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2016 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Metabolic Regulation and Coordination of the Metabolism in Bacteria in Response to a Variety of Growth Conditions

Author : Kazuyuki Shimizu

Published in: Bioreactor Engineering Research and Industrial Applications I

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Abstract

Living organisms have sophisticated but well-organized regulation system. It is important to understand the metabolic regulation mechanisms in relation to growth environment for the efficient design of cell factories for biofuels and biochemicals production. Here, an overview is given for carbon catabolite regulation, nitrogen regulation, ion, sulfur, and phosphate regulations, stringent response under nutrient starvation as well as oxidative stress regulation, redox state regulation, acid-shock, heat- and cold-shock regulations, solvent stress regulation, osmoregulation, and biofilm formation, and quorum sensing focusing on Escherichia coli metabolism and others. The coordinated regulation mechanisms are of particular interest in getting insight into the principle which governs the cell metabolism. The metabolism is controlled by both enzyme-level regulation and transcriptional regulation via transcription factors such as cAMP–Crp, Cra, Csr, Fis, PII(GlnB), NtrBC, CysB, PhoR/B, SoxR/S, Fur, MarR, ArcA/B, Fnr, NarX/L, RpoS, and (p)ppGpp for stringent response, where the timescales for enzyme-level and gene-level regulations are different. Moreover, multiple regulations are coordinated by the intracellular metabolites, where fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), and acetyl-CoA (AcCoA) play important roles for enzyme-level regulation as well as transcriptional control, while α-ketoacids such as α-ketoglutaric acid (αKG), pyruvate (PYR), and oxaloacetate (OAA) play important roles for the coordinated regulation between carbon source uptake rate and other nutrient uptake rate such as nitrogen or sulfur uptake rate by modulation of cAMP via Cya.

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next chapter Efficient Biocatalytic Synthesis of Chiral Chemicals
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Metadata
Title
Metabolic Regulation and Coordination of the Metabolism in Bacteria in Response to a Variety of Growth Conditions
Author
Kazuyuki Shimizu
Copyright Year
2016
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Book
Bioreactor Engineering Research and Industrial Applications I

Print ISBN: 978-3-662-49159-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-49161-4

Copyright Year: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2015_320