Microelectronics, Electromagnetics and Telecommunications

This paper introduces a novel design methodology i.e. adiabatic subthreshold mode which inherits the features of both the subthreshold logic and the adiabatic (or the energy recovery) circuits. In this paper, analysis of essential digital gates is done for the three modes of operation namely, (1) subthreshold (2) adiabatic and (3) adiabatic subthreshold operation. The simulation results validate the benefits obtained in terms of the reduced energy consumption in the adiabatic subthreshold mode, making it suitable for ultra low power and medium throughput (10 kHz–1 MHz) applications. Specifically, it has been emphasized that the non-adiabatic dissipation that is prevalent in adiabatic circuits is almost discarded in the proposed mode. And, the challenges faced by the methodology are mitigated by the circuit level technique of upsizing the channel. Berkeley Predictive Technology Model (BPTM) 45 nm technology node has been used in the simulation studies on industry standard Spice tools.

A low cost, flexible software antenna for ISM band is presented. The Novel antenna is proposed for ISM Band applications. Pure 100 % Cotton is used as dielectric substrate material with dielectric constant 1.6. This antenna is flexible and suitable for wearable applications. The designed antenna resonates at ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and medicine) band with a return loss of more than −25 dB. The simulated and measured results show the performance in terms of Return Loss, Radiation pattern which shows the efficiency of the proposed antenna and this flexible softwear antenna is measured in various bending environments are presented in this paper. Investigation focuses on an ordinary cotton cloth with 3 mm thickness, used as its substrate, and the patch and ground plane are made up of copper as conducting material together to form a flexible textile antenna. Proposed antenna is tested in various bending condition. Such Textile antenna designed for an ISM Band 2.45 GHz. Its radiation characteristics, return loss, gain, polarization have been examined which are the issues when it is used as a wearable antenna for medical purpose. Since it is a flexible textile antenna it bends for any condition. Observations were done for various diameter PVC pipes which is equivalent to the human body organs like arm, elbow, forearm, wrist or in the leg, ankle, knee, thigh and its resonant frequencies were noted. One of the advantages of these characteristics is once the antenna is flexible and bends in any condition then the specific absorption rate can be reduced, when this antenna is placed on the human body.

In this paper, a nearly perfect metamaterial absorber is proposed with enhanced bandwidth and polarization insensitive. The proposed unit cell structure consists of outer split ring and inner asterisk shaped resonators printed on FR4 dielectric substrate. The designed metamaterial absorber gives broad bandwidth of 2.01 GHz and peak absorptivity of 99.98 and 99.94 % at 19.4 and 19.8 GHz, respectively. The simulation results prove the polarization insensitive behavior of the structure for oblique and normal incidence of the polarized waves at angles of 25° and 85°, respectively. The effective parameter is retrieved and the field distributions are studied. This metamaterial absorber is well suited for K-band applications like radar and satellite communications for uses in weather radar, imaging radar and air traffic control.

An approach to improve the filter characteristics of FIR optical delay line filter is presented. This scheme uses constrained least square algorithm to derive the optimum filter coefficients along with tuning of external phase shifter to reduce the overlap between adjacent pass bands. Based on this technique, a three port (1 × 3) lattice form FIR optical delay line filter is synthesized and compared with the existing results. The results of the filter designed is found to require only 18 stages, 50 dB stop band attenuation along with minimum attenuation of −24 dB in the overlap region. These values are significantly better compared to the literature reports available for similar filters.

Breast cancer is most common life threatening non skin malignant state in women. Accurate and early detection of breast cancer provides various chances for the survival of the diseased person. The proposed system also helps the clinical practitioner to diagnose the disease correctly. In this paper, an efficient VLSI architecture for carcinoma detection and identification is implemented. The implementation consists of three phases: pre-processing, feature extraction and disease detection and identification. Pre-processing removes the noise by arithmetic mean filters from the breast MRI image. Then the enhanced image is applied to an efficient dual scan parallel flipping architecture to extract the features using pipeline operation. The disease detection and identification can be performed better by using content aware classifier, which is based on Euclidean distance and positive estimation method. The proposed work aims at developing a VLSI system to diagnose on a particular breast cancer disease and is implemented on VERTEX-4 FPGA as it is a real time solution for disease detection and identification.

ECG is the electrical behavior of heart signal which is used to diagnose the irregularity of heart activity after visually inspecting the ECG signals but it is difficult to identify by physician’s naked eye hence an effective computer based system is needed. One cardiac cycle of ECG signal consists of characteristic waves P-QRS-T. The amplitudes and intervals values of P-QRS-T segment determine the functioning of heart of every human. In this paper a novel methodology of Frequency-Time based approach is used to identify P-QRS-T waves. R-peak detection is the first step in characteristic waves detection, for identifying R-peak, wavelet transform (sym4) decomposition method (Frequency domain) is used. After R-peak detection other characteristic waves are detected by tracing to and fro from R-peak (Time domain). Standard ECG wave form is taken as base wave form and detects the waves in the estimated interval. MIT-BIH NSR database is taken and the methodology is implemented on MATLAB software.

Integrator is the basic circuit for measuring magnetic parameters like magnetic flux and magnetic field from the magnetic coil signal. In Nuclear fusion device the integrators are used to find the magnetic measurements which are significant for the long duration (signal > 1 s) device operation. The proposed integrator has been composed of input module, integrator module and processor module. It has been tested for long duration with different input signal. There is no conspicuous drift error has been noticed in the output.

A miniature and low profile frequency dependent and frequency independent microstrip patch antennas are proposed in the paper. An idea of converting frequency dependent microstrip patch into frequency independent microstrip patch by altering the dimensions, relative spacing and with suitable arrangement of parasitic patches is presented and discussed. The performance analysis and design details of frequency dependent and frequency independent patch antennas are presented in the paper. To determine the mathematical calculations of critical microstrip patch dimensions and the corresponding optimized design of both antennas was carried out using Ansys HFSS solver. The parametric studies with respect to various substrate materials, substrate thickness and some design parameters of both the antennas are simulated and presented in the paper. The proposed antennas are fabricated and tested. The Simulation and Experimental results are compared. Based on these results, the proposed antennas operate in UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz) range of frequencies.

There are various biometric measures that are used in industrial applications for identification of a human. They are signature verification, face recognition method, voice, iris recognition methods, and recognition using digital signatures. These existing human recognition methods have the following limitations of not being unique, low reliability, and could easily traceable by intruders. Gait is the walking style of a human. Gait can be recognized from a view-based approach. In this approach two different image features are required; they are the width of the outer contour of the silhouette and entire binary silhouette. Observation vector can be obtained from the image feature by modeling the frame to exemplar distance (FED) vector sequence with Hidden Markov Model (HMM) as it provides robustness to recognition. In this paper an effort is made for gait recognition useful in real time surveillance applications.

Digital watermarking is a technique of data hiding, which provide security of data. This paper presents a comparative analysis of robust video watermarking technique based on HVS (Human Visual system) quantization matrix. The host video is partitioned into frames and owner’s identity watermark is embedded in quantized transform coefficients. Scrambled watermark are generated and embedded in each motionless scene of the host video. Experimental results show no perceptual difference between watermarked frame and original frame and it is robustness against a wide range attacks. PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio), NCC (Normalized Cross Correlation) are computed and compared with other recent video watermarking schemes. The proposed scheme offers high imperceptible and robust results in terms PSNR and NCC.

A multiple bandpass filter for 2.4, 3.6 and 5.2 GHz bands is designed using hybrid coupling paths approach and simulated. The hybrid coupling paths are implemented by coupled resonators structure. The filter is developed to provide different bandwidth at various bands. The microstrip filter is implemented in FR4 substrate and the simulation results are compared with experiment. The filter exhibits less than −10 dB return loss and low insertion loss in S₁₁ and S₂₁ characteristics respectively.

Electromagnetic spectrum is a scarce, important and a very useful resource. However, this resource has not been utilized effectively or in other words most of the spectrum remains vacant. Due to fixed or licensed spectrum allocation the spectrum remains vacant for a considerable amount of time. Cognitive radio, a wireless and an intelligent technology was proposed by Joseph Mitola to make efficient use of spectrum. The use of EM wave as a transmission medium makes security a major concern in Cognitive Radio as these are easily susceptible to attacks. Also, being a flexible wireless network technology it is susceptible to traditional threats as well as unique attacks which will have an adverse effects on its performance. This paper introduces the Cognitive Radio technology and mainly focuses on security issues related to it. Further, we present a layered classification of security issues of this exciting area of communication technology.

Global Positioning System (GPS) is satellite based navigation system implemented on the principle of trilateration, provides instantaneous 3D PVT (position, velocity and time) in the common reference system anywhere on or above the earth surface. But the positional accuracy of the GPS receiver is impaired by various errors which may be originating at the satellite, receiver or in the propagation path. These errors have assumed importance due to the high accuracy and precision requirements in number of applications like the static and kinematic surveying, altitude determination, CAT I aircrafts landing and missile guidance. In this paper, the error originating at the receiver due to multiple paths of the satellite transmitted radio frequency (RF) signal is estimated. Multipath phenomenon is prevalent particularly in urban canyons, which is the major error among other GPS error sources originating at the receiver. The algorithm proposed in this paper estimates the error using coarse/acquisition (C/A) code range, carrier phase range and Link1 (L1) and Link2 (L2) carrier frequencies. This algorithm avoids the complexity of the error estimation using conventional methods where sensitive parameters such as the geometry or the reflection coefficient of the nearby reflectors are considered. The error impact analysis presented in this paper will be useful in selecting the site for GPS receiving antenna where the reflection coefficients are hard to measure up to the required accuracy. Analysis of the change in intensity of this error with respect to elevation angle of the satellite will facilitate in selecting pseudoranges with least error. Error estimation and range modeling proposed in this paper will be a valuable aid in precise navigation, surveying and ground based geodetic studies.

Service composition in service oriented architecture is an important activity. In regard to achieve the quality of service and secured activities from the web service compositions, they need to be verified about their impact towards fault proneness before deploying that service composition. Henceforth, here in this paper, we devised set of exploratory metrics, which enables to assess the services by multi objective QOS factors. These devised explorative measures reconnoitres the higher and lower ranges of the SCFI, which is from the earlier compositions that are notified as either fault inclined or hale. The experimental results explored from the empirical study indicating that the devised metrics are significant towards estimating the state of given service composition is fault tending or hale.

Adders are the most important fundamental blocks of the digital systems which are used in a wide variety of applications. Among them the first basic adder is the Ripple Carry Adder (RCA) and the fastest adder is the Carry Select Adder (CSA). Though all these adders are existed, the speed adding using low power and optimized area is still a challenging issue. In this paper a new technique, Modified Gate Diffusion Input (MOD-GDI) is used to achieve an optimized design with less transistor count and low power dissipation. In the proposed work the 8-bit, 16-bit Ripple Carry Adder and the 8-bit, 16-bit Carry Select Adder have been designed using the CMOS and MOD-GDI techniques. The comparison of their power dissipations and overall transistor count is done and proved that low power and optimized designs are achieved through MOD-GDI technique. The simulation is carried out using Mentor Graphics tool with a supply voltage of 1.8 V at 90 nm technology.

Energy constrain is the major problem faced by WSN. In this paper LEACH protocol is analyzed. It is shown that distance; initial energy and election probability play a vital role in increasing the lifetime of sensor nodes. This paper implements LEACH in cooperative transmission and analyses its performance in comparison to SISO (Single Input Single Output). It is shown that for large network area cooperative transmission is more successful than SISO as it will consume less energy to transmit data over the large network area.

This paper describes a flexible U shaped loop implantable antenna for in-body applications. The proposed antenna having a bandwidth which covers the Med Radio band (402–405 MHz) which is the standard band for Bio Implantable applications, ISM band 433.050–434.79 MHz. The antenna is made of polyamide substrate having a size of 3.3 mm radius and height of 13.5 mm. The simulated antenna is having a −10 dB Bandwidth of 158 MHz (335–493 MHz) resonates at 402 MHz having proper VSWR throughout the bandwidth. The Radiation pattern of this antenna is directional having a gain of −31.16 dB.

Following the recent changes in international agreements enforced by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and considering the Korean environment where both the safety of old ships and the IoT technology have emerged as the major issues, even the old operational ships are required to establish the Controller Area Network (CAN Bus) system to be connected with a backbone network referred as the Ship Area Network (SAN) by installing communication cables to control and monitor shipboard electronic equipments when they are newly added to the ship’s system. For existing operational ships, an extensive work may be needed for the establishment of the SAN system that uses unshielded twisted pair cables (UTP) depending on the location of the system to be installed as the most parts of the ship are made of steels. Such work could generate time, space and cost-related risks (e.g., large vessels require up to millions of Korean won per day as an anchorage charge). As the result of experiment, it was possible to install the PLC system within a few hours using existing power cables and placing a PLC modem at the spot on 180 m section (approximately 2/3 of ship’s length). Also, with the proposed technology, costs were reduced as much as over 70 % compared to the UTP- and STP-based ship data communication system which requires additional cable installments. Therefore, we were able to confirm both the efficient communications and the cost-reducing effects and expect that this technology will become a foundation technology for the e-Navigation system using IoT technology, as well as for the various industrial settings.

Underground Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is a newly emerging technology that is capable of replacing existing traditional wired connections. Research has proved that magnetic induction based communication performs better than electromagnetic wave communication, especially in the dynamic underground environment. Currently, data recorders are being used to collect the data from underground sensors. Data recorders have a few disadvantages such as the inability to produce data on time and the difficulty to deploy them. Many problems related to data recorders can be solved using UWSNs magnetic induction technique. Some of the main challenges are efficient power transfer and communication to underground sensors when distance between transmitter and receiver coils increases. This paper introduces a unique technique where both wireless power transfer and communication are achieved simultaneously for sensors which are present underground. A high frequency square pulse is used for inductive power transfer between transmitter and receiver coils. The same square pulse is pulse code modulated and is used for wireless communication between the transmitter and the receiver coils with a suitable data rate. Experimental results to prove the feasibility of this novel technique for concurrent wireless power transfer and communication make the paper different from its counter parts.

On this paper a novel load flow analysis using complex affine arithmetic (AA) based on Gauss-Seidel method for uncertain system is proposed. The Gauss-Seidel algorithm is used to find the uncertainty in each bus, which is the partial deviation value of the buses. The proposed algorithm is applied on an IEEE-14, 30 and 57 bus test systems. For comparison purpose a probabilistic load flow analysis based on Monte Carlo method is used. The proposed method is tested for different uncertainty level and in all the test cases AA based method is faster in convergence and gives slightly conservative bound than the probabilistic Monte Carlo approach.

Normally in tracking applications, the target motion is usually modeled in Cartesian coordinates but, most sensors measure target parameters in polar coordinates. In this paper two contributions are considered in target tracking. One depends on position measurements and another one is on Doppler measurements. The position measurements are measured by taking the range and bearing (angle) of the target depending on the sensor location. Tracking the target Cartesian coordinates by using this range and bearing measurements is a nonlinear state estimation problem. To calculate the position measurements (range and angle), it is preferred to convert them to Cartesian coordinates by considering the linear form values. This is done, to avoid using nonlinear filters. This method is called as converted position measurement Kalman filter (CPMKF). In this paper another contribution is Doppler (range rate) measurement in target tracking systems. In this contribution the nonlinear pseudo states are calculated. This method is called as Converted Doppler measurement Kalman filter (CDMKF). By considering these two methods a parallel filtering structure, called statically fused converted measurement Kalman filter (SF-CMKF) is proposed. The two methods are operated along with each other to construct the new state estimator SF-CMKF by a static estimator to obtain final state estimates.

Classically, automatic detection of targets in active sonar system is addressed by a matched filter processing followed by a constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) thresholding method. Even though, various CFAR techniques viz. CA CFAR, GO CFAR and SO CFAR etc. are available in literature, none of them alone is sufficient to eliminate the false echoes. In certain applications, such as active sonar where the probability of false alarm p_fa requirements are very stringent, the performance of CFAR alone cannot be used as detection criteria. Further, the choice of a particular CFAR algorithm is also a complex task, as the non-homogenous nature of the acoustic medium is difficult to predict. In this paper, a fusion algorithm is proposed for active sonar application where, in addition to CFAR technique, a support vector machines (SVM) based classification algorithm is also used to eliminate the false echoes. The performance of the algorithm is verified using practically measured data.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is able to mitigate the detrimental effects of multipath fading but, OFDM signal suffers from high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). Increase in PAPR, decrease the power amplifier efficiency otherwise leads to in-band distortion and out of band radiation due to signal clipping and spectral broadening respectively. There are many techniques to reduce PAPR and Selective Level Mapping (SLM) is a particularly promising technique. In this technique, array multiplication of data sequence with phase sequence reduces PAPR. The combination with the minimum PAPR is considered for transmission. There are many phase sequences for reduction of PAPR such as Riemann, Rudin Shapiro, Chaotic, Chu, Pseudorandom, Hadamard and Novel phase sequences. The selection of phase sequence is very crucial and it depends on PAPR improvement and simplicity in the recovery of signal. In this paper PAPR improvement for various phase sequences and digital modulation schemes is compared and a new phase sequence is developed.

Communication is one of the important aspects of our day to day life. The field of communication has been increasing rapidly in order to fulfill the requirements of the human needs. In the first generation communication, information was transmitted in analog domain and later digital domain to overcome disadvantages existed in the analog. For better transmission, single carrier modulation has been replaced by multicarrier modulation. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a form of multicarrier modulation technique that transmits information bearing signals through multiple carriers. The carriers are different frequencies and orthogonal to each other. Orthogonality in OFDM reduces bandwidth usage and frequency selective fading due to multipath. However, the main drawback of OFDM system is its high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Increasing Peak power is a significant problem in OFDM system because it degrades the power amplifier performance. Above the threshold range they become non linear resulting in signal distortion. Several techniques are found in literature to reduce the PAPR viz. Amplitude clipping and filtering, Selected level mapping (SLM), Partial transmit sequence (PTS), and Interleaving. In this paper, a Novel code is proposed to reduce PAPR. Simulations are performed by using MATLAB tool and results are analyzed for different systems (Uncoded, Hamming Code, and Novel Code). The results demonstrate that Novel Code is an efficient technique that reduces PAPR when compared to Hamming code and uncoded system.

Scattering of SODAR signal from a thin rough circular bodies is studied using an integral equation method. The relation between Incident and scattered fields governs by the transition matrix (T-matrix). T matrix has determined using an Integral representation of the Helmholtz equation. The prototype rough surfaces are modeled by a superposition of a number of the sinusoidal surface that are randomly translated and rotated with respect to each other. Numerical results for the scattered fields are presented in the case of an incident plane wave only. For scattered wave are going to discussed the further paper. The conclusion has made here that the amplitude of the backscattered wave is not only dependent on parameters like signal frequency, incident angle and surface characteristics like rms height and correlation function. It’s also concluded that the exact geometry of rough objects is also important for scattering properties, which Implies that a statistical approach to the problem is of limited values. All these mathematical algorithms and plots have developed in the Matlab scientific software.

In modern power distribution system increasing the growth of electrical power demand is destined results in a corresponded maximization of the short circuits in the power system network. So many imperative methodologies are concerned and evaluated to establish satisfactory operation, in that Fault Current Limiter (FCL) suggests the best way to minimize the short circuited stresses and may bourn the electromagnetic stress over associated devices as well as reduce the rated capacity of circuit breakers for fault initiated transients from effecting spurious trips. This analysis illustrates the utilization of proposed FCL for analyzing power system dynamics and mitigation of multiple fault conditions at 5 buses can have gallant power quality concerns. This paper highlights the integration of a single switch with voltage controlled three phased FCL is planned for 5 bus system by using Matlab/Simulink.

Energy efficiency of mobile network is always a challenging task. From the past decade, it is observable that the users who are using multimedia services are increasing in a rapid way. These multimedia applications require higher data rates. High data rates will consume more energy of mobile network, which results poor energy efficiency. To meet higher data rates and to achieve energy efficiency, Cognitive Mobile Network with small cell model was explained in this paper. Dynamics of the power grid also have significant impact on mobile networks, hence smart grid implementation was proposed instead of traditional power grid. Most of the existed studies on cognitive mobile network focused on spectrum sensing only. This paper focused on the cognitive radio network implementation by considering spectrum sensing and smart grid environment. An iterative algorithm was proposed to attain equilibrium condition to the problem. Interference management and energy efficient power allocation were achieved with the introduction of smart grid. Simulation results proved that optimum power allocation and energy efficiency are possible with the introduction of smart grid in the cognitive network.

This paper intends to develop an analytical formulation for the shielding effectiveness of a rectangular enclosure with rectangular aperture having multiple holes of identical and distinct sizes with arbitrary polarization angle. A single mode normal incident transverse electric wave containing arbitrary polarization is decomposed into two orthogonal components in such a way that the electric field is situated perpendicular to both the length and the breadth sides of the aperture. Analysis of each individual component as per TE₁₀ mode is made by implementing Transmission Line Model and then combined to obtain the se. It is important to consider the mutual admittance between the aperture holes for accurate estimation of the SE. The formula under consideration is further extended to include the suitable admittance which takes the mutual intertwining between the aperture holes into account to signify the group of aperture holes. Simulation also has been performed to verify the SE of rectangular enclosure with identical and distinct sizes of aperture holes. It is evident from the simulation results that the SE is at its best when mutual admittance is considered and at the worst when mutual admittance is ignored. It can also be observed that the SE is comparatively more for aperture holes of identical size than aperture holes of distinct sizes.

In high speed data transmission, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a spectrally proficient method over multipath fading channel. This OFDM signal suffers from high Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and Bit Error Rate (BER) (Van Nee and de Wild, Vehic. Technol. Conf. 3:2072–2076, 1998) [1]. MIMO OFDM configuration step-up the capacity of the system and diversity gain on frequency selective and time variant channels. Preference is on SFBC-MIMO-OFDM to operate fading channel much more effectively. Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) is highly proficient technique for alleviating high PAPR. But the main demerit associated with CMA is slow convergence rate, extensive steady state mean square error (SSMSE), and phase blind nature. We propose an enhanced modified constant modulus algorithm (MCMA) where the step size is carefully assessed to maintain a balancing between convergence rate and final accuracy. Simulations demonstrates the efficiency of proposed MCMA.

This paper deals with the problem of mutual coupling in circular and elliptical antenna arrays. Input impedance method is used to compensate the Mutual coupling among the array elements. Improved LMS method is used to optimize the weights to generate proper beam form. Directive elements are used in the array. Convergence speed, directivity, SNR and resolution of angle are discussed and compared for circular and elliptical geometrical arrays.

The electro-magnetic actuator presents a solution for most of the technical problems of the traditional mechanical bearings since it ensures the total levitation of a body in space eliminating any mechanical contact between the stator and the levitated body. In practice there is lot of difference between theoretical force and actual force developed between the stator and rotor of an actuator and it varies with air gap and current. This difference is mainly due to different losses in the system. In the present work a correction factor is introduced to account for different losses. A radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) has been implemented to estimate the correction factor and validated with experimental values. The RBF network has been used to estimate the actuator parameters namely force, position stiffness and current stiffness. The RBF predicted values have been validated with the experimental values.

In the present years, abundant digital audio content is made available on public networks due to high speed internet and audio processing techniques. This is an advantage to our everyday life but it suffers from the ownership protection. Audio watermarking is the one of the solution for this problem. In this paper, total audio is divided into non-overlapping segments and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is applied to each segment. For embedding the watermark, low frequency coefficients are selected and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is applied to the low frequency coefficients of each segment. A binary watermark is embedded into the highest singular values using Cartesian Polar Transformation and embedding rule. The above approach suffers from de-synchronization attack and it is made resistant by including synchronization code. The results shows that this watermarking scheme is highly robust against various signal processing attacks such as re-sampling, re-quantization, cropping, MP3 compression, low-pass filtering, signal addition and subtraction. The algorithm is also compared with the state-of-art techniques available and is better in terms of SNR and payload.

The packet drop attack is more familiar to protection risks in MANETS. These attackers implement loop-hole which bring with envious characteristics because the path finding procedure which is vital and unavoidable. Researchers and investigators have performed distinct recognition methods recommend various types of recognition schemes. AODV protocol which correctly appropriate redirecting method for the MANETS and it is more susceptible to dark gap strike by the envious nodes. A harmful node that wrongly delivers the RREP (route reply) that it has a newest path with lowest hop count to location and then it falls all the getting packets. In this paper we present four types of different protocols for detecting black whole attacks and discuss state of the art routing methods. We also perform different properties in collaborative packet drop attacks and analyze categories of propose protocols with specified features stored in wireless ad hoc networks. We analyze comparison of proposed protocol with existing protocols and their methods with respect to time and other features in wireless ad hoc networks.

Fractal antenna technology is geometry-based, not material based, that’s why novel design methodologies and novel fractal shapes helpful for further improvement of antenna parameters. Side lobe level is one of the prominent challenges at higher expansion (S) levels of fractal antenna arrays. This report primarily focuses on the design and analysis of heptagonal fractal planar array antenna, based on concentric circular ring sub array mathematical generator. Due to this new structure a notable improvement has observed in Directivity, Side lobe level and Side lobe level angle. These fractal arrays are analyzed and are simulated using by MATLAB programming.

This paper presents a novel multiplexer based 2’s complement circuit that can be used for the subtraction process using 2’s complement method. The proposed multiplexer based 4, 8 and 16-bit 2’s complement circuits are compared with the conventional subtractor circuits using 2’s complement circuits for validating the proposal. Industry Standard EDA Tools and technology libraries have been employed.

Watermarking is one of the widely used applications to provide security for the content shared over internet. Internet is a place where the data is not of assured security to the fullest. DTCWT is widely used in all image processing applications over a decade. A novel imperceptible video watermarking scheme is proposed. This method is implemented with the use of Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT) and Singular value decomposition (SVD) which helps in proof of ownership. In this method Singular Value Decomposition is applied to the Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT) coefficients of both watermark and original image and the singular Eigen values are interchanged. Because of advantages, Shift invariance and Directionality we prefer DTCWT. As SVD decomposes the matrix into 3 matrices U, S, V, we need U, V at the time of extraction. So we use U, V as watermark in audio. Watermark extracted from the audio gives the U, V matrices which makes this method blind watermarking. In order to prove the robustness of the method the results are compared with similar algorithms proposed in this paper but with DWT.

Nanowire Solar cells (NW SCs) have shown hopeful advance for light absorption and charge carrier transport because in a vertical structure absorption and carrier transport are orthogonal to each other. In this work high-efficiency back-contact back-junction (BC-BJ) structures like emitter wrap through and metallization wrap through Silicon (Si) SCs for one-sun applications were studied. The top portion of the device gets fully illuminated and there is no loss incorporated due to the absence of front metallization. Key parameters were extracted of proposed structure and a vertical NW SC structure with a front contact using 3D-TCAD simulation tool. First of all a comparison in the performance is observed between a planar solar cell (PSC) and a NW SC, then two different types of all back contact (ABC) structures are studied. The entire work is simulated using AM1.5G solar spectrum at room temperature. The key solar parameters like open circuit voltage (V_OC), short circuit current (I_SC), fill factor (FF), short circuit current density (J_SC) and conversion efficiency are calculated. The efficiency of the proposed structure is more comparable to a regular NW structure which is considered with similar device characteristics.

The effect of incorporating pairs of dopant atoms of opposite polarities into the nanowire lattice on the electrical behavior of nanowires has been presented in this paper. The dopants used are boron and phosphorus atoms. Intrinsic silicon nanowire is incapacitated with boron-phosphorus dopant atom pairs in a progressive manner, starting from one pair to nine dopant-atom pairs. The nanowire is simulated each time an additional dopant pair is introduced in the nanowire lattice to obtain current-voltage characteristics. These characteristics have been compared with that obtained by introducing similar dopants in an intrinsic germanium nanowire lattice. The power efficiencies of both intrinsic and doped silicon and germanium nanowires have been discussed towards the end of the paper.

The advent of new technologies is dragging the attention of visually impaired people towards electronic gadgets. Though the conventional method is preferred by a few, visually impaired people are eager to explore the technological part of the braille system, which is the basic means of communication for them. A Visually Impaired Reconfigurable Author Assistance System (VIRAAS) using LabVIEW is proposed in this paper. The main objective is to convert a telugu language to speech using LabVIEW.

This paper presents about plasma technology when the plasma is applied on a simple target, like Sphere and its Radar Cross Section (RCS) is computed with respect to the parameters like size, wave frequency and plasma frequency and compared its RCS with a perfectly conducting sphere (Gao Y et al, The calculation of back-scattering radar cross section of plasma spheres. Institute of Electronic Engineering, Hefei, IEEE (2000) [1]). The RCS of a perfectly conducting sphere has been computed using Mie scattering series with a relation given by Kerr DE, Propagation of short radio waves. McGraw-Hill, Newyork (1951) [2]. The analysis given in this is based on spherical polar scattering geometry (SPSG) in which the scattering parameters (a_ns), (b_ns) are defined. The physical interpretation of scattering coefficients aids in visualizing the mechanism of the scattering process. In this paper, not only the RCS of a perfectly conducting Sphere is computed at different frequencies with particular diameter but also the RCS of a perfectly conducting sphere is computed for various diameters at different bands of frequencies. Theoretically computed electron volume density and current density of plasma at a particular plasma frequency for an Argon gas and also RCS comparison is made for a plasma sphere and perfectly conducting sphere at standard dimensions (Skolnik MI, Introduction to Radar Systems. McGraw-Hill, Newyork (1962) [3]) in which RCS is very less for plasma sphere when compared to perfectly conducting sphere. The plasma cover on the targets helps in getting less RCS and also makes the target unseen by the enemy Radar called Active Stealth Technology. RCS treatment in this paper is based on Radar frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 40 GHz.

This paper presents an innovative approach for testing the core components in the multi-core system-on chip framework by scheduling the tasks assigned for the Core-Under-Test to one of the remaining cores in the system. Real-time task scheduling in multi-core/processor systems always remains the NP-Hard problems. In multi-core Real time systems, a faulty core can be tolerated by way of executing two versions (primary and backup) of a task in two different cores. The Genetic Algorithms provides an innovative and heuristic approach of scheduling both primary and backup tasks. The work presented in this paper shows the optimal utilization of all the available cores for functional operation at a given time in a Multi-Core System environment by scheduling and executing all the tasks arrived for execution.

The field of Navigation has been revolutionized with the advent of Global Positioning System (GPS). As GPS is a satellite based navigation system, transmitted GPS signals are affected by the refraction in the atmosphere which causes huge error in pseudorange information of a satellite. Of all the layers of the atmosphere, ionosphere is one of the major sources of error in ranging measurements, which reduces the accuracy of the navigation solution. Hence in this paper, in order to estimate the ionospheric parameters such as Total Electron Content (TEC), range delay and time delay, geometry based ionospheric models are investigated. The dual frequency receiver data of an IGS station, NGRI (Lat/Long:17°24′39″N/78°33′4″E), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, provided by Scripps Orbit And Permanent Array Center (SOPAC) is considered for a typical day of 11th September 2014.

This paper presents a novel design of a rectangular patch antenna loaded with artificial magnetic conductor designed for WLAN applications. The proposed Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) lends provision for operating at both the popular ISM bands. However, here the antenna is designed to operate at 6 GHz with a bandwidth of around 160 MHz which is suitable for the intended applications. The antenna has been analyzed for its performance in terms of return loss and VSWR. The performance of antenna loaded with the AMC is observed to possess better properties in comparison to the one without AMC. AMC loaded antenna shows 90.79 % improvement in VSWR at 6 GHz compared to its counterpart. For better comparison, their respective directivities, gains and 3D polar plots have been obtained and presented.

This paper presents the design of a Labyrinth shaped antenna, with a dual operating frequency of 9 and 11 GHZ in the X band region. The structure being designed has an impressive Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of 1.38 at the operating frequency. As the X band demarcation of the microwave radio region is widely used in numerous communication based applications, the antenna being presented in this work gives us a viable alternative that can be used with an impressive performance in this region of microwave radio. Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (TM) is used as the substrate material. The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) plot obtained has been examined and elaborated in the subsequent sections of the paper.

This paper discusses the design of a 2.4 GHz operated, ultra-low power CMOS down-converting active mixer based on double balanced Gilbert-cell resistor-loaded topology fabricated in standard 180 nm RF CMOS low-power technology. All the MOS transistors of the mixer core have ideally been biased to sub-threshold region. Consuming only 500 μW of DC power using 1.0 V supply and minimal LO power of −16 dBm, this mixer demonstrates a simulated power conversion gain of 17.2 dB with Double Side Band (DSB) noise figure of 13.3 dB. With the same DC power dissipation and LO power, −11.7 dBm IIP3 and −20.1 dBm 1-dB point have been obtained as discussed in the paper. Pre-layout and post layout simulation results match very well. The ultra-low power consumption of the proposed mixer due to subthreshold region of operation and lower local oscillator power are the advantages of this subthreshold mixer.

Densely deployed mobile RFID readers are bound to have collisions and interference due to inherence limitations. In this paper, authors have addressed the reader to reader collision using modified similar frame slotted ALOHA technique, called Dynamic Demand-oriented Frame Slotted ALOHA (DDFSA) based on a deterministic approach to avoid the collision. The readers form discrete adhoc network autonomously and resources are distributed using the super frame. The frame size can dynamically change according to number of adjoining readers in the network. Readers can play a role of master, backup, participating or hanging node in the network. At the start of super frame resources are allocated. The redundant reader is eliminated using reader capability. The master disseminates the frame plan and resources. This improves the network throughput by reducing number of readers and utilizing all the times slots. The simulation tests results, using omnetpp+ software, show that resources are utilized up to 98 % with system efficiency at 99 % and nil unused time slots.

A beam forming patch antenna is proposed for 50 GHz millimeter wave application for wireless personal area network (WPAN). The design involves some modifications of the geometry of prototype Rotman lens structure. The simulation result using HFSS and CST infers some outcomes like reflection co-efficient, VSWR directivity and surface waves, etc. which can be further improved by optimum choice of size and material.

In this paper an analog fault model for a CMOS switched capacitor low pass filter is tested. The switched capacitor (SC) low pass filter circuit is modularized into functional macros. These functional macros include OPAMP, switches and capacitors. The circuit is identified as faulty if the frequency response of the transfer function does not meet the design specification. The signal flow graph (SFG) models of all the macros are analyzed to get the faulty transfer function of the circuit under test (CUT). A CMOS switched capacitor low pass filter for signal receiver applications is chosen as an example to demonstrate the testing of the analog fault model. The responses of the CUT are simulated using MENTOR GRAPHICS tool with 0.13 μm technology.

Detection of copy move forgery in images is helpful in legal evidence, in forensic investigation and many other fields. Many Copy Move Forgery Detection (CMFD) schemes are existing in the literature. However, most of them fail to withstand post-processing operations viz., JPEG Compression, noise contamination, rotation. Even if able to identify, they consumes much time to detect and locate. In this paper, a technique is proposed which uses Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Local Binary Pattern (LBP) to identify copy-move forgery. Features are extracted by using LBP on the LL band obtained by applying DWT on the input image. Proper selection of similarity and distance thresholds can localize the forged region correctly.

The positional accuracy of Global Positioning System (GPS) is affected by several errors such as delay due to atmosphere, satellite-receiver geometry, receiver clock error and multipath error. Along with the atmospheric errors (≈10–40 m), multipath can cause error (≈2–4 m) in the ranging measurements of the GPS receiver which degrades the positional accuracy. Since, the reception of multipath can create a significant distortion to the shape of the correlation function leading to an error in the receiver position estimate, Multipath is undesirable. The multipath disturbance is largely dependent on the receiver environment since satellite signals can arrive at the receiver via multiple paths, due to reflections from nearby objects such as trees, buildings, vehicles, etc. Although the multipath effect can be reduced by choosing sites without multipath reflectors or by using choke-ring antennas to mitigate the reflected signal, but it is difficult to eliminate all multipath effects from GPS observations. By using data processing schemes such as different adaptive filters, the effect of multipath error can be minimized to centimeter level. Estimation of the effect of multipath interference at the receiver antenna is the objective of this work for which both code range and carrier phase measurements are considered. Along with multipath error, ionospheric delay is also estimated. By using a dual frequency GPS receiver code ranges and carrier phases are extracted and corresponding differences called Code Carrier Difference (CCD) is performed, which results in cancellation of all effects except multipath and measurement noise. Least Mean Square (LMS), Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS) and Recursive Least Squares (RLS) adaptive filters are considered to mitigate the multipath error. In order to carry out this work, dual frequency data of an IGS station (NGRI, Hyderabad, Lat:/Long:78°33′4″E/17°24′39″N) is collected from the website of Scripps Orbit and Permanent Array Centre (SOPAC) for the entire day of 11th September 2014.

An efficient double band with single feed GPS frequencies 1.22760 GHz (L2) and 1.57542 GHz (L1) such as Surveying, Mapping and Geo informatics. By trimming opposite sides of two different pair of square and isosceles corners of square patch in dielectric substrates, stacked patch antennae for double band operations are obtained. Both the upper and lower patches have 2 pairs of square and isosceles truncated corners each. The inculcation of corner truncation has achieved better return loss and gain at L1, L2 bands. A concise antenna is designed and simulated using IE3D simulation tool.

This paper addresses an approach for identification of the emotion and conforming the emotions by fusing to the facial gestures. Various Techniques have been floated in the area of emotion recognition based speech signals. However these speech signals that are generated may not being in coherent with the actual inner feelings. Therefore in this paper a model is proposed by fusing the facial expression and the uttered speech voices. In ordered to tested developed model, synthesized data set is considered and performances evaluated using the metrics like precision and recalled.

A large amount of ceramic tiles are constructed in the ceramic tile industry and it is very problematic to monitor the quality of each and every tile manually. It is very difficult to monitor the quality of each and every tile manually. This paper addresses a new technique to avoid such in detecting tile defects. Quality jurisdiction is an important task in the ceramic tile executive. The cost of ceramic tiles also depends on freshness of arrangement, truthfulness of colour, format etc. In ceramic tile factory, the manufacturing process has now performed automatically by industrial computerization system, apart from the observation procedure for ceramic quality classification which is still organize hand-operated. Tile’s surface commonly suffers from cracks, holes, spots and corner defects. Classification process is achieved using the human visual appraisal to find and to analyze defect, where human perception is dependent thoroughly on experience and expertise. This operation wants a mechanical arrangement which can furnish an estimate of the ceramic condition precisely and frequently.

This paper provides a novel method to prevent the fishermen from knowingly or unknowingly trawl (fishing) across the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL). This method makes use of Global Positioning System (GPS) which provides reliable positioning, navigation and timing services under on a continuous basis. The existing system does not satisfy the safety requirement of fishermen during the fishing because the maritime boundaries between the countries cannot be visible. The main motive behind this paper is to implement an efficient scheme to preserve the safety of the fishermen using GPS.

In densely built-up areas, the transmitted signal from the base station mostly arrives at the mobile station as a multitude of partial waves from different directions. This is known as multipath propagation. This effect gives rise to multipath fading. Due to this, received signal strength decreases and sometimes unable to recognise. So characterisation and modelling of wireless channel is highly important. The received signal strength in terms of power is measured using RF recorder for analysis at the mobile station at certain time intervals and the signal (in dBm) assumed to be received in multipath environment and is composed of fast fading caused by local multipath propagation and slow fading due to shadowing. In this paper, the real time data is analyzed by separating slow fading and fast fading components using moving average filter and then individual approximation of their cumulative distribution functions (CDF) are compared with the theoretical Rayleigh distribution and lognormal distribution.

Reversible logic is gaining more importance day by day, because of its feature of low power dissipation which is the basic need in designing nano electronic devices, bioinformatics, low power CMOS designs and quantum computing. Reversible logic is one which realizes n-input n-output functions that map each possible input vector to a unique output vector. It is a promising computer design paradigm for constructing arithmetic and logic units which are the basic building blocks of computer that do not dissipate heat. After designing a system, it is also equal important to test it. In this paper reversible ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit) performing four operations (Addition, Multiplication, Subtraction and Bit wise- AND) is implemented and the simulated results like power consumed, delay and area obtained are compared with that of conventional ALU. Testing is also done on proposed reversible ALU by using BILBO (Built—in Logic Block Observer) blocks, which was the first BIST (Built-in Self Test) architecture to be proposed and undergo wide spread use. The proposed reversible ALU is implemented and simulated using Verilog HDL in Xilinx 13.4 version.

The radiation characteristics of dipoles are evaluated by assuming that the dipoles are isolated in free space or isolated from meatalic bodies. The assumptions are carried out that the dipoles are far away from conducting bodies and reflecting surfaces. In this paper, the radiation characteristics of vertical dipole is carried out in the presence of earth and are presented in sin-θ domain and 3 dimensional patterns are also presented for various heights from the ground.

This paper describes fast, efficient and global optimization method for pattern synthesis of non-uniform circular array antenna having a minimum side lobe level (SLL) and beam width by controlling the amplitude and position-only using wind driven optimization (WDO) algorithm. The WDO is a new nature-inspired optimization technique based on the movement of air parcel in the earth’s atmosphere. It uses a new learning strategy to update the velocity and position of air packets based on their current pressure values. One design example of non-uniform circular array antenna is considered and the results obtained by WDO algorithm is compared with those obtained by other evolutionary algorithms such as GA, PSO, CS, FA, BBO, COA, and MIWO. This algorithm achieves a minimum SLL compared to one of the best results obtained by the cuckoo search algorithm (COA). Also, the learning characteristic shows that WDO algorithm takes less than 50 iterations to determine the optimal excitation amplitude and position of the array element. The simulation results demonstrate the improved performance of the WDO algorithm in terms of directivity, minimum SLL, null control and the rate of convergence compared to other algorithms reported in literature.

Imaging of a target with high resolution is an important task in many Radar applications. In order to obtain high resolution images, Inverse synthetic aperture Radar (ISAR) imaging is implemented. Down range resolution can be obtained by transmitting signals having large bandwidth while cross range resolution is obtained by collecting echo signals obtained from different positions of the target during its rotation. The conventional method in ISAR imaging is Range Doppler (RD) method. In RD method, to obtain the final image either Fourier transform or FFT is used in general. Here in this paper, a new transform named Gabor transform is used which shows clearly the enhancement in the image resolution when compared with the former case. Also a comparison between the images for two different input signals namely Step frequency and LFM waveforms will be shown. The paper is structured as below. In Sect. 1 Introduction is explained. In Sect. 2 Step frequency and LFM waveforms are discussed and Sect. 3 gives the Simulation results. Finally in Sect. 4 Conclusion is given.

Parallel Adders or Ripple Carry Adders (RCA) are the building blocks of the digital processing units. However these RCAs have disadvantage of large propagation delay because of the propagation of carry from the first adder to the last adder. To overcome this drawback, Carry Look Ahead Adders (CLAA) are used. But again these CLAAs consumes more power because of use of large number of gates for generating carry. In this paper, we present a design of CLAA based on hybrid CMOS logic style which consumes less power as compared to the designs of CLAA based on complementary CMOS, Pass Transistor Logic (PTL) and Transmission Gate (TG). The proposed design of CLAA has less propagation delay as compared to its existing designs. Also the number of transistors required for the proposed design of CLAA are less as compared to the existing designs based on other logic style.

A Low power-Linear Feedback Shift register (LP-LFSR) with encoding technique is proposed. The LP-LFSR is a low power pseudo random sequence generator, designed using the True Single Phase Clock (TSPC) and gray encoding technique. It offers very high speed even while working with low power, less area and reduced clock-skew problems. Validation of the proposed design is made through comparison with a True Single Phase Clock (TSPC) based LFSR. The deployment of the LP-LFSR for testing application generates the random pattern with a single bit variation, thus leading to reduction in switching power.

Conventional Yagi antenna provides a unidirectional radiation pattern but is not preferred for wideband applications. The proposed quasi-Yagi antenna consists of a driver dipole, two directors and the ground plane as the reflector. Four extended stubs are added to the ground plane to improve the bandwidth. A U-shaped defect is also introduced in the ground plane which enhances the bandwidth further. Simulation results show that the proposed antenna provides a 111.31 % bandwidth that ranges from 3.94 to 13.83 GHz. The maximum gain offered by the antenna is 5.92 dBi.

Most of the Heart diseases can be diagonised with the help of ECG signal. If the ECG signal is degraded by noise, then accurate analysis is not possible. So it is most important to extract the features of ECG signal clear without noise. In this paper, an effective method named Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is implemented for removing the noise from the ECG signal corrupted by non stationary noises. EMD is widely used because of its Adaptive nature and its high efficient decomposition for which any kind of complex signal could be decomposed into a limited number of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs). In the proposed method, we implemented Empirical Mode Decomposition by using low pass filters for removing the noise efficiently. Also, removal of Baseline Wander and Power Line Interference which are the dominant artifacts present in ECG recordings can be done. The results show that above method is capable to remove the noises effectively. We have taken the input signals from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. The performance is calculated in terms of Signal to Noise ratio improvement in dB. Simulations and Synthesis were carried in Modelsim and Xilinx ISE Environment.

High Energy Proton beams have application in scientific, industrial and Medical fields. High energy proton accelerators mainly consist of ion source and array of RF accelerating cavities and focusing magnets. Low energy section of accelerator deploys solenoid focusing magnet as they focusses the beam simultaneously in both the axis but are less efficient then a quadrupole focusing magnets in focusing strength. This paper discusses design of an Electromagnetic Quadrupole for transverse focusing of 200 MeV section of High Energy Proton Accelerator. Method used for optimization of magnetic pole shape for obtaining better than 1000 ppm uniformity in Good field region is described. Paper details the studies carried out on influence of Magneto motive forces on figure of merits of the magnet in terms of uniformity and magnetic field gradient. Paper describes the uniformity, linearity and higher order modes achieved in the design.

Skeletal part extraction of the human or player becomes important in applications like developing the gaming consoles, event prediction in sports, gait based human recognition and classification of human activity etc. The efficiency of the said applications depend on how efficiently the skeletal part is extracted and the extraction of skeletal part is influenced by dynamic background of the video, occlusion and resolution of the video. So in this work, we proposed a method to extract the skeletal part of the sports man with a varying background thereby facilitating the subsequent analysis. Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) is used to detect the human region by making use of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and then Graph Cut technique is applied to remove the background to extract only the foreground in the form of silhouette. Finally a skeletal pruning method is applied which is based on contour partitioning method such as Discrete Curve Evaluation (DCE) technique. The proposed method is tested on sports video like cricket and shows effectiveness of the method in extracting the skeletal shape from the video with dynamic backgrounds.

Test pattern generation Built-In Self Test (BIST) system is used to carryout testing operation of a circuit. We apply input vectors to the circuit based on logic implementation. A sequence of vectors are applied to the dadda multiplier circuit as inputs, and outputs can be observed in the examined window. The testing analysis of the Device under test (DUT) or Circuit Under Test (CUT) is monitored. The fault conditions and fault free conditions can be observed in the normal mode and test mode. The design and clocking analysis of BIST system is analyzed. In this system, Dadda multiplier circuit can be used as Device under test (DUT). The vector monitoring system is verified by Modelsim simulator, synthesized using Xilinx ISE tool and implemented in Spartan3 FPGA.

In this paper we present an effective and innovative way of classifying videos into different genres based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM) thereby facilitating subsequent analysis like video indexing, retrieval and so on. In particular, this work focuses on weighting Multiple Features and also on the challenging task of fusion technique at two different levels. The multiple features are used based on the observation that no single feature can provide the necessary discriminative information to better characterize the given video content in different aspects for distinguishing large video collections. Hence, the features such as 3D-color Histogram, Wavelet-HOG, and Motion are extracted from each video and a separate HMM is trained for each feature of video class. All the classifiers are grouped into sections such that each section contains classifiers with different features of the same genre. These features are evaluated in terms of weights based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) technique for finding the degree of use of each feature in identifying the class. For classification, Double Fusion strategy is applied in terms of Intra section fusion and Inter section fusion methods. Intra section Fusion i.e. weighted-sum method is applied at the outputs of classifiers within the section of each genre. These weights represent the relative importance which is assigned to each feature vector in finding that particular class. Then an Inter section fusion i.e. Arg-Max method is applied to fuse the scores of all sections to make final decision. We tested our scheme on video database having videos such as Sports, Cartoons, Documentaries and News and the results are compared with other methods. The results show that multiple features, double fusion and also the use of fuzzy logic enhance video classification performance in terms of Accuracy Rate (AR) and Error Rate (ER).

Brain is the central processing unit of human body. Analyzing brain signals plays vital role in diagnosis and treatment of brain disorders. Brain signals are obtained from electrodes of Electroencephalogram (EEG). These are linear mixture of evoked potentials (EVP) of some number of neurons. Earlier work considered processing these mixed signals for analyzing brain functioning of brain disabled patients. But processing the original signals gives better result. Hence original signals have to be separated from linear mixture of source signals. This work will suggest a suitable approach in extracting evoked potentials of neurons.

The idea of patch antenna raised from utilization of printed circuit technology not only to the circuit components and also transmission lines but the radiating elements of an electronic system. The major consideration of this work is to increase the bandwidth of a microstrip patch antenna fabricated with multilayer substrate. The narrow bandwidth of a microstrip antenna increases with increasing in thickness of the substrate. Alternatively, the bandwidth of antenna can be enhanced with use multilayer substrate. In this paper, analysis is carried out for determining bandwidth of the proposed microstrip with substrate having two layers of different materials and thicknesses in various frequency bands.

Reversible logic in recent times has attracted a lot of research attention in the field of Quantum computation and nanotechnology due to its low power dissipation capability. Adders are one of the basic components in most of digital systems. Optimization of these adders can improve the performance of the entire system. In this work we have proposed designs of reversible Binary and BCD adders. Ripple carry adder, conditional adders for binary addition and regular and flagged adders for BCD addition. The proposed adder designs are optimized for quantum cost, Gate count and delay. The effectiveness of the negative control Toffoli and Peres gates in reducing quantum cost, delay and gate count is explored. Due to this the adder performance increases along with area optimization which will make these designs useful in future low power Reversible computing.

For high speed control of Bearing Less Switched Reluctance Motor (BSRM), the torque and radial force has to be decoupled. A novel Permanent magnet pole shoe type based suspension poles is proposed for a 12/14 BSRM, to decouple suspension force and radial torque and also radial forces generated in x and y-axis. A pole shoe type permanent magnet made of Neodymium Magnet, which is an alloy of Neodymium, iron and boron material (NDEFB) is placed on the all four suspension poles. The selection of pole shoe is taken according to force required to levitate the rotor mass in air gap. The width and arc are taken without disturbing the self starting phenomena of rotor. When the motor is excited, the flux distribution in the air gap under phase A is short flux path and there is no flux reversal in the stator core. This will decrease saturation effect and the MMF required producing motoring torque which decreases core losses. The decoupling of radial force and motoring torque are achieved and the decoupling of radial force in positive and negative x and y directions is achieved. The performance of the proposed motor is compared with 12/14 conventional BSRM model and the results are presented and analysed.

Prostate cancer is one of the most diagnosed cancers which leads to a considerable number of deaths due to the lack of early and sensitive detection. This paper presents an aptamer functionalized field effect (FET) based biosensor for the detection of prostate cancer. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is considered as the biomarker for prostate cancer whose detection is confirmed by attaching aptamers onto the sensor surface. Through the modelling and numerical simulation, the paper aims to evaluate and predict the performance parameters such as sensitivity, settling time, and limit of detection (LOD) of a label-free FET based electronic biosensor. Various sensor parameters such as structure (i.e., geometry), type of the FET (e.g., nanowire FET, spherical FET, ion-selective FET, and magnetic particle) radius of the FET channel and incubation time are optimized and analyzed. In addition, concentration of analyte biomolecules, diffusion coefficients and affinity to the receptor molecules are also investigated to determine the optimize performance parameters.