Technology Innovation in Mechanical Engineering

The current work is intended at investigating the performance of bench scale standard DI-CI engine fueled with the blend of hone oil and TiO2 nano-additive. Further, air nanobubbles (ANBs) are allowed to flow with fuel in the fuel pipe at 0.8% uniform volume rate. The performance enhancement is assessed by brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE), while the tail pipe emissions are examined by hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) indices. The outcome of the study shows 11% diminution in BSFC, 3.1% improvement in BTE, and 14–19% decrement in tail pipe emissions.

This work concentrates on the dimensional design and performance assessment characteristics of a wind turbine blade for a small-scale solar updraft tower power plant. Energy extraction from wind mainly relies on turbine blade design. Horizontal wind turbine blade with NACA 0012, NACA 4412 and NACA 23,012 profiles was designed and analysed by using a design method called blade element momentum (BEM) theory. This theory was applied to turbine blade to optimize various design factors like angle of attack (α), wind flow angle (Ø) and blade pitch angle (β), chord length of every sectional part of blade (c) and number of blades (N) and also to increase the smooth functioning of wind turbine and accordingly, increasing the power production. The power generation from wind turbine was also estimated for three different kinds of aerofoil blades (NACA0012, NACA4412 and NACA23012), and these are 0.59 W, 0.624 W and 0.61 W, respectively. The coefficients of lift and drag were estimated and analysed.

The paper discusses key material removal and tool wear modes while electrochemical discharge machining on optical glass, a key material used in making lens and instruments. The parametric effects and experimental results obtained using Taguchi’s methodology are discussed in detail. The applied voltage, electrolyte concentration, feed rate, electrode spacing along with some innovative factors like material density and electrode immersion depth were studied. The experimental results are illustrated that applied voltage (22%) was the most significant factor in the material removal (MR) studies; however, in the tool wear (TW) studies, its material density (18.36%) and applied voltage (16.45%) were the significant factors. Surface roughness, Ra values on the fabricated channels were obtained in the range of 0.1 to 1.2 μm. Identification of some prominent material removal modes and its practical correlation was done as an innovative approach through microstructural studies using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) approach. The MR and TW were correlated with microchipping, cratering, and thermal effects, similar to those found in EDM; these were further analyzed in getting insights and parametric optimizations.

The present investigation explains the mechanism of heat transfer for gases in forced convection through tubes. The experimental data from number of investigations for gases is correlated for gases in terms of basic variables (measured) and to obtain the empirical correlation. The above phenomenon is explained with the help of the concept of overall turbulence which is a combined effect of mobility of fluid in sublayer and eddy turbulence in core. The heat transfer rate, in tube diameter around 5.0 mm, is maximum for gases.

Energy is a pre-eminent input for the progress as well as the fiscal development of any country. The fossil fuel price is increasing day by day, whereas the cost of systems used for non-conventional energy moderately declines with the development of technology. In the last forty-year (1960–2020), 80 percent of fossil fuel is used. Approximately, 20 percent of whole energy resources come from a renewable source. This paper outlines the modeling and cost analysis of the PV–wind hybrid energy system for the institutional area using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER). The complete analysis is carried out by the software HOMER. HOMER is a type of powerful software that can be used for different aspects of HPS such as their optimization, strategy of their control, size, and structure.

This paper audits ongoing propel the polymer mixed with composite by renewable resources and presently expected practical applications may be composed or constructed. So, defeat the burdens, for example, low-quality mechanical polymer by inexhaustible resources, or counterbalance significant expenses are manufactured biodegradable polymers with composite to be created throughout previous research work. There are three different types of polymers from renewable resources to be used (1) natural polymers, for example, starch, protein, cellulose, etc., (2) manufactured polymer has different characteristics of monomer and (3) polymerize by microbial ageing. The hydrophilic types of natural polymers are added to the fruitful improvement in favourable composites. The different types of polymers from renewable resources are combined with the nanocomposite material to prepare the new polymer materials. In case of environmental prospects, these polymer materials from renewable resources were to increase the growth due to neglecting the emission. So, we have recently used fossil fuels to generate more harmful gases and should be avoidable for environmental aspects. The most suitable products to prepare the new polymer-based nanocomposite material from the available in renewable resources. The various types of nanofiller and reinforcement matrix like graphene, CNT, layered silicate reinforced are to be used for the better improvement of mechanical, electrical, thermal and physical properties of polymer bio-nanocomposites material.

The big issue with a human driving car is traffic, with the current continuous growth in the world population. The second big issue with the growing population is creating huge chaos, which leads to accidents. Every year nearly 1.35 million people lose their lives due to traffic crashes, and 20 to 50 million face serious injuries with some untreatable disability as of their road injury. Over 80% of accidents happen due to driver error. Other issues are the efficiency of the car as we are slowly transforming into the electric car. This paper introduced car with the self-driving feature using genetic algorithm to reduce the traffic with route optimization, and by reducing traffic, so that many problems related to driving can be solved. It minimizes the rate of an accident and also maximizes the efficiency of the car.

In this study, the psychoacoustic parameters, loudness, and sharpness are studied to establish their correlation to the sound quality of an Indian string instrument Sitar. These parameters are extracted using audio feature extraction in the Simcenter Testlab software. The sound recording is carried in an anechoic chamber to reduce or eliminate the noise in the recorded audio signal. The musical sound quality evaluation has a lot of challenges as it involves subjective human evaluation. Besides, quantifying the evaluation parameters must account for the nonlinear perception of sound in the frequency as well as time domain. The psychoacoustic parameters become important for such evaluation. Three different Sitars are used in this study. The quality of these Sitars are predecided using opinions given by expert juries of ten Sitarists and is reported here as ‘Khuli Jawari’, ‘Gol Jawari’, and ‘Band Jawari’ Sitars. The relative values of the chosen psychoacoustic parameters correlate with the subjective evaluation of the sound quality of the Sitar as established by the team of juries. Thus, these parameters quantify the subjective evaluation of the musical sound quality of Sitar.

In this work, we implement a response surface method, for investigating the impact of machining parameters on tool life and wear characteristics. The influence variables also include the temperature on the degradation of tool material. Taylor’s tool life equation based on the cutting speed is evaluated for different tool lift exponents which represent the type of work piece material. Three different types of cooling mediums have been considered for the series of experiments, and hexagonal boron nitride with maximum of 1.25% by volume was used as nano particle lubricant material. The tool life for different materials has been compared to verify the accuracy of tool life predictions. The results showed that with increase in cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut, the tool life and wear reduced exponentially for cutting speeds between 50 mm/min and 100 mm/min and the maximum tool life was found when the cutting speed was 70 mm/min and feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev. Despite low cutting speeds, the depth of cut increased the tool wear and temperature by 11.1% and 10.4% respectively.

The main aim of the work is to evaluate the input and output constraints of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) process to attain the viability in machining of EN8 widely used in shafts, gears, studs, bolts and keys due to its high wear and tear resistance. The machining process is carried out by using copper, brass, Al 6061 low and high strength electrodes. The evaluation is done using MINITAB software and observed Taguchi signal–noise ratio are applied to improve the constraints such as MRR and TWR on EN8 and the ideal values of input constraints such as Pulse on Time, Discharge Current and Pulse off Time were obtained.

In this new era of smart sensors, the field of robotics has enormously grown to its next level, the automation process in the industrial sector increases the fast product development as well as cost reduction and the manpower requirement can be decreased. In industries, autonomous mapping and navigating robot will play a vital role for the large warehouse where multiple task can be implemented and done using the autonomous navigating general-purpose robot, in this project an autonomous navigating robot is developed based on the lidar system using SLAM methodology which has the ability to map the environment on its own and able to find the shortest / convenient path to the destination, this robot uses the lidar as a input sensor based on the input taken it creates a map and finds the path for navigation even in the partially observable environment, This robot model uses the model based reflex agent as its environment and uses the HECTOR SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping) along with adaptive Monte Carlo localization (AMCL) on a robot operating system (ROS) platform deployed on Raspberry Pi, using the combination of HECTOR SLAM and AMCL both the dynamic and static environment can be handled by the robot due to the adaptiveness of the robot this is highly reliable for the use in the industrial environment, HECTOR SLAM technique eliminates the requirement of odometry as this HECTOR SLAM takes the lidar position as a feedback system unlike other SLAM algorithms. This work also features the implementation of both A* algorithm and AMCL based on the use cases and the user preference. By giving an add-on device to this robot which can accomplish the task given by the user like transportation of products and cleaning the floor of the industries, security and surveillance and much more activities. This kind of robot helps to reduce the manpower required in the industrial sector and to automate the industrial sector which paves the way for the next generation of development in the industry.

Misfire is one of the key challenges engines encounter because it adds to the power loss amid air pollutants such as CO and NOx from the exhaust gas. Due to a certain cylinder, discrepancy produces a special pattern of vibration. These patterns can extract useful properties and analyze them to detect misfire. This paper aims to use a machine learning method a misfire identification comprehensive framework. Vibration signals have been used in the present analysis (via piezoelectric accelerometer) as a form of misfire that is unique to each cylinders. Statistical features were then derived and used the J48 from the obtained features, and the feature selection is implemented. The roughest theory classifier was used in the classification of the misfire in the cylinder. In Maruti Suzuki Baleno, the experiment was tested and all cylinder misfire testing was carried out for individual cylinders separately. Through tenfold cross-validation in WEKA, the classifier output was validated.

In environmental circumstances and high wind speed, the wind turbine blades are vulnerable to damage and causing performance deficiency. The key objective of this research is to conduct health inspection for working wind turbine (WT) blades. A wind turbine with three blades was used, by simulating the incidents such as pitch fault, hub-blade loose contact, crack, erosion, and blade bend faults. With the help of the accelerometer, the vibration signatures of these faults were collected, and it is supplied as input to the classifier for classification after the feature extraction and selection process. Descriptive statistical parameters were used as features, and the selection of features was performed with a J48 decision tree. This multiclass problem was classified using fuzzy-unordered rule-induction (FURIA) algorithm, and in order to assess whether the blade is in good or bad state, the total classification accuracy was found to be 87.5% over 0.63 s in time interval.

Enhancement of heat transfer coefficient in evaporation processes using axially fluted surfaces compared to smooth surfaces is prominently displayed over several decades. Experimental research shows that with the help of a vertical tube evaporator, high heat transfer coefficient in the range from 10,000 to 20,000 W/m2K can be achieved. Heat transfer coefficient enhancement is closely related to the formation of thin film over the vertical tubes. However, the lower thickness of thin film over vertical tubes causes dry patches during the evaporation process leading to significant salt depositions, thus decreasing the evaporator's overall performance. Limited experimental studies are made to characterize the external evaporating thin-film formation for variation in feed rate, temperature, and tube length. In this paper, an experimental setup is designed to study thin-film formation on a fluted aluminum pipe of 24 mm outer diameter with 21 flutes. A detailed experimental investigation is performed to study the thin-film characteristics with the use of digital imaging. The minimum flow rate to avoid trough flow with no external heat source is recognized as 1 l/m for feed temperature ranging from 22 to 70°C up to 350 mm tube length. This finding is vital for applying the fluted tube in a vertical tube evaporator for water distillation to avoid dry patches contributing to salt depositions.

This paper describes the analysis of low-power cache memory design for single bit architecture made up of six transistor static random access memory cell, write driver circuit, and voltage latch sense amplifier. At different values of resistance, consumption of power of cache memory design for single bit architecture has been analyzed. Process corner simulation and Monte Carlo simulation also have been done to check the robustness of the architecture. Conclusion arises that consumption of power decreases on increase in the value of resistance and 13.57 µW consumption of power done by cache memory design for single bit static random access memory cell voltage latch sense amplifier design with 13.02 ηs.

This paper describe the performance analysis of low-power cache memory design for single bit architecture for core processors made up of six transistor static random access memory cell, write driver circuit and differential types and latch type sense amplifiers such as volatge differential sense amplifier and current latch sense amplifier. Furthermore, to reduce power consumption of cache memory design for single bit different kinds of power reduction techniques such as power reduction footer stack technique, power reduction sleep transistor technique and power reduction dual sleep technique are applied over different blocks of design and conclude that cache memory design for single bit architecture having volatge differential sense amplifier and six transistor random access memory cell with power reduction forced stack technique consume lowest power, i.e., 9.10 µW and 34 number of transistor in architecture.

In this research paper, we are concentrated to improve the environmental conditions by the use of non-conventional bio-catalysts. The production of chemical and new polymeric materials is catalyst agents from natural terms of bio-renewable resources. The various types of technologies were used to grow the environmental properties and to produce the fuels and energy from bio-renewable resources. It is very effective technologies to be improved and efficiency to enhance the better performance by the fermentation process. This fermentation of cell immobilized process to increase the cell immobilized and also improved the metabolism. Most of the polymer materials are major sources from bio-polymers or bio-renewable resources. While, the other technology will be used to improve the fermented process by the use of water–oil cultivation and there are most effectively technology will be helpful in operating factors for fermentation process. The carboxylic acids are used in fermentation process and they will be produced from the petroleum feedstocks. Those technologies were used for fermentation to be prepared the chemical structures and building blocks for industrial applications. In this process, the important role plays in fermentation of fungi for pharmaceuticals products. This review paper have been discussed on the various technologies be used for fermentation process in terms of industrial purpose. In this research, we are main focussed on that paper in fermentation process have been used the bio-processing for value added products from the renewable resources.

This work delineates a design study for a stand-alone greenhouse system suitable for hot climatic regions. The greenhouse has been powered by PV and battery backup. This study is an extension of earlier research work where a detail thermal model of a ridge ventilated, distributed evaporative cooled greenhouse system had been illustrated. In this study, the sizing of the cooling system components like pump, sump, and forced-draft (FD) fan are suitably presented. Finally, a design strategy has been taken to run the cooling system components. It is found that to run 180 m2 greenhouse satisfactorily two sumps of 331.5 L each, two pumps 225 W each, six fans 112 W each and cooling pad having 18 m × 0.6 m are needed. The results depicts that a 5.4 kW PV array capacity of 18 modules, 28 (12 V, 200 Ah) batteries, 7.5 KVA, 48 V inverter, and 80 A, 24 V charge controller are required for supplying power to the electrical load of the greenhouse.

The gear trains were used as power transmission system in machines. Because of wear and tear operation, the gearbox gets defective and produce sounds and make the machine to vibrate. As wear and tear builds, the level of vibration and sounds additionally expands which makes the gears unfit for specific applications. Regularly, it is important to know the amount of time the gear can be utilized before it is replaced with new one. This paper makes use of the same ideas for remaining useful time of gears by building regression models. A set of examinations had been conducted to capture the vibration signals of gears at different stages. VMD is being utilized as an evaluation pre-treating technique. They have information on the statistical characteristics, and using the decision tree algorithm, J48 is chosen as the best feature. With the functionality selected, different regression models have been built and their performances were compared and found that for normalized, linear regression provided the maximum regression value of 0.9985 when compared to the discretized RBF of 0.8873.

In this work, mechanical characterization of Al2024 alloy subjected to repetitive corrugation and straightening (RCS) process has been carried out under the conditions of before and after annealing process also wear behavior of Al2024 alloy processed with optimized RCS parameters in annealed conditions was investigated. L9 orthogonal array was considered for selection of processing parameters to study the ultimate tensile strength. Specific wear rate was characterized in a pin-on disc tribotester under the varying conditions of sliding distance, load and sliding velocity. Results reveal that, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of RCSed specimens at room temperature yields higher strength than the values under annealed conditions. It was observed that, the ultimate tensile strength of RCSed specimens are subsequently reduces an average of 5.38%, 11.84% and 25.46% under the treatment of subsequent annealing at 150 °C, 250 °C and 350 °C, respectively. Higher values of sliding velocity, applied load and sliding distance exhibit higher wear rate under all experimental conditions.

The experimental study aimed on the fabrication of sisal fiber reinforced composites (SFRCs) and mechanical characterization such as tensile, hardness, and flexural strength. Three different kinds of samples of sisal fiber/epoxy composite were prepared by varied orientation of fiber and by considering the 30% of fiber–matrix weight ratio. Epoxy resin (LAPOX L12) and hardener (K-6) are taken as the matrix and binder. Alkali treatment was performed using 4% NaOH solutions. Test samples were prepared and characterized as per ASTM standards. The results exhibited the properties of treated SFRCs are superior to those of untreated SFRCs for same fiber loading. The unidirectional fiber orientation [0,0] of hybrid composites provides the maximum tensile and flexural strength as compared with [0,45] and [0,90] composites. Also, morphology is studied on fractured surfaces.

Diesel-powered engines are the supreme efficient engines. But there is a major drawback in diesel engines which is the emission of NOx. The catalytic converter is ineffective in the best for the diesel engine. The inefficiency in the catalytic converter led to the introduction of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) method. SCR is not implemented in Indian vehicles. Researches are going on to introduce the selective catalytic reduction system in Indian vehicles for Bharath stage 6. The catalytic layer present in the SCR is zeolite with titanium di oxide. The problem with this catalyst is the activity of this catalyst reduces when the temperature exceeds more than 700°. In this project, ceria and copper (II) oxide is used as a catalyst. This catalyst can retain its reducing property at 700 °C. The catalyst which is chosen for this project is cheaper than the existing catalyst. Urea concentration is also varied to check the performance of the catalyst. Aqueous urea solutions of concentrations 10, 20 and 30% are made to conduct experiments. The maximum reduction in NOx was up to 95% in the loaded condition. The reduction in smoke is found to an extent of 90%.The reduction of NOx efficiency in 30% concentration of aqueous urea. The reduction of smoke is found at all the concentrations of aqueous urea solution.

Diesel engines play an important role in satisfying world power demand in both commercial and industrial sectors. However due to release of harmful gases and rapid depletion of fossil fuels for the last decades makes us shift to alternate fuels sources. In this work biodiesel extracted from the source jatropha oil and tested in diesel engine as an alternate fuel. Initially, biooil is extracted from Jatropha plant and it is changed into biodiesel with the aid of transesterification process. The corresponding fuel properties for biodiesel and its blends are tested and it is well matched with ASTM standards. Furthermore, experimental studies were performed in, naturally aspirated, mono cylinder, water cooled, direct injection diesel engine at various load conditions. Then the oxygen enrichment is done at the inlet with the percentage variation from 22 to 24%. Test results obtained reveal that BTE is raised by 8 to 10% for B20 blends with the increased oxygen concentration. Then increasing the inlet oxygen levels results in reduction of BSFC for both biodiesel and its blends. Regarding emission parameters, the gradual declination in smoke opacity and Carbon Monoxide is achieved at higher load conditions for biodiesel blends (B20). On the other hand, due to elevated oxygen concentration and rise in peak cycle temperature result in elevated NOx emissions for pure Biodiesel and its blends.

Rapid growth of industrialization and depleting resources of fossil fuel coupled with air pollution caused by the emissions released by engines have been a threat for the future generations. In this work biodiesel extracted from the source Pongamia Pinnata (Karanja) and tested in diesel engine. Initially biooil is extracted from karanja plant and it is converted into biodiesel by transesterification process. The corresponding physical properties for biodiesel and its blends are tested and it is well matched with ASTM standards. Furthermore, experimental studies were performed in naturally aspirated, mono cylinder, water-cooled, DI diesel engine at various load conditions. Then the oxygen enrichment is done at the inlet with the percentage variation from 21 to 27%. Test results obtained reveals that BTE is increased by 8–9% for B20 blends with the increased oxygen concentration. BSFC reduces for B30 blends with the rise in inlet oxygen levels. Regarding emission parameters the gradual reduction in CO and smoke opacity is achieved at higher load conditions for biodiesel blends (B30). On the other hand, due to increased concentration in oxygen and high combustion chamber temperature, NOx emissions increases for pure biodiesel and its blends.

Rapid depletion of fossil fuels biodiesel comes into play in satisfying the current energy demands. Biodiesel extracted from the non-edible source gains an attention due to food scarcity issues faced by current increasing world population. In the present work an oil is extracted from the source of tamanu seed and tested in diesel engine. Initially biooil is extracted from tamanu seed and it is converted into biodiesel by transesterification process. The corresponding physical properties for biodiesel and its blends are tested and it is well matched with ASTM standards. Experiment is performed in a diesel engine. Then the oxygen enrichment is done at the inlet with the percentage variation from 21 to 27%. Test result shows efficiency is improved by 7 to 9% for B20 blends with the increased oxygen concentration. For both biodiesel and its blends the brake specific fuel consumption reduces with the rise in inlet oxygen levels. Regarding emission parameters the gradual reduction in CO and smoke opacity is achieved at higher load conditions for biodiesel blends (B20). On the other hand, due to more oxygen concentration and rise in cylinder temperature NOx emissions increases for biodiesel and its blends.

Heat stress is often an unacknowledged occupational health hazard especially in developing countries. Climatic zones like tropical and subtropical regions having higher air temperature, humidity and radiant temperature values may impose greater risks of heat-related illness and safety threats to users employed in developing countries having low and medium incomes. Present study aimed at assessing the environmental variables followed by evaluating the heat stress exposures levels at different time periods during the hot summer season utilizing widely used indices, i.e. wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT), discomfort index (DI), humidex (HD), heat index (HI), tropical summer index (TSI); so to have better insights of the stressful thermal climatic conditions experienced by the users engaged in outdoor work activities. Results revealed higher heat stress exposure levels attributable to noon and afternoon periods, indicating stressful climatic conditions, with respective indices exceeding the threshold limit values (TLVs). For WBGT, strong relationship was observed with TSI (R2-value = 0.918) and DI (R2-value = 0.891) indices, although least association with HI (R2-value = 0.644) and HD (R2-value = 0.566) indices. However, highest association was observed among HI and HD indices (r-value = 0.995; p-value < 0.01). From results, it may be concluded that noon and afternoon time periods could impose excessive heat strain on user’s work capabilities as compared to morning and evening periods, which could cause greater risks of heat-related morbidities and safety threats to workers/users employed, with consequent negative impacts on productivity and financial burden.

In a non-fusion joining procedure, friction stir welding is a relatively modern approach to join material without melting by the non-consumable uniquely tuned tool. During the welding, a rigid workpiece clamping is the most significant aspect of preventing lifting and dispersing. This poses several timely clamping issues. These problems are strongly interlinked with weld strength. Suitable work holding device is essential for normal and underwater friction stir welding. A fixture is designed to overcome the existing problems of the convention clamping systems. A fixture is made of D2 steel and 12050 steel material. The experimental validation found that this approach achieves superior weld on the visual inspections. The Autodesk Fusion360 package is adopted to model the fixture design. The job changing time was significantly reduced. The developed fixture is reliable on both welding conditions for making the proper weldment.

Wind energy is a promising sector in renewable sources of energy in India. The power generated from a wind turbine depends on wind speed and wind density for a given blade radius. The wind speed is an uncontrollable factor, but the blade’s design should be such that it gives better output in all types of wind conditions. This paper presents parameters affecting the blade’s design in the wind turbine and includes a study on various factors like tip speed ratio, solidity, and twist in the blade. Loads acting on the blade are gravitational, bending and edge-wise, and centrifugal. Loads set critical limits of the design. To sustain load endurance in modern wind turbine blades uses specific optimization. Paper presents two such optimizations, which include vortex generators and flaps. Flap increases the blade’s efficiency by 5–12%. They reduce the load on blades, leading to more energy dissipation at low wind speed conditions. According to the vortex generator’s industrial usage, it brings a rise in the AEP of the wind power plant by 24%.

Natural fiber composite plays significant role in recent development of manufacturing industry. Owing to the high modulus, diligent strength, and decreased carbon footprint on the atmosphere, the use of natural fiber composite is greatly enhanced over the years. This research provides an understanding of recent awareness of coir fiber composites and coir fiber reinforced composites updated with reactive diluents. Varying concentration of fiber (1, 3, 5, 7) wt% in epoxy and fix diluent concentration 5 wt% being used for this experimental study. Tensile behavior has been observed for both epoxy system where modified epoxy/coir fiber shows comparatively good result and enhancement of ~14% in tensile strength, where in case of epoxy/coir fiber composite shows the maximum enhancement of ~10 wt%. Natural fiber with high cellulose content gives better formation in polymeric chain. Increasing the amount of block co-polymer formation improves the strength of the epoxy system. Availability of functional group present in the system has been observed by Fourier Transformation Analysis (FTIR) which shows presence C=C and N–O bond justifies the enhancement the property of epoxy/coir and modified epoxy/coir system. This study shows that the use of diluent not only affects the viscosity of epoxy resin, but also increases the strength of polymeric composite material.

In this article, the hydrodynamic performance of microchannel cooling systems has been predicted analytically. The microchannel have a high surface area to volume ratio, due to that it has high heat transfer coefficients. The microchannel cooling systems have received prompt attention from researchers to address the cooling challenges of electronic components. However, due to the diameter of the order of microns, as the pressure drop is inversely proportional to the channel diameter, it leads to more pressure drop in the microchannel. Such that the investigation of flow characteristics in the microchannel is tremendously on-demand to understand hydrodynamics. Unfortunately, the applicability of conventional theories (Darcy pressure drop equations) in microchannel flows is still under debate. Kandlikar has come up with an expression for predicting pressure drop in microchannels by considering the Poiseuille number and aspect ratio of microchannels. This paper concentrated on validating the predictions of the Kandlikar pressure drop equation and Darcy pressure drop equation with experimental work taken from literature. The results show that available analytical methods are under-predicting as those will not consider the surface roughness and uncertainty present while conducting experiments. Among the analytical models, the Kandlikar equation predictions are better than the other methods, and the results of the prediction are well in agreement with experimental results.

Mumbai dabbawallah’s is a great example of a Six Sigma certified world-class logistics service. All of this is possible without the use of advanced technologies such as navigation services, GPS, mobile applications and tracking services, and even without the use of a car. So, looking at the case of dabbawallah in Mumbai, it is very important to know how they are doing this, even if they give their workers very little salary. This white paper details Mumbai’s dabbawallah logistics services and the most important factors for success without the intervention of advanced technology in the system. In this paper, detailing of the factors that contribute to the success of dabbawallah’s supply chain network or logistics services in Mumbai have been done. It is also confirmed population density, land distribution, urban freight transportation in Mumbai, Mumbai Suburban Railway System are Mumbai dabbawallah’s facing factors in operation.

Rail IRSM 41-97 steel is a corrosion resistance steel used in railway industries to manufacture wagon body due to it high resistance to corrosion. During rail coach manufacturing, IRSM 41-97 steel plates are welded using ER70S-6 filler wire. Porosity, spatter, lack of fusion, improper weld bead profile, and lack of penetration are some of the problems that occur during GTAW and GMAW welding of IRSM 41-97 rail steel plates. When these rail wagons are exposed to extreme climatic conditions for a longer period of time, (i.e.,) for more than 10–12 years, catalytic corrosion initiates in the WZ which leads to catastrophic failure. Hence, this research aims to prepare a defect free rail IRSM 41-97 steel GTAW and GMAW single pass butt weld joints using ER70S-6 solid filler wire. Further, the integrity of rail IRSM 41-97 steel butt joints is investigated using Vickers hardness testing machine and optical microscope.

WECS for brushless DC motor using a reboost converter has been proposed using sensorless concept of electromotive force. Wind output power is erratic in nature; hence, sensorless control is proposed by using a reboost converter with the varied firing angle of power switches at ‘90-α’ and ‘150-α’ which is introduced to operate the brushless DC motor with various ranges of speed. A closed loop control is attained with the help of PI controller. The PI controller provides feedback compensation to regulate the speed of the BLDC motor for varying wind speed. The proposed reboost converter is controlled in the closed loop by using PI Controller.

Industrial Mechanical Internet of Things (IIoT) assumes a crucial job for Industry 4.0, individuals are focused on actualizing a general, versatile and make sure about IIoT framework to be embraced across different ventures. Be that as it may, existing IIoT frameworks are powerless against single purpose of disappointment and noxious assaults, which can not offer stable types of assistance. Because of the versatility and security guarantee of block-chain, consolidating block-chain and IoT increases extensive intrigue. Be that as it may, block-chains power-serious and have low-throughput, that are not reasonable power-obliged IoT gadgets. We propose a block-chain-empowered productive information assortment and secure sharing plan consolidating Ethereumblock-chain and deep reinforcement learning to make a dependable and safe condition. Right now, is utilized to accomplish the most extreme measure of gathered information, and the block-chain innovation is utilized to guarantee security and dependability of information sharing. The proposed framework exploits block-chain innovation as far as its straightforwardness and sealed nature to help reasonable products trade among dealers and providers. Also, the decentralization and pseudonymity property will assume a critical job in safeguarding the security of members in the block-chain.

In railway track, more accidents occur due to the objects in the railway track. In train, everyday getting to thousands of passengers traveling by trains. Consequently, the protection of the travelers has to be safeguarded. The proposed system is used to sense the object in the railway track and intimate information to the control office and engine driver. So, this proposed work can observe the object using sensor, and the information about the object is transferred before the 10 min of the arrival of the train. The railroad is totally automated using Bluetooth, RFID, Wi-Fi, GPS, live video streaming, and GPS. The live video stream is transmitted to the cloud from the mobile application. To avoid the accidents, the train may be stopped.

Most of the flows encountered in engineering applications are complex in nature to enable and understand such flow Hele Shaw is the technique means of obtaining such quantitative pattern of flow. Fluid dynamics is a vast subject for the study of fluid behavior, also there are lot of improvements in modern physics and mathematics of fluid dynamics even there exist a lot of tools like computational fluid dynamics for simulation and huge flow visualization methods like analytical method, graphical method and electrical method but to determine the flow parameters is difficult task for inviscid flow analysis, under various conditions flow parameters for any object keeps on varying. Even a small dust particle exists in lab may change the density of the flow and there by changes flow patterns, etc., hence to study and analyze this unpredictable nature hele Shaw method is the best method considered and most convenient for drawing flow patterns this method is based that pass the flow of fluid between two parallel plate with narrow gap. To conduct this experiment, it is necessary to design and construct a suitable Hele Shaw apparatus.

Forest fires are one of the major ultimate to natural and human established environment and have shown a tendency to rise in recent years. One of the crucial issues for a forest fire is associated with the combustion and propagation process. Researchers have been appraising new methods to control and diminish the repercussion of concurrent fires such as forest fires, building fires, and various space fires, but no captivating approach has been deduced from their studies so far. The key sources of these kinds of fires scrutinize the unstable nature of the flames and the strong unpredictability connected with them. Through proper experimentation, the effect of sound on the spreading of flames is investigated in the aid of spread rate. The present work is motivated by the superior standards of fire safety from practical and functional significance as it covers a wide range of engineering and industrial applications. Appreciable work had been carried out; however, the effect of sound on flames in a purely natural convective environment is an aspect yet to be thoroughly understood. The main objectives of the project are to study the fire propagation phenomenon in presence of acoustics and to fundamentally understand the role of key controlling parameters. The present work attempts physical insight into the effect of sound frequency, sound source distance, and a number of acoustic sources on the spreading of flames in opposed and concurrent configurations. An experimental setup was upraised comprising of a sound source with essential controls. The frequency of sound source and number of external sources are systematically varied keeping the ignition front fixed. The result advocates the significant effect of acoustics on the fire propagation phenomenon in distinct modes.

Industries are moving towards automation looking for application of robotics for performing flexible machining operations with high accuracy and precision. Industries require such robotic configuration which covers multiple domain within a single robotic system. The current work proposes for such robotic configurations to achieve such flexible 360° machining operations such as drilling. A three-dimensional computer aided design of the 5DOF robot manipulator robotic structure is done with the help of SOLIDWORKS software and it is visualized using RoboAnalyzer and then is fabricated accordingly. Kinematic analyzes such as forward kinematics and reverse kinematics of 5DOF robot manipulator with five revolute joints of proposed model are represented in a simplified manner. The forward kinematics are developed from Denavit-Hartenberg parameters and homogenous transformation matrix. The inverse kinematics are further obtained using algebraic solution method. The workspace is shown for the proposed robotic configurations from RoboAnalyzer software. The path planning is created and evaluated for the desired orientation and position of end effector manipulator. The calculation for the static torque is done. Finally, the results of kinematic analysis are validated with the help of RoboAnalyzer and MATLAB-Simulink to obtain desired output.

With the help of the Roark formula, the stress concentration factor for a rectangular plate with a central elliptical hole can be evaluated. However, the effect of length was missing in the formula and the literature as well. Although its effect has been noticed by researchers. The effects of length and other geometrical factors on SCF are studied in this paper. The influences of length on SCF between transition length and critical length are identified. Effects of length on SCF for other parameters are drawn to get a value of SCF quickly. Finally, a formulation of SCF with different geometrical parameters is established. The deviation of results from the formulation and simulation is within $$\pm 7\%$$ ± 7 % .

To study the performance of a turbocharged wet ethanol operated homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine-based thermal system at various operating parameters, thermodynamic investigations were conducted. The goal of this thermodynamic analysis is to see how the compressor pressor ratio, ambient temperature and equivalence ratio affect the thermal and exergetic efficiencies of a wet ethanol powered turbocharged HCCI engine. According to a detailed performance analysis of a wet ethanol powered HCCI engine-based system using the above discussed operating parameters, raising the compressor pressure ratio and equivalence ratio increases thermal and exergetic efficiencies. On the other hand, as the ambient temperature increases, the energetic and exergetic efficiency of the turbocharged HCCI engine operating on wet ethanol decrease.

This research work is focusing on the different properties of heat transfer through 3D structures. There are four different level of analysis to find the facts of 3D heat transfer. In the first step, nature and effects of surface radiosity have been analyzed, and it is found that diffuse irradiance (Idiff) value is 100 [W/m2] for diffuse surface and 0.5 [W/m2] for diffuse mirror. It is also noticed that the effect of surface radiosity which is the same in both the cases, while surface emission (€) value is 0, and 1 is 519 w/m2 (max.). Second step explains about how to quantify the temperature variations which is very helpful for any micro-level devices for better retaining at higher level of temperature. It is also providing the knowledge of thermal stability for different applications like retaining of electronic devices for higher temperature and continuously for long time period. In third step, effort has been done to understand the thermally induced deformation of a plate, and finally, in fourth step, 3D heat transfer and effects of conductivity have been analyzed. After analyzing all these steps, one can use these properties to fabricate the micro- or nano-level devices for different kind of biomedical applications; these kind of devices are very sensitive, and all the parameters can be checked using simulation so that by using micromachining technique novel type of devices can be manufactured which may help to the society to solve many health or environment-related issues.

Taguchi based approach was utilized in this research to predict the cutting zone temperature of AZ91D Magnesium alloy during turning operation. For this research turning parameters such as depth of cut, feed and spindle speeds were selected uniformly in three different levels. During machining, the heat measurement of cutting zone is being influenced by machining parameters, particularly in continuous operation. Since the cutting tool life and machined parts surface quality robustly depend upon temperature at cutting zone, it is vital to forecast heat generation in cutting zone. Outcome response has been analyzed and optimal cutting parameters obtained which generates minimum amount of temperature at cutting zone.

In this present era, where technological and strategical advancement in the field of automation and smart sensors, the role of robotics plays a vital act through its actions, the process of automation in industrial sector extends its limit in rapid product development as well as cost reduction. In industries, multipurpose autonomous robot which could be able to map the environment and navigate to the desired location will play an enormous role in the large industries and in warehouse where multiple tasks to be executed and accomplished. In this work, a multipurpose autonomous ground vehicle is developed based on the SLAM algorithms using a 360º LIDAR, which could map the environment in which it is deployed and uses the same for planning a path to navigate to its desired destination. This robot uses LIDAR and camera as a major source of input parameter for determining its environment to create a map and plan a path for navigation which gives the ability to operate in both static and dynamic environment. This robot is mainly featuring with the Hector simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) which eliminated the need of odometry and uses its laser data as a feedback for determining the environment and to localize the state of the robot in the environment. This robot utilizes the feature of adaptive Monte Carlo localization (AMCL) for its navigation, which is programmed on a robot operating system (ROS) deployed on a Raspberry Pi. By including various features and add-on devices, robot can accomplish the task given by the user such as transportation of products, cleaning the floor and maintenance, surveillance, and much more activities using various featured programs, this robot helps in the reduction of the manpower requirement, maintenance, cost, and improve the productivity by increasing the production rate and automate the industrial sector for the current and the future generation requirements.

The automation process has entered into most of the domains, and this project is to further enhance the process in the sports domain in cricket. The cricket bowling machine is developed to hone the batting skills of the batsman by training and to reduce the injuries for the bowlers during the net-session. The existing bowling machines require a second person to operate it. So, the fully automated cricket bowling machine (FAC-BM) is developed to eliminate the second person to operate and to gain a match bowling experience during the training session. The FAC-BM is developed with four play modes as Training mode, Stroke play mode, Resistance mode, and Slog over mode to get a high-quality training session for the batsman. This machine is developed with an automatic line and length changing system with robotic actuation for more accuracy with gear assembly for more variations in line and length. This machine includes an automatic ball feeder system that will feed 33 balls per round with a servo actuator. The telescopic rods been used in the base stand adjust the height of the machine for the different age players.

In metal additive manufacturing process, deposition characteristics are very important to determine the quality of the deposition and the process efficiency. To achieve, this an adaptive neural-fuzzy-based computational intelligence (CI) technique is used to model the layer width and layer height in laser-based direct energy deposition technique as this is one of the most promising metal additive manufacturing methodologies. In this present study, neural network-based architecture was applied to develop an optimal neural-fuzzy system for modeling and predicting the width and height of the deposited layer for three controllable process variables such as feed rate, power, and scanning velocity of the laser. Hybridization of steepest descent and least squares method was used as a learning method in the proposed adaptive neural-fuzzy predictive system. To do the comparative study of prediction accuracy of biometal deposition characteristics, trapezoidal and Gaussian membership function were considered after careful study. The predicted deposition characteristics feature values predicted from proposed adaptive neural-fuzzy model have been compared with the real data. This comparative study indicates that the proposed methodology can design optimal data base and rule base of the fuzzy system for predicting the deposition characteristics in metal additive manufacturing process.

To survive and grow in today’s world characterized by fierce competition and surrounded by uncertain environments, manufacturing industries are forced to manage internal and external supply chain (SC) disruptions to achieve operational excellence. Automotive manufacturing industries have multiple collaborations at various operations levels, making a complex network of linked activities. Any unprecedented event of slight to severe magnitude adversely hampers various workday activities in the organization. Multiple researchers have cited the susceptibility of the automotive supply chain to numerous risks. Mitigation of risks is vital as complete elimination is impossible on many occasions. This research aims to find out risk factors through a literature review coupled with input from industry experts. After identifying risks, this article ranks the risk factors critical to the automotive SC based on the severity of adverse impacts by considering five different criterions using Technique for Ordered Preference and Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The weight of the evaluation criteria was calculated based on the entropy method. This study identifies thirteen critical risk factors (CRFs), and ranking tools prioritizes “Delay risks,” “Management risks,”, “Supplier risks,” “Employees risks,” and “Inappropriate tools and techniques risks” as the top five CRFs. These research findings will support managers and policymakers framing risk mitigation plans to achieve operational excellence in the entire SC and use the systematic modeling approach to identify CRFs with adverse impacts.

Earth air heat exchangers (EAHE) are gaining importance worldwide due to very small amount of energy consumption. But, EAHEs alone cannot provide the comfortable conditions all around the year. So, they are coupled with other systems. Various systems that have been coupled with EAHE and studied by research scholars around the world are discussed in this paper. It is concluded that EAHE coupled with some additional system provides added advantages in the form of higher energy savings and comfortable environment. It is also pointed out that there should be some control mechanism that switches on/off the required equipment depending upon the ambient weather conditions.

Localization is a key component of the Internet of things (IoT), where the location of everything (LOE) plays a critical role in the development of most IoT-related services. On the other side, data mining techniques and analyses are required when dealing with large amounts of data generated by IoT platforms. Indeed, combining location-based approaches with data mining analysis can result in a smart system service for IoT structure and applications. For this purpose, we created a smart shopping platform with four modules: component placement, component data collecting, component data analysis, and component data mining. Then, a precise localization technique known as “location orbital” is developed, which predicts the present position of mobile objects (users) based on both current and previous locations or regions.

In this paper, we are developing a system to constantly monitor people if they are wearing a mask and maintain social distancing. The human detection and mask verification from the live streaming is done using an object detection algorithm mobilenet SSD. The distance between two humans is calculated using the eucleidian distance between two bounding boxes of the humans to verify if they are maintaining social distancing. If two humans are not following social distancing or even if they are not wearing any mask the bounding boxes are marked red alerting them. Thus, helps to effectively monitor social distancing norms among the general public.

Agriculture is a field that plays a critical role in the development of our country’s economy. The selection of each crop is crucial in the cultivation planning. Many experts studied crop production pace prediction, climate prediction, soil characterization, and crop grouping for agriculture planning using AI techniques. To alter modifications in our Indian economy, many advancements in the agriculture area are required. As of late, the ppl developing these items and such items are a lot of shaky to be delivered because of the abrupt weatherly natural reasons and absence of ground hydro assets. Now and again, ranchers don’t know about the crop which suits their dirt quality, soil supplements, and soil organization. This task means to anticipate winter wheat yields dependent on the spot and climate information. It is propelled by this information science challenge. The explanations for this incorporate climate conditions, obligation, family issues, and incessant change in Indian government standards. In this way, the framework centers around checking the dirt quality to anticipate the crop reasonable for development as per their dirt sort and amplify the crop yield with suggesting fitting manure. The work proposes to help ranchers check the dirt quality relying upon the investigation done dependent on information mining approach. In this way, the framework centers around checking the dirt quality to foresee the crop reasonable for development as indicated by their dirt sort and boost the yield with suggesting fitting compost.

To begin a decent life, medical care is vital. Be that as it may, it is exceptionally hard to the counsel the specialist if any medical problems. The proposed thought is to make a medical care Chatbot utilizing Natural Language Processing procedure it is the piece of Artificial Intelligence that can analyze the sickness and give essential. Chatbots can open up a doorway into the reality where Artificial Intelligence is getting progressed, particularly in the space of medical care, where patients will pass on their issues with a courier and get a discussion without burning through any time. The innovation at the center of the ascent of the Chatbot is natural language processing (“NLP”). The utilization of common language handling (NLP) strategies and their application to creating conversational frameworks for wellbeing analysis expands patients’ admittance to clinical information. The clinical visit bots working relies upon natural language preparing that encourages clients to present their concern about the wellbeing. The user can ask any close to home inquiry identified with medical care through the visit Bot without genuinely accessible to the emergency clinic. By Using Google API for voice-text and text-voice transformation. Inquiry is shipped off ChatBot and finds related solution and show answer on android application. The system’s significant worry behind building up this online stage is breaking down client’s feelings.

Nowadays in the advanced manufacturing sector machining and metal cutting play a prominent role, when cost and quality act as two major parameters. WEDM is widely used for advanced machining processes due to its having capability of creating complex shapes with respective machining properties. WEDM process widely used in various industrial applications like die, automobile, sheet metal, aerospace industries. AISI 52100 Steel required non-conventional machining because of its superior material properties. In this paper in detail explain the effect of controlling parameters on the responses in WEDM of AISI 52100 Steel specimens by implemented central composite face design (CCFD) carrying outset of runs espouse for the response of RSM technique. Experiments are done as per CCFD has 25 sets of runs having 16 experiments and 8 axial points and 3 experiments from center point for ensuring analysis. In this connects to attempt made on empirical mathematical model error percentage and which enables optimum process parameters correlated with cutting speed experimental.

The paper presents optimum configuration and behavior of subsea manifold structure during lifting and installation conditions. The subsea manifold structure analyzed using Bentley SACS Software v14.1. The member and plate unity check, principal stress, bending stress, von Mises, and displacement are evaluated and critical locations of the manifold structure identified. The result of the study shows that the lifting analysis found to be critical analysis for members and installation (case 2) analysis found to be critical analysis for plates. Also, the critical location of members is identified based on the performance of stress analysis as a column during lifting and installation conditions.

This paper investigates the effect of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and boron carbide (B4C) reinforcement percentages on mechanical properties of LM 25(A 356) aluminum-based hybrid composites using mixture design of experiments (MDOE) concept. As per mixture design, total ten different composite samples were prepared by stir casting procedure and investigated the micro structural and mechanical properties like hardness, yield stress, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and percentage of elongation (% of E). Result shown that the reinforcement was distributed properly and good influence on the mechanical properties and these composites are good replacement for automobile components like cylinder head, cylinder blocks, wheels and other automobile components.

This work on man–machine chart is a clear and systematic analysis of the man and machine resources available in an industry. It also deals with the routing them in an optimized way to have increased productivity. This method is proven to be better and superior than the existing procedure by without making huge leaps in technology and not investing much more in the project. It should be confirmed that the proposed method does not cause fatigue to the workers. The improvement methods may include improvement in the output with fixed man and machine power, maintaining the output by reducing the man power and by reducing the process time of process for fixed man power. While making the time study of the process, bottle neck process should be taken in to the consideration. Since the improvement in the process prior to the bottle neck process does not take much effectiveness in the productivity.

In today’s modern era, inventory management must be environmentally sustainable. So, during developing the inventory model, consideration of carbon emission has become essential. Further, practically, substitution may happen partially in situation of item stock-out. Yet, the traditional inventory models disregard these factors. In this paper, we examine a joint impact of carbon emissions and partial substitution on inventory model of two substitutable products. This model is developed under two practical cases: with substitution and no substitution. The proposed inventory model determines optimal order quantities so that total cost and total carbon emissions can be minimized. An algorithm is provided to obtain optimal solution. Convex nature of total cost is shown by graphical approach. Lastly, a numerical illustration as well as sensitivity analysis is provided to validate the model. The result shows a substantial cost reduction by using substitution policy.

Fiber metal laminates (FML) are composite materials that can be constructed by fiber and plastics, with a layer of metal in the core. It plays a vital role in the aerospace and automation industry because of its specific mechanical properties which are far better than other lightweight materials. The main limitation of this type of composite is the low binding energy between metal and plastic due to the low level of roughness that tends to delamination. The main focus of this paper is to fabricate and compare the FML composites of different core types. The core was pre-treated to clean the foreign particles that present on the surface. Fiber metal laminates are fabricated with epoxy resin and hardener in the ratio of 10:1, with three layers of glass fiber and two layers of core. The specimens were machined by using CNC machining according to ASTM standards for experimental testing. Then, the specimens were subjected to mechanical testing such as impact test, tensile test, flexural test, and the results were compared. From the result, it was identified that mesh is stronger than the plate.

Web development can range from creating fundamental static pages to compound web applications. It usually alludes to web designing, website architecture, customer/worker side scripting. As we probably are aware, software engineering joined with ecological science dominant part centres around topographical interaction affecting earth, climate, earth, woodlands and water bodies. Similarly, this venture centres after empowering individuals towards ranch and encouraging them by starting from their home itself. The venture is entitled as “Herbivicus”. The goal of “Herbivicus” is to illuminate various parts of plants. This time individuals have thought little of the force of vegetation. From expanding oxygen levels to lessening feeling of anxiety, they can do everything and change one’s home into green desert garden. The highlights associated with this undertaking are Front web-development, chatbot (Artificial knowledge), structures, APIs and UI planning. There are many people in the world who have colour blindness problem so to overcome that colour theory has been implemented. Last yet not the most un-this undertaking spreads a word to re-establish greenery as well as is a stunner for individuals to comprehend the value of house plants.

The wind tunnel is a useful apparatus to study the flow over the body. The visualization helps to understand the flow field qualitatively and provides information which can help to improve the performance of the aircraft. Among the various techniques used for the flow visualization, smoke visualization technique is less costly and useful for academic purpose. Here, in this paper, an attempt has been made to design a small wind tunnel for smoke visualization. The process of calculations have also been mentioned.

In present research work the problem of deviation of heat transfer rate along the other performance parameters in simple concentric tube heat exchanger (generally used in practice) is compared with tube in tube heat exchanger having circular cross sectional inserts and tube in tube heat exchanger having rectangular cross sectional insert with the help of a computer simulation performed on an analysis software, namely ANSYS-Fluent 16.0. The inlet conditions of all the cases are kept constant for all three systems and variations in outlet parameters are noticed with the help of simulation results as provided by the software. An increase in performance is noted with the insertion of inserts in heat exchanger, variation of results is also seen with varying cross sections of inserts. The rate of heat transfer is increased by 13.29% in case of rectangular cross sectional insert and by 0.28% in case of inserts with circular cross section. As the outcome depict a noteworthy improvement in the performance of a simple heat exchanger so this may prove to be very efficient in chemical industries as well as other sectors in which a fluid to fluid heat transfer takes place.

The field of electrical discharge machining (EDM) is very vast and has a lot of applications and variations in its execution. The advent of powder mixed EDM and ultrasonic vibrating EDM has given the area of micromachining several new parameters to improve the machining output. However, the presence of a vast number of input parameters like gap voltages, on–off time, workpiece material, tool material, dielectric, powder material, etc. has resulted in difficulties in predicting output parameters like surface quality or machining rate. Higher nickel content induces more difficulty in machining as nickel, cobalt content, or titanium constituent gives tendency to work harden. In this paper, authors have made an attempt to study machinability and comparative investigation between the input and output parameters using powder mixed EDM for INCOLOY 800 containing high % of NI, Cr. For the experimentation, an isolated setup for powder mixed EDM is built within the already available EDM setup. Experiments are performed for various combinations of current, on time and concentration of powder. Also, the effects of all parameters for both the output variables are shown graphically and studied for confirmation with the theoretical behavior. Using PMEDM machining of enhances process mechanism results higher MRR with good quality characteristics, which saves energy directing sustainable manufacturing. Predictive modeling is also adopted for the process performance using ANN and regression analysis for PMEDM.

One thing is compression ratio has an extremely key influence on emission, fuel economy, as well as other internal combustion engine performances. In diesel engines, variable compression ratio applications have various benefits, such as extensive field of the best operating rule and limiting maximal within cylinder pressure to the most important requirements: power, consumption, noise, emission, along with multi-fuel ability. The document presents the patented method for usually modify engine compression ratio through two portion connecting rod. Alongside investigational research, a model of the diesel engine combustion process through straight injection has been carried out. In this paper, we study about the four-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine as well as its features with the investigation of fuel consumption, basic power, brake thermal efficiency, and specific fuel consumption.

Collaborative robots (cobots) are known for their friendly nature with humans. Cobots are expanding their applications in various fields, such as assembly, handling, inspection, welding, and dispensing. The kinematic model of an industrial robot is based on the standard Denavit–Hartenberg parameter. In this study, forward kinematic equations of a cobot are developed, and the position of the cobot is calculated for three different sets of joint configurations. The values produced by the developed equations are verified by building the simulation model in RoboAnalyzer. The analytical results are compared with the results produced by the simulation tool. The simulation results showed that the values are identical and consistent with analytical results for the specified joint configuration.

3D printing has been emerged an innovative and popular technique in the field of manufacturing complex shaped geometry components. Considering development of environmental friendly materials and waste management global issues, many researchers are striving for development of eco-friendly and bio based polymers with addition of bio fillers to improve the applicability in the field of engineering applications and many more. In this research work, efforts have been to develop novel hybrid 3D printer filaments of PLA reinforced with walnut shell powder, egg shell powder, and white marble powder as a bio fillers. There are three types of hybrid PLA filaments were produced with 2% of bio fillers are mixed in PLA individually. The filaments were tested for parameters like tensile test, hardness, density, elongation, and melting point. The hardness is observed maximum 90–92 Sh.D in PLA+ white marble powder filament. The addition of walnut shell powder in PLA filament decreases density from 1.24 to 1.0437 g/cm3. Highest melting point is 134 °C for filament of PLA with egg shell powder. The PLA + WSP shows maximum tensile strength of 50.133 MPa. The maximum elongation of 24.62% occurs in PLA+ WSP filament.

Power law is mainly known for its relationship between two variables, as a variable change in one quantity results in a proportional change to the other variable. The power law bodies are designed based on the power law equation y α xn, where n is known as the exponent of power law, such that as n value increases the body gets aerodynamically sharp. It is used for designing the waveriders, which protect the pressure spillage by help of shockwave, hence extra lift and reduced drag. In this study, power law body designs are done for n = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.8, 0.9, and 1. The numerical simulation is done in Ansys Fluent. The aerothermal and aerothermodynamics study of power law bodies are done for different Mach numbers of 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Bodies are blunted with radius of 0.01 cm, 0.02 cm, 0.0505 cm, and 0.074 cm. The results are compared with blunted cone. Shock standoff distance is also measured, which is used for studying waverider. It is concluded that blunting of power law bodies is better than blunted cone leading-edge bodies, the heat transfer rate for blunted leading edge decreased to the level of n< =0.5 power law bodies which are blunt in nature and for n = 0.9 and n = 0.75, blunted leading edge has smallest shock standoff distance.

Thermal comfort is an important factor to remember during the building construction process, since it can have a positive impact on the social and economic activities of those that use these places. Climates that are pleasant will cause people to relax, which can lead to a rise in commercial traffic. This study presents computational fluid dynamics analysis of an office room using ANSYS fluent to investigate the effects of better thermal comfort by changing the four-way cassette AC inlet position. For that four CAD model of office room is designed using the CATIA software with approximate dimension. The four models created were Single AC inlet in the office room from top, Double AC inlet from top, Double AC inlet from its side wall and Double AC inlet one from top and other from side wall. Results show that the design-3 of the office room with double AC inlet from its side wall takes least time (44.93% compared with model-1 Single AC inlet and 5% as compared with model-2 Double AC inlet) to achieve the comfort temperature inside the office room.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is defined as a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus has been declared a global pandemic in March 2020 by World Health Organization (WHO). The spread of coronavirus can be limited by early detection of the disease, for which RT-PCR and imaging studies are being used. The chest x-rays taken upon the arrival of the patient in the hospital can be used as the input source for early detection of disease with machine and deep learning algorithms. Even though, this is the most regular and supreme imaging modality, chest radiography is question to notable intra-observer variability and has almost minor sensitivity for major clinical findings. With advances in deep learning, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) not only improved chest radiograph evaluation but are also capable of staging radiologist-level performance. In this paper, we are applying CNN with PyTorch to train ResNet18 model as PyTorch is a lower-level application programming interface concentrated on direct work with the use of array expressions. This model implementation will be beneficial in rural areas where RT-PCR test results are delayed due to the geographical location, but portable chest x-ray machines are already installed. Here, we have collated different deep learning-based classification models at hand for identification of novel coronavirus. The results are present in tabular form.

It is widely assumed that electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) are safely disposed of. However, potential threats are introduced once these EEE turns into waste or generally known as e-waste. Several studies have shown the poor recycling rates of e-waste, raising a concern on a global level. E-waste is found to be ill-treated and even exported illegally to several countries. E-waste often contains valuable components such as hard drives where the personal data of individuals may be stored. Mismanagement of e-waste gives rise to a threat to the privacy of people. The illegal trade of such equipment may even lead to the compromise of the internal data of a country to other countries. Our study aimed to find such problems and threats and also discover the possible reasons for their existence. Further, we made use of smart services to counter the issues arising from the mishandling of e-waste and suggested an appropriate model that would help countries to build an efficient e-waste management solution.

The demand for freshwater is increasing exponentially with population, and the scarcity of potable water is also highlighted at various places due to lack of natural reservoirs and irregular rain availability, electricity shortage, and its reach and different factors which contribute to the water shortage in common man’s life, especially for less developed and low-level people living in remote areas who cannot have use of this natural commodity against which they have full right as a human being, so the best method as per the demand is replenishment of this water; many initiatives are being carried out like rain harvesting, proper drainage, but desalination is supposed to be the best among all; this work highlights the desalination process in detail with its necessary components as well as different drawbacks which if reduced can produce this method to be the best among all.

Electromagnetic aircraft launching system (EMALS) is being pursued by various navies around the world to enable assisted take-off but arrested recovery of naval aircraft from aircraft carriers. Currently, either short take-off but arrested recovery (STOBAR) or steam-driven catapult assisted take-off but arrested recovery (CATOBAR) is used. EMALS technology has the advantage of being able to provide smoother acceleration for the aircraft and reduced stress on their airframes along with being cheaper and requiring less maintenance in comparison with CATOBAR technology and unlike STOBAR technology, the aircraft is capable of carrying a full load of weapons, fuel, and additional avionics at the time of take-off. This paper presents a review by covering the various aspects such as design, cost, and reliability of EMALS system.

The uses of the multilevel inverters (MLI) have been significantly increased the MLI inverters gives the stepped approximation of the sine wave output. The Square wave output-based pulsating AC is sometimes harmful to electrical devices. All the equipment available in the consumer market is designed with the sine wave outputs. Therefore, in this paper, it is proposed to use the second-order low pass filter block to smoothen the multilevel output and to produce the pure sine wave in the system output. This may significantly minimize the harmonic distortion in the output of the system. This paper has improved SPWM modulation pass better performance of the THD. The FFT analysis is done to evaluate the comparison of THD performance. It is concluded that using the filtered output, the stamped AC is converted into the pure sine wave output.

Increasing production efficiency while using the maximum effort to utilize energy and keeping the quality of products steady at the same time has been a complicated task for industries and manufacturing firms. The manufacturing process like extrusion plays a great role in improving product sustainability due to its near net shape fabrication character. But still, this process did not achieve its ultimate product enhancement capability. During the aluminium extrusion process, multi-hole extrusion dies are implemented to produce several extrusion products at a time, which maximizes the productivity of this process. But still, some improvements have been left to product quality enhancements. In this study, process enhancement has been taken care of to improve the productivity of the multi-hole extrusion process. A simulation of direct hot extrusion of AA6063 aluminium alloy is performed by using DEFORM-3D software at different extrusion process parameters, and the results were analyzed using the finite element method.Please confirm if the corresponding author is correctly identified. Amend if necessary.It is correct. No changes required.

Toggle transmission is used in the automotive industry. In this paper, we are implementing the toggle transmission into the passenger and sports vehicles. The main objective of this toggle system is being able to change the gears at a faster rate with evicting the fear of losing the control while changing the gears without following any sequential format or H pattern. Toggle transmission doesn’t follow the traditional approach of moving gears in sequential order. Toggle gearing system in a way deploys the dual-clutch transmission for better traction control. While shifting the gears at a faster rate, there will need to be a constant for that instance we also deploy dynamo which will be used to control the car when the driver is shifting the gear from 1st to 5th gear directly without following the old school format. Gears in the manual and automatic transmission follow an ascending order to change the gears, but toggle transmission truly works on number game, you can directly shift from 1st gear and 5th gear by just toggling switches.

Sintering manufacturing method is used to prepare aluminium-based nanocomposite by the method of power blends in this research work. By considering the nominal elemental weight of aluminium, manganese and zinc, the alloying is performed with the help of planetary ball bearing mill. Further, analysis was carried out for studying the morphological characterization of the sintered nanocomposite. Different techniques were opted to study the properties of the nanocomposite by using SEM, XRD, EDS and FITR. The results shown by XRD technique predicts the behaviour of varying the milling parameters, crystalline size and lattice strain can be varied. Also, the results exhibit by SEM analysis shows the rich content of zinc (Zn). Lastly, FITR test confirms the percentage absorbance and transmittance of the crystalline structure.

The effects of trace elements on the mechanical properties (Hardness and Impact) of medium carbon steel were investigated in this research. Carbon steel is an alloy with a wide variety of uses, so it's necessary to learn about its physical and mechanical characteristics. The factors like mechanical properties and SEM for two different variations of sulfur and phosphorous [Variation-1 (S%–0.006% and P%–0.013%) and variation-2 (S%–0.017% and P%–0.025%)] were investigated in this research. According to the results, mechanical properties such as hardness and impact increased marginally as the percentage of sulfur and phosphorous varied.

The Adaptable Manufacturing System (FMS) is an amalgam framework containing of basics similar to work environments, mechanized putting away and recuperation frameworks, and material control gadgets like machines and AGVs. An endeavor is made to concentrate simultaneously the machine and AGVs arranging highlights in a FMS for decrease of the makespan. Branch and Bound algorithm is used to solve FMS simultaneous scheduling problems. 120 issues and their current arrangements with various methodologies are analyzed.

The Adaptable Manufacturing System (FMS) is an amalgam framework containing of basics similar to work environments, mechanized putting away and recuperation frameworks, and material control gadgets like machines and AGVs. An endeavor is made to concentrate simultaneously the machine and AGVs arranging highlights in a FMS for decrease of the makespan. J N D Gupta is used to solve FMS simultaneous scheduling problems. 120 issues and their current arrangements with various methodologies are analyzed.

The Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is an amalgam framework containing of basics similar to work environments, mechanized putting away, and recuperation frameworks, and material control gadgets like machines and AGVs. An endeavor is made to concentrate simultaneously the machine and AGVs arranging highlights in a FMS for decrease of the makespan. Priority rules are used to solve FMS simultaneous scheduling problems. 120 issues and their current arrangements with various methodologies are analyzed.

The main motive of this investigation is to maximize the engine performance and emission parameters of diesel engine fueled with waste plastic oil by experimentally. Due to exhaustion of traditional fuels, there is a scarcity of fuel supply to meet the demands also considering emission parameters and environmental characteristics. Many researchers investigated the effect of blending different types of oils with diesel. Many investigators focused on third-generation fuels include waste cooking oil, fish bones, microalgae, palm oil, vegetable oils, biomass, papaya seeds, soybean seed oil, cotton seed oil, etc. This research paper annotates an experimental investigation of maximizing the effect of emission characteristics and performance of diesel engine. The results showed that the reduction smoke emission and engine torque but slightly higher volumetric efficiency and NO emission with D80PPO20 blend as compared to diesel fuel.

The adaptable manufacturing system (FMS) is an amalgam framework containing of basics similar to work environments, mechanized putting away and recuperation frameworks, and material control gadgets like machines and AGVs. An endeavor is made to concentrate simultaneously the machine and AGVs arranging highlights in an FMS for decrease of the tardiness. CDS (Campbell Dudek Smith) algorithm is used to solve FMS simultaneous scheduling problems. 120 issues and their current arrangements with various methodologies are analyzed.

The Adaptable Manufacturing System (FMS) is an amalgam framework containing of basics similar to work environments, mechanized putting away and recuperation frameworks, and material control gadgets like machines and AGVs. An endeavor is made to concentrate simultaneously the machine and AGVs arranging highlights in a FMS for decrease in the makespan. CDS (Campbell Dudek Smith) Algorithm is used to solve FMS simultaneous scheduling problems. 120 issues and their current arrangements with various methodologies are analyzed.

The Adaptable Manufacturing System (FMS) is an amalgam framework containing of basics similar to work environments, mechanized putting away and recuperation frameworks, and material control gadgets like machines and AGVs. An endeavor is made to concentrate simultaneously the machine and AGVs arranging highlights in a FMS for minimization of mean tardiness. Branch and bound algorithm is used to solve FMS simultaneous scheduling problems. 120 issues and their current arrangements with various methodologies are analyzed.

In this paper, we discuss different types and applications of an automated guided vehicle (AGV). This paper gives an outline of various technologies of AGVs and recent mechanical advancements in the AGVs. Automated guided vehicle (AGV) frameworks are acquiring expanding acknowledgment in current assembling offices fundamentally due to the adaptability they offer. With this great feasibility and modularity, the AGV also has different mapping techniques suitable for each industry to fulfill their requirements. Besides discussing the recent advancement in AGVs, we also discuss the future development of autonomous mobile robots (AMR) in various sectors and the need for those innovations in the coming generation.

Algae are the fast-growing florae around the globe. The viability of biodiesel from pond water algae (PWA) as a 3rd generation biodiesel feedstock is examined in current investigation. First, oil was taken out from the algal biomass and then it is subjected to two stage transesterification technique. Ethanol is mixed up with the attained algal biooil in order to reduce its viscosity. The processed algal oil is blended with diesel in various proportions. Later, compression-ignition engine’s performance and emission characteristics are assessed at different engine loads using these prepared blends. Results have depicted that performance indices of engine viz., brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) are enhanced and emission parameters such as CO and HC emissions are reduced with the increase of algal biodiesel proportion in diesel fossil fuel.

Distributed computing is the result of the advancement of data enumeration. The more the exploration and applications on cloud computing more will be the innovation of processing gets more extensive. The cloud processing has a huge gathering of user. A huge number of errands are managed it. The principle issue in distributed computing emerges while allotting equipment assets to the assignments and planning the undertakings to the resource pool. This paper delivers to the current circumstance of asset portion strategy and occupation planning calculations under cloud condition [1, 2]. Matrix figuring, so, as to help complex issues uses the conveyed heterogeneous assets. Lattice can be categorized into two sorts: figuring matrix and information network. Employment planning for registering lattice is a significant issue. For effective use of networks, we need a productive employment planning calculation for the task of occupations to assets in matrices. Characteristic environment put center around the ants that they have a gigantic capacity to shape a group and to locate an ideal pathway to food resources. The conduct of ants is reproduced by an Algorithm. In this paper, the prime commitments of our undertaking are load balancing for the whole framework while attempting to limit the make span of a given arrangement of occupations. ACO can beat other employment booking calculations as per the test results when analyzed.

Recital of Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) with the help of computer model like JAVA programming. Concert of machines and AGVs are assessed by using priority rules. The experiments are conducted by considering various factors of dispatching rules, AGVs and machine scheduling rules. Concert measures consist of operational completion time with the help of random priority rule by considering 40 problems with t/p ratio > 0.25.

By taking into account travel time and process time with ration of t/p < 0.25 in view of travel time half and process time double in recital of flexible manufacturing system (FMS) with the help of computer model like JAVA programming. Using priority, random rule machines and AGVs are assessed simultaneously to minimize makespan value. The experiments are conducted by considering various factors of FMS environment for 40 problems.

An RC model airplane is to be designed under innumerable constraints as estimated by the SAE micro-class RC airplane competition guidelines. The purpose of this paper is to design a plane with the highest payload to total weight fraction possible. This RC airplane should employ a unique and creative team-created design while being based on sound research and theory. Upon completing the research and style phase, rigorous testing was performed to estimate the performance of the RC airplane, from which it had been determined that under the optimal conditions the RC airplane should have a payload to total weight fraction of 0.85. The parts included to the airplane are nozzles, for sprinkling of water mainly used in agricultural purpose for the easy fertilizing of acres land in a single stroke, an advanced way of cultivating.

For a simple graph G, a vertex designation is termed k-marking. The solidity of an edge uv in G, are designated by the quantity of the labels of end vertices u and v. A vertex k-marking is categorized to be an edge random k-naming of the chart G if for each two diverse advantages e and f. The base k for which the chart G has an edge unpredictable k-marking is identified as the edge alteration strength of G, indicated by e s(G). In this paper, we procedure the edge irregularity strength of m-super subdivision charts attained from star and two-fold star diagrams.

The Adaptable Manufacturing System (FMS) is an amalgam framework containing of basics similar to work environments, mechanized putting away and recuperation frameworks, and material control gadgets like machines and AGVs. An endeavor is made to concentrate simultaneously the machine and AGVs arranging highlights in a FMS for decrease of the tardiness priority rules is used to solve FMS simultaneous scheduling problems. 120 issues and their current arrangements with various methodologies are analyzed.

The Adaptable Manufacturing System (FMS) is an amalgam framework containing of basics similar to work environments, mechanized putting away and recuperation frameworks, and material control gadgets like machines and AGVs. An endeavor is made to concentrate simultaneously the machine and AGVs arranging highlights in a FMS for decrease of the tardiness D. S. Palmer is used to solve FMS simultaneous scheduling problems. One hundred and twenty issues and their current arrangements with various methodologies are analyzed.

The Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is an amalgam framework containing of basics similar to work environments, mechanized putting away and recuperation frameworks, and material control gadgets like machines and AGVs. An endeavor is made to concentrate simultaneously the machine and AGVs arranging highlights in a FMS for decrease of the tardiness. J N D Gupta is used to solve FMS simultaneous scheduling problems. 120 issues and their current arrangements with various methodologies are analyzed.

The Adaptable Manufacturing System (FMS) is an amalgam framework containing of basics similar to work environments, mechanized putting away and recuperation frameworks, and material control gadgets like machines and AGVs. An endeavor is made to concentrate simultaneously the machine and AGVs arranging highlights in a FMS for decrease of the makespan D.S. Palmer is used to solve FMS simultaneous scheduling problems. 120 issues and their current arrangements with various methodologies are analyzed.

The engine blocks used in automotive are subjected to dynamic forces, which creates an imbalance force on it. To avoid the impact of unbalanced forces, dynamic analysis helps in reducing the stresses induced. Component mode synthesis method is used for gravity analysis using the finite element method. After meshing of the engine block, refinement of the element size is studied for optimum results to reduce the induced stresses. Dynamic analysis of the engine block is carried out to study the frequency response. Aluminum alloy 2024 and stainless steel materials have been used for the engine block to analyze, and the results are compared for an optimum design and shape of the engine block. By using the CMS method, optimum size of the engine block is obtained. The frequency model analysis has been done on the optimized size of engine blocks.

Involving the proper design of an evaporative condenser to improve, system efficiency is a complex and difficult undertaking. Careful study is required in the construction of an evaporative condenser, since splitting of water, reduced effective cooling, lower power capacity and tubes identification are difficulties to deal with. The study is meant to offer a methodology for engineers to follow whilst working on evaporative-cooled heat exchangers. A method for increasing performance is discovered, and the research with several kinds of evaporative condensers is investigated. As it was discovered, it was possible to boost the system's performance by incorporating features like water beds, forced method, exhaust procedure above nozzles, tapering walls to the sump, dome-shaped fans and elliptical (oval) tube designs. Finally, conclusions on designing improved evaporative condensers are given.

This paper explores the concept of analytical study fluid–structure interaction, which involves the analysis of fluid flows in microchannel and pressure-sensing mechanism through microcantilever. The present research analysis of microcantilever displacement, deforming geometry at a different velocity, computation pressure, stress of cantilever at different widths and heights. A microcantilever surface displacement occurs when the fluid force is applied on it, the fluid flows at 3.33 cm/sec across microchannel, and microcantilever structure deformed due to its low value of young modulus 200 kPa and Poisson Ratio 0.23. The fluidic pressure-sensing mechanism optimized for design and selecting geometry using finite element modeling. It has been found that among all the designs, Model 4 design has the highest displacement 15.5 μm at a velocity of 0.0028 cm/sec and pressure is 400 KPa at t = 4 s. The design and simulation process has been done by using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3a.