Top

Cellulose

Published in:

18-10-2021 | Original Research

Effect of a synthesized chitosan flame retardant on the flammability, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of vinyl ester/bamboo nonwoven fiber composites

Authors: M. N. Prabhakar, K. Venakat Chalapathi, Shah Atta Ur Rehman, Jung-il Song

Published in: Cellulose | Issue 18/2021

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config

AI-assisted search

Off

Abstract

In this study, a chitosan-based bioflame retardant additive (referred to as NCS) was prepared by chemically altering CS with silicon dioxide (SiO₂) via an ion interchange reaction. The effect of NCS on the thermal stability and mechanical properties of vinyl ester/bamboo fiber (VE/BF) composites was studied. The composites were manufactured by a vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were used to characterize the NCS. The spectral results revealed a new peak at 1560 cm⁻¹ corresponding to NH₃⁺–⁻O Si, indicative of bond between CS and SiO₂. The SEM, and XRD results showed a diverse morphology (coarse surfaces) and a significant decrease in the intensity of the diffraction patterns, respectively, which further supported the formation of NCS. The heat release rate (HRR) of NCS was observed to decrease significantly by 76%, and the residual char content increased by 47% compared with CS. The flame retardant and thermal behavior of the NCS-VE/BF composites were examined by UL-94 standards, microcalorimetry, and cone calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed a 32% delay in burning time, a 14% enhancement in the limiting oxygen index (LOI), and an 18% decrease in the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) after incorporation of NCS in the VE/BF composites. The addition of NCS into the VE/BF composites also resulted in improved the mechanical properties of the composites, including the tensile, flexural and impact properties. Overall, the synthesized NCS proved to be suitable for the fabrication of sustainable flame-retardant natural fiber (NF) composites suitable for substructural parts in engineering applications without deterioration of mechanical properties.

previous article Copper nanoparticles induced, trimesic acid grafted cellulose–an effective, non-hazardous processing approach for multifunctional textile with low chemical induction

next article Universal fabrication of superhydrophobic and UV resistant cotton fabric with polyphenols

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Available only for authorised users

Atta Ur Rehman S, Prabhakar MN, Wang H, Ji S (2018) The influence of particle size and surface treatment of filler on the properties of oyster shell powder filled polypropylene composites. Polym Compos 39:2420–2430. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24225CrossRef

Beigloo JG, Khademi Eslam H, Hemmasi AH et al (2020) Nanographene’s influence on a recycled high-density polyethylene/poplar wood flour nanocomposite. Bioresources 15:1233–1251. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.1.1233-1251CrossRef

Bozkurt ÖY, Özbek Ö, Abdo AR (2017) The effects of nanosilica on charpy impact behavior of glass/epoxy fiber reinforced composite laminates. Period Eng Nat Sci. https://doi.org/10.21533/pen.v5i3.119CrossRef

Budnyak T, Tertykh V, Yanovska E (2014) Chitosan immobilized on silica surface for wastewater treatment. Mater Sci (medziagotyra) 20:177–182. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.20.2.4975CrossRef

Chalapathi KV, Song J, Prabhakar MN (2020) Impact of surface treatments and hybrid flame retardants on flammability, and thermal performance of bamboo fabric composites. J Nat Fibers. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.1798849CrossRef

Chee SS, Jawaid M, Alothman OY, Fouad H (2021) Effects of nanoclay on mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of bamboo/kenaf reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Polymers 13:395. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13030395CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Costes L, Laoutid F, Brohez S, Dubois P (2017) Bio-based flame retardants: when nature meets fire protection. Mater Sci Eng R Rep 117:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2017.04.001CrossRef

Elsabbagh A, Attia T, Ramzy A et al (2018) Towards selection chart of flame retardants for natural fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos B Eng 141:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.12.020CrossRef

Fang L, Lu X, Zeng J et al (2020) Investigation of the flame-retardant and mechanical properties of bamboo fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites with melamine pyrophosphate and aluminum hypophosphite addition. Materials (basel) 13:479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020479CrossRef

Hamdani S, Longuet C, Perrin D et al (2009) Flame retardancy of silicone-based materials. Polym Degrad Stab 94:465–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.11.019CrossRef

Hassan H, Salama A, El-Ziaty AK, El-Sakhawy M (2019) New chitosan/silica/zinc oxide nanocomposite as adsorbent for dye removal. Int J Biol Macromol 131:520–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.087CrossRefPubMed

Hung X, Cen D, Wei R, Hualin F, Bao Z (2019) Synthesis of porous Si/C composite nanosheets from vermuculite with a hierarchical strcture as a high performance anode for lithium-ion battery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:26854–26862. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b06976CrossRef

Jeencham R, Suppakarn N, Jarukumjorn K (2014) Effect of flame retardants on flame retardant, mechanical, and thermal properties of sisal fiber/polypropylene composites. Compos B Eng 56:249–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.012CrossRef

Khalili P, Tshai KY, Kong I (2017) Natural fiber reinforced expandable graphite filled composites: evaluation of the flame retardancy, thermal and mechanical performances. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 100:194–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.05.015CrossRef

Kim NK, Bruna FG, Das Oisik et al (2020) Fire-retardancy and mechanical performance of protein-based natural fibre-biopolymer composites. Compos C. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2020.100011CrossRef

Kumar S, Koh J (2012) Physiochemical, optical and biological activity of chitosan-chromone derivative for biomedical applications. Int J Mol Sci 13:6102–6116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13056102CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kuranchie C, Yaya A, Bensah YD (2021) The effect of natural fibre reinforcement on polyurethane composite foams—a review. Sci Afr 11:e00722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00722CrossRef

Lau K-T, Hung P-Y, Zhu M-H, Hui D (2018) Properties of natural fibre composites for structural engineering applications. Compos B Eng 136:222–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.10.038CrossRef

Li P, Liu C, Xu Y-J et al (2020) Novel and eco-friendly flame-retardant cotton fabrics with lignosulfonate and chitosan through LbL: Flame retardancy, smoke suppression and flame-retardant mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109302CrossRef

Liu SJ, Han YM, Zhu RX et al (2012) Effect of flame retardant on combustion and mechanical properties of bamboo-fiber based composites. Adv Mater Res 488–489:597–601CrossRef

Lustriane C, Dwivany FM, Suendo V, Reza M (2018) Effect of chitosan and chitosan-nanoparticles on post harvest quality of banana fruits. J Plant Biotechnol 45:36–44. https://doi.org/10.5010/JPB.2018.45.1.036CrossRef

Porsche Newsroom (2019) New Porsche 718 Cayman GT4 Clubsport featuring natural-fibre body panels. https://newsroom.porsche.com/en/products/porsche-world-premiere-new-718-cayman-gt4-clubsport-16733.html

Pan M, Mei Changtong DuJ, Guochen Li (2014) Synergistic effect of Nano silicon dioxide and ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy of wood fiber–polyethylene composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 66:128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.07.016CrossRef

Prabhakar MN, Song JI (2018) Fabrication and characterisation of starch/chitosan/flax fabric green flame-retardant composites. Int J Biol Macromol 119:1335–1343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.006CrossRef

Prabhakar MN, Song J (2020) Influence of chitosan-centered additives on flammable properties of vinyl ester matrix composites. Cellulose 27:8087–8103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03313-4CrossRef

Prabhakar MN, Raghavendra GM, Vijaykumar BVD et al (2019) Synthesis of a novel compound based on chitosan and ammonium polyphosphate for flame retardancy applications. Cellulose 26:8801–8812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02671-yCrossRef

Raghul KS, Logesh M, Kisshore RK et al (2021) Mechanical behaviour of sisal palm glass fiber reinforced composite with addition of nano silica. Mater Today Proc 37:1427–1431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.063CrossRef

Sain M, Park SH, Suhara F, Law S (2004) Flame retardant and mechanical properties of natural fibre–PP composites containing magnesium hydroxide. Polym Degrad Stab 83:363–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00280-5CrossRef

Satheesh Kumar S (2020) Dataset on mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polyester composites for engineering applications. Data Brief 28:105054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.105054CrossRef

Sefadi JS, Luyt AS (2012) Morphology and properties of EVA/empty fruit bunch composites. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 25:895–914. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705711421806CrossRef

Shao ZB, Deng C, Tan Y, Yu L, Chen MJ, Chen L, Wang YZ (2014) Ammonium polyphosphate chemically modified with ethanolamine as an efficient intumescent flame retardant for polypropylene. J Mater Chem A 2:13955–13965. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta02778gCrossRef

Shao N, Qu Y, Hu Y, Tian Z, Gao Y, Zhu X (2021) Effect of starch-based flame retardant on the thermal degradation and combustion properties of reconstituted tobacco sheet. Cellulose 28:741–755CrossRef

Shen Y, Zhao P, Qinfu S (2014) Porous silica and carbon derived materials from rice husk pyrolysis char. Micropor Mesopor Mater 188:46–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.01.005CrossRef

Shukor F, Hassan A, Saiful Islam Md et al (2014) Effect of ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy, thermal stability and mechanical properties of alkali treated kenaf fiber filled PLA biocomposites. Mater Des 1980–2015(54):425–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.07.095CrossRef

Song S, Ma J, Cao K, Chang G, Huang Y, Yang J (2014) Synthesis of a novel dicyclic silicon-/phosphorus hybrid and its performance on flame retardancy of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 99:43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.12.013CrossRef

Wang J, Shanye Y, Ma R (2020) Synthesis and characterization of sodium laurylsulfonate modified silicon dioxide for the efficient removal of europium. J Mol Liq. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113846CrossRef

Yeh J-T, Chen C-L, Huang K-S (2007) Synthesis and properties of chitosan/SiO2 hybrid materials. Mater Letter 61:1292–1295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.07.016CrossRef

Yingji Wu, Cai L, Changtong M et al (2020) Development and evaluation of zinc oxide-blended kenaf fiber biocomposite for automotive applications. Mater Today Commun. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101008CrossRef

Title: Effect of a synthesized chitosan flame retardant on the flammability, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of vinyl ester/bamboo nonwoven fiber composites
Authors: M. N. Prabhakar
K. Venakat Chalapathi
Shah Atta Ur Rehman
Jung-il Song
Publication date: 18-10-2021
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Published in: Cellulose / Issue 18/2021
Print ISSN: 0969-0239
Electronic ISSN: 1572-882X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04252-4

Springer Professional

Abstract

Please log in to get access to your license.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Other articles of this Issue 18/2021

Deep eutectic solvent recycling to prepare high purity dissolving pulp

Optimizing cellulose microfibrillation with NaOH pretreatments for unbleached Eucalyptus pulp

In situ forming hydrogels based on oxidized hydroxypropyl cellulose and Jeffamines

Stability of gamma-valerolactone under pulping conditions as a basis for process optimization and chemical recovery

Single fiber swelling behavior for natural and man-made cellulose fibers under alkaline treatment

Synergetic effect of carbon dot at cellulose nanofiber for sustainable metal-free photocatalyst