–20CrossRef

23.

Ooa CW, Kassima MJ, Pizzi A (2009) Characterization and performance of Rhizophoraapiculata mangrove polyflavonoid tannins in the adsorption of copper (II) and lead (II). Ind Crops Prod 30:152–161CrossRef

24.

Ozacar M, Soykan C, Sengil IA (2006) Studies on synthesis, characterization, and metal adsorption of mimosa and valonia tannin resins. J Appl Polym Sci 102:786–797CrossRef

25.

Rigail-Cedeno A, Sung CSP (2005) Fluorescence and IR characterization of epoxy cured with aliphatic amines. Polymer 46(22):9378–9384CrossRef

26.

Gonz’alez MG, Baselga J, Cabanelas JC (2012) Applications of FTIR on epoxy resins-identification, monitoring the curing process, phase separation and water uptake. INTECH Open Access Publisher, LondonCrossRef

27.

Li G, Huang ZB, Li P, Xin CL, Jia XL, Wang BH, He YD, Ryu SK, Yang XP (2010) Curing kinetics and mechanisms of polysulfonenanofibrous membranes toughened epoxy/amine systems using isothermal DSC and NIR. Thermochim Acta 497:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2009.08.005CrossRef

28.

Passos SP, Kimpara ET, Bottino MA, Santos GC Jr, Rizkalla AS (2013) Effect of ceramic shade on the degree of conversion of a dual-cure resin cement analyzed by FTIR. Dent Mater 29:317–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.11.014CrossRefPubMed

29.

Recalde LB, Recalde D, García-Lopera R, Gómez CM (2005) FTIR isothermal cure kinetics and morphology of dicyanate ester resin/polysulfone blends. Eur Polym J 41:2635–2643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.05.027CrossRef

30.

Mustata F, Tudorachi N, Rosu D (2011) Curing and thermal behavior of resin matrix for composites based on epoxidized soybean oil/diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. Compos Part B Eng 42:1803–1812CrossRef

31.

Tomuta A, Ferrando F, Serra À, Ramis X (2012) New aromatic–aliphatic hyperbranched polyesters with vinylic end groups of different length as modifiers of epoxy/anhydride thermosets. React Funct Polym 72:556–563CrossRef

32.

Fernández-Francos X, Rybak A, Sekula R, Ramis X, Serra A (2012) Modification of epoxy-anhydride thermosets using a hyperbranched poly(ester-amide): I. Kinetic study. Polym Int 61:1710–1725CrossRef

33.

Guo Z-S, Du S, Zhang B (2005) Temperature field of thick thermoset composite laminates during cure process. Compos Sci Technol 65:517–523CrossRef

34.

Zhang J, Xu Y, Huang P (2009) Effect of cure cycle on curing process and hardness for epoxy resin. Express Polym Lett 3:534–554CrossRef

35.

Sichina WJ (2000) Characterization of epoxy resins using DSC. An application note. Thermal analysis, Perkin Elmer Instruments http://las.perkinelmer.com/content/ApplicationNotes/TA%20PETech-70.PDF. Accessed 27 Jan 2019

Title: Curing and thermal properties of tannin-based epoxy and its blends with commercial epoxy resin
Author: Hussein Ali Shnawa
Publication date: 18-04-2020
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: Polymer Bulletin / Issue 4/2021
Print ISSN: 0170-0839
Electronic ISSN: 1436-2449
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-020-03192-6

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 4/2021

Nonzero coercivity of Fe3O4/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites synthesized by different polymer-assisted co-precipitation processes

Fabrication and chemo-physical characterization of CuO/chitosan nanocomposite-mediated tricomponent PVA films

Extraction of pectin from albedo of lemon peels for preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds

Influence of different structures of palm oil-based polyol on the mechanical and thermal properties of hybrid resin from polyurethane-/polysiloxane-modified epoxy

RAFT polymerization of styrene mediated by oxazolyl-functionalized trithiocarbonate RAFT agents

Synthesis, characterization and absorption study of chitosan-g-poly(acrylamide-co-itaconic acid) hydrogel

Premium Partners