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Organic and Carbon Gels: From Laboratory to Industry? Read chapter Read first chapter

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Properties of Carbon Aerogels and Their Organic Precursors

Authors : Ana Arenillas, J. Angel Menéndez, Gudrun Reichenauer, Alain Celzard, Vanessa Fierro, Francisco José Maldonado Hodar, Esther Bailόn-Garcia, Nathalie Job

Published in: Organic and Carbon Gels

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Aerogels are sol-gel derived porous solids with structural properties, such as porosity, pore size, pore and solid phase connectivity that can be tailored over a wide range to provide unique material properties for different fields of applications, such as filters and adsorbers, catalyst supports, electrodes for electrical energy storage, and materials for lightweight construction or thermal insulation.
In this context, carbon aerogels and their organic precursor represent an important class of aerogels with very different physical properties at similar structural characteristics. This is due to the different intrinsic properties of the respective backbone components: At given meso- and macrostructure carbon aerogels are characterized by high thermal and electrical conductivity, significant mechanical brittleness, high porosity of the backbone phase related to micropores (<2 nm), and thus specific surface areas up to about 2000 m2/g. In contrast, the respective organic precursors exhibit very small electrical conductivities and a significantly reduced heat transfer via the aerogel backbone phase; they furthermore may be mechanically more flexible and are limited to specific surface areas below 1000 m2/g. The chapter provides an overview over typical structural and physical properties of carbon aerogels and their precursors.
Understanding structure–property relationships and optimizing aerogels for different applications requires reliable characterization techniques. The review article addresses different characterization techniques as well as the problem of artifacts upon structural characterization; the latter is due to the unique combination of small pore sizes and large porosities characteristic for aerogels. With that in mind, the article alternative, in part even more powerful approaches.

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Footnotes
1
This effect may also create artifacts upon N2 and CO2 adsorption analysis at 77 K and 273 K, respectively, as prior to analysis the total volume of the sample holder including the pores in the specimen is quantified by helium pycnometry. Therefore, it is recommended for high-quality analysis to perform this part of the measurement after the actual nitrogen adsorption analysis.
 
2
Mass fractal materials are defined by a change of their mass m when increasing the probing volume (V∿r3) from a given center point in the fractal structure: m(r)∿rDF, with DF the mass fractal dimension.
 
3
ISO 9722: Determination of the specific surface area of solids by gas adsorption—BET method (includes recommendation for microporous solids). ISO 15901: Pore size distribution and porosity of solid materials by mercury porosimetry and gas adsorption.
 
4
ISO 17867:2015: Particle size analysis—Small-angle X-ray scattering.
 
5
Definition IUPAC: mesopores: 2–50 mm, macropores >50 nm [2].
 
7
As He, typically used for the detection of the volume of the sample holder prior to the actual analysis with CO2 or N2, may be trapped in the micropores of (non-activated) carbons, it is recommended to explicitly perform this step after the analysis see Ref. [47].
 
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Metadata
Title
Properties of Carbon Aerogels and Their Organic Precursors
Authors
Ana Arenillas
J. Angel Menéndez
Gudrun Reichenauer
Alain Celzard
Vanessa Fierro
Francisco José Maldonado Hodar
Esther Bailόn-Garcia
Nathalie Job
Copyright Year
2019
Book
Organic and Carbon Gels

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-13896-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-13897-4

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13897-4_3

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