TRANSBALTICA XII: Transportation Science and Technology

The growing number of vehicles is related to the overall growth in the consumption of fuel from fossil fuels or electricity, so new ways are being sought to increase the efficiency of propulsion or the recovery of energy from driving. This article deals with the possibility of recovering kinetic energy from the movement of vehicles, specifically from the air flowing around a passing car. The subject of measurements and simulations were parameters influencing the amount of recovered energy such as the location of the wind turbine near the road, its distance from the side of the moving vehicle, turbine height from the road, speed and size of the vehicle front (car, bus, truck). The measured values were compared with the values from the simulations performed in the program Fluent, and it was shown that in passenger cars the highest air flow is 0.5–1 m above the road and the closest possible to vehicles. With regard to feasibility, the smallest distance was considered to be 0.5 m from the side of the vehicle. Measurements in real traffic showed delay of the air flow behind the vehicle by 1.5–3 s depending on the size of the vehicle and the need for sufficient traffic density. The high intensity of vehicles in urban and suburban areas predestines them to deploy this system. Conversely, in rail transport, given the low frequency of vehicles, the use of this system is unjustified.

The article presents theoretical and experimental researches on investigation properties of the vehicle wheel tire tread. The approach presented in the research of the pre-experimental measurement, based on spectrum analysis, and combined with theoretical investigation is able to describe a viscos-elastic behaviour of the tire tread material. Proposed mathematical model of the vehicle wheel tire tread material represents five parameters rheological model of the Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt units’ hybrid. The research included optimization task based on minimization objective function for determination a stiffness and damping coefficients. In the proposed rheological model not only the displacements are unknown, but also forces that are described by second–order differential equations. Validation between experimental measurement and theoretical investigation based on the frequency spectrum analysis was made.

Braking system is the most important component of a vehicle. Traffic safety directly depends on its correct function and proper operation. When braking, a large amount of heat is generated, which can lead to overheating of the friction elements and subsequent damage. The authors describe a method for stabilizing the temperature of the brake pad and wheel contact in the article. In this context, it is proposed to use inserts made of expanding agents in the brake pad design. The presence of holes in the pad helps to eliminate wear particles, that reduces the intensity of the pad wear. The design of such a pad and the operation of the proposed brake system are described in the article. The diameter and depth of the brake pad holes are substantiated. The described solution will allow to cool the contact area of the brake pad and the wheel, and, thus, increase the braking efficiency.

Rail crossings are very important elements in the field of land transport infrastructure, as they allow the combination of two different transport systems, whose mode of operation and management is subject to different regulations, transport performance and design solutions. Traffic accidents at railway crossings have become a relatively common negative phenomenon (meeting of road users with rail vehicles) with fatal consequences and extensive material damage. For this reason, level crossings are high-risk locations, with a high potential for an accident. The aim of the article is to present the results of the simulation and subsequent analysis of the accident of category A3 - collision of a train with a bus at a railway crossing and selected results from the realized computer simulation of the course of the pre-accident event and the predicted impacts of the modeled accident.

Safety of a technical solution is the first and very important factor for the production of any product. It is reached by a suitable type of a structure, and also by a suitable solution of a relation between a person and a product itself. A proper ergonomic rules of a design require to prevent any injury in a case, which a human body occurs in a gap between a trestle and the ground. In term of physics, it is necessary to reduce the control forces as much as possible. This article is focused on optimization of a trestle weight of an operating hydraulic jack. The research is aimed at finding a compromise between a net weight and the safety of the design. For this purpose, numerical calculations were performed. Reached results have shown, that it is possible to reduce the weight of an original trestle in compliance of design safety in term of strength and stability. An optimization process of the trestle structure results to an optimal design in term of safety as well as the weight.

In this study, the problems of increasing the speed of movement of the crane along the rail track and, accordingly, changes in safety rules in the design and operation of cranes are considered. The process of creating models of a crane and crane railway tracks is also described. The paper presents the results of modelling the dynamic behaviour of the overhead crane at various speeds. The obtained results of modelling allow to optimize the speed of the overhead crane depending on the irregularities of the crane tracks.

The paper presents research on application of pass-band step filtering method for identification the vibration-acoustic signature of a moving train. Authors present results of applying new methods of filtering vibration-acoustic signatures. The signal comb filtering was applied and the RMS in the time course and the sum of the FFT amplitudes in the spectra were used as a general measure after filtering the signal. Modern rail vehicles, as well as those modernized due to reaching high speed (HSR), arouse interest in terms of vibration and acoustic signals that they generate, especially in the context of the changing market of rail transport services in Central Europe. Rail transport and railway infrastructure managers perceive the problem of acoustic comfort in the vicinity of railway routes, therefore this subject becomes an important aspect from the point of view of further analyzes. The issue of the use of various filtering methods to identify the vibration and acoustic signature of a moving train is of key importance for further analyzes of research on environmental comfort as well as other research on vibroacoustic signals on the railway.

The safety and security of railway transport strongly depends on the technical state of rail track elements. Railway infrastructure and rolling-stock operators faces the need to constantly monitor the technical condition of their assets. As the diversity of vehicle wheel tracking and positioning systems raises the demand to decide of which measurement system for technical state monitoring to choose is actual as well. This article provides an example of how to identify the derive criteria for estimation of measurement system based on expert survey data.

The impact of the transportation sector on pollution and emissions is very high. To solve this issue, manufacturers are shifting from conventional combustion engines to new electric solutions. As a result, the opportunity to redesign vehicle architecture appears. This paper provides a review of driveline topologies of the new generation vehicles, targeting wheel corner modules with in-wheel solutions. To understand the impact of the new solution on the vehicle dynamic properties, we analysed the literature and performed a SWOT analysis.

In this paper adjustment of the passenger car suspension parameters and adapting them to independently rotating wheels were studied. The study examines impact of changing primary and secondary suspension parameters on passenger car vertical dynamics. The most appropriate suspension parameters were selected and regularities of the vertical accelerations of the car body were analyzed at different running speeds in curve and in straight track.

The article presents the research aimed at the description of a mathematical model of the movement of a railway wagon on a railway track. With the help of mathematical modelling, studies of running resistance of a wagon with wheels of various design schemes have been carried out. Two wheel designs are compared, namely the design of a traditional wheel design (TWD) with a monolithic tread surface and the flange and the perspective wheel design (PWD), which allows an independent rotation of the wheel tread surface (a tread surface) and its guiding surface, i.e. its flange. Potential advantages of using the wheels of a promising design scheme in a bogie of a railway wagon are revealed, which consist in reducing running resistance.

When the track interacts with the rolling stock, forces arise that determine all the dynamic loads transmitted to the railway structural elements and rolling stock. In determining the reliability, stability of the operation of rolling stock and infrastructure, it is necessary to refer to the values of the interaction forces between the rail and the wheelsets. At present, these force measurement systems have not been developed during operation, so it is necessary to control the derived (indirect) indicators that determine the interaction. These are wheel defects and track geometry irregularities. Wheel defects are currently detected by their size, measured at wagon inspection points, and track geometry irregularities are detected by track gauges. In order to assess the criteria ensuring traffic safety, special experiments are performed, during which the parameters of the interaction are measured. A mathematical model of the interaction of geometric parameters with force with uneven wear is presented.

The growing necessity to design and digitally represent historical pavements has led specialists to use different Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools to control the road design and construction phases. In this research paper, a Heritage BIM (H-BIM) approach was developed to recreate an archaeological road to accomplish the structural analysis of stone pavements. In detail, starting from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated with Autodesk Infraworks, the road design process was performed. The corridor was modelled with Autodesk Civil 3D using a parametric road section created with the Subassembly composer tool. Subsequently, a visual programming application (Dynamo) based on Python language was adopted to extract corridor information (such as areas, volumes, subassembly parameters) and apply changes based on conditions established through code scripts. In detail, a workflow was developed to implements a disruption analysis of road stone pavements. As preliminary results, a tool is proposed to support the authorities and experts during the managing process.

The article considers the stability of three sections passenger bus train that consists of three buses of the same type, during its operation in BRT system, which is usually used by the buses of particularly large capacity with the total length of up to 25 m. The efficiency in operation of such buses closely deals with the passenger traffic, which may be changed many times during the day. Therefore, a bus train that consists of two (or three) buses or trolleybuses, which operate in a clutch, the passenger capacity of which is similar to the paired buses and trolleybuses, may be promising. A three sections bus train operates during rush hours, and during the off-peak period - each bus separately (it is possible to park one or two buses on a dedicated site). The indices of cross-section stability and the factors that influence on their numerical values are defined in order to generalize the scheme.

In this paper, the conditions, criteria and the algorithms controlling the deployment of vehicle airbags are analysed. The sequence of the algorithm and specific thresholds used in airbags control are analysed as well. The means are provided for airbags testing to ensure their reliability and proper functioning. The types of road accidents including specific cases are described in terms of possible airbag non-deployment. The computer simulations of critical impact scenarios with a finite element model of light vehicle are done in LS DYNA software. The analysis of achieved impact force results show that even relatively small speed (30 and 50 km/h) causes different conditions for airbag deployment.

Vehicle bodies and structures should be designed to absorb and redistribute as much impact energy as possible, thus protecting the driver and passengers from injury. The deformation zone of the vehicle in the case of a side impact is smaller than in the case of a front impact. A side impact collision directly affects the structure of the vehicle. Composite materials may be used in the structure to reduce vehicle weight and improve vehicle deformation. Bodies and structures where composite materials are used have a higher SEA value. Using Ansys software package according to UN / ECE Regulation No. 95, a side impact simulation, when a deformable barrier moving at a speed of 50 km/h impact to a structure was performed. The simulation was performed with a steel and hybrid bus frame structure. The simulation results show that the deformation of the hybrid frame structure is close to the deformation of the steel frame structure and the SEA value is 12% higher.

The article presents the results of assessment and predictive modelling of the transport and operating condition of aerodrome pavement surface on the example of Zaporizhzhia International Airport runway. Domestic and foreign methods for assessing the transport and operating condition of aerodrome pavement have been analyzed. When assessing the transport and operating condition of aerodrome pavement, the method of signal evaluation is most widely used in Ukraine, while standard methods for determining the condition index of aerodrome pavement, $$ACN - PCN$$ A C N - P C N methods, and determining the complex $$K$$ K indicator are used abroad. The authors analyze Ukrainian and foreign literature in the field of assessment of transport and operating condition of aerodrome pavement. In the result of the analysis of literature sources, it was established that defects and damages of aerodrome pavement can be of three types: infringement of construction works technology; infringement of operating requirements; miscalculations and errors in construction made at the phase of preliminary research and designing. The reliability and suitability for further operation of the rigid aerodrome pavement of the runway with artificial turf of Zaporizhzhia International Airport have been assessed. A defective plan of the runway with artificial turf of Zaporizhzhia International Airport has been developed and the types of defects of paving slabs have been established. After calculating the value of the signal evaluation indicator, it was found that the pavement of the artificial runway of Zaporizhzhia International Airport is in the condition of unacceptable damage. The reliability of the aerodrome pavement is less than the allowable value of reliability. Measures have been developed to improve the transport and operating condition of the aerodrome pavement surface of the artificial runway of Zaporizhzhia International Airport.

Due to many advantages, composite materials are more and more widely used in the production of high-strength machine parts. An example of such an element is a hydraulic cylinder. Conventional hydraulic cylinders are made of steel, which, after appropriate treatment, ensures satisfactory conditions of cooperation between the inner surface of the cylinder and the piston seal. In the case of a cylinder made of composite material, it is necessary to check the tribological properties of the material surface and the potential selection of a material to act as an internal liner. Four materials were selected in the study - epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, CFRP and a commercial material used for sliding elements. Ball-on-disk tests were carried out and wear traces were observed using a non-contact profilometer.

The article deals with the issue of vehicle safety. Impact tests are performed to evaluate the safety assessment of vehicles. Impact tests are also performed for the purpose of analysis and study of the mechanism of impact and movement of the vehicle after impact for the purpose of traffic accident analysis. The article contains an analysis of the dependence of the duration of the impact on the impact velocity, based on the results of impact tests. The aim was to find an approximation of the duration of the impact depending on the impact velocity and the approximation of the duration of the impact and in dependence on the overlap of the vehicle with a fixed obstacle.

Every vehicle has different driveline structure and different components; therefore, we must be mindful choosing one. In the early designing stages, deciding which structure and which component with specific requirements fits is not always that obvious as each engineer has its own experience and understanding about product it working with. Therefore, it is worthy to have an instrument, which can evaluate as many perspectives as possible of each drive and offer a solution to the decision-making task. The aim is to review possibilities using artificial intelligence in component selection, based on existing examples of the artificial intelligence uses. All processes in power drives are sufficiently, precisely and widely described, for this reason mathematical model creation is not the biggest challenge. Using design of experiment methods, mathematical model can be used as a data source for artificial intelligence (AI) training. Various structures of neuron network (NN) are used to reach higher accuracy of AI data processing. Many researches concentrate on particular component characteristics choice, but in a case of drive selection it's a complex combination of all drive components, so the possibilities of using AI (artificial intelligence) in solving interdisciplinary tasks are noted.

The dynamics of fracture epoxy composites with different content of synthesized iron-carbidotitanic powder mixture containing the following phase composition of high-modulus compounds after treatment with high-voltage electric discharged synthesis is studied: Fe (70%) + Ti (5%) + TiC (20%) + Fe3C (5%).It is proved that the introduction of the active additive into the epoxy binder at the optimal content (q = 0.025 pts.wt.) can increase the toughness of polymer composites by 1.7 times compared to the epoxy matrix. It is shown that the increase in impact resilience is associated with the orderliness of the structure of composites filled with high-modulus compound at crosslinking polymer composites. To determine the resistance of the developed composite materials to shock loads, changes in the propagation spectra of cracks under shock load over time are studied, which allows to control relaxation processes by changing the structures and, consequently, the properties of polymeric materials. The fracture surface of composite materials is investigated by optical microscopy. Based on complex researches of structure and mechanical characteristics, regularities of process of structure formation of composite materials are established. It is shown that to increase the mechanical characteristics it is necessary to increase the α-relaxation time, which in turn leads to a change in the nature of the destruction of polymeric materials, i.e. their structure.

Efficient and reliable vehicle braking is one of the most important part of vehicle constructional safety. The implementation of active safety, such as Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS), should improve the performance of vehicle braking; however, there are some cases when unfavourable driving conditions complicate the provided operation. The ABS braking performance is investigated in this paper when the fluctuations of wheel angular and peripheral movement are caused by road with pavement obstacles. The issue of ABS is investigated organising hardware-in-the loop (HIL) system with eight-phase algorithm for control of wheel braking pressure. The opportunity to restrict a complete control cycle after detection of rough pavement braking avoiding protracted wheel locking and a dynamic correction of the thresholds is estimated.

Method vacuum ion-plasma sputtering has been widely used in aviation for the protection of gas turbine blades, combustor components, flaps variable nozzle turbine engines of aircraft.Use of ion-plasma sputtering, together with application of materials of chrome, nickel, yttrium, aluminum and other has made it possible to increase the service life and reliability of gas turbine engines.All of the above indicators are relevant for aircraft parts and assemblies operating at high temperature conditions (about 1,700 ℃).The goal of the Multifunctional Nanostructured Coatings for Aircraft Structures (NANOCOAIRS) project is to investigate the use of nanostructured multilayer coatings for use in an aircraft anti icing system.

The analysis of the influence of operating modes of electric rolling stock of alternating current consumption and non-deterministic non-stationary process of changing the voltage of the contact network on the energy indicators of the traction drive of the electric rolling stock was carried out. As a result of the analysis, it was found that to improve the energy efficiency of the traction drive, to optimize the energy performance of the traction drive. It is proposed to introduce an optimal control system for the sampling frequency of the control signal when implementing pulse-width modulation, on the basis of which the algorithm of operation of the power transistors of the input converter of the traction drive is organized. As an objective function in the implementation of the optimal control algorithm, it is proposed to use the power factor of the drive as a function of time. It is mathematically proven that the power factor as a function of time is a mathematical convolution of the time functions of the efficiency and the use of the active power of the traction drive. Algorithms for determining the time functions of the power factor are proposed for the case of deterministic discrete, deterministic continuous, stochastic continuous and stochastic discrete signals of the efficiency and the use of the active power of the traction drive.

The results of comparing analysis of behaviour and energy efficiency between standard (regular) and compact versions of high-pressure hoses used in the machinery hydraulic drives are presented in this article. The approach in this research is based on the experimental measurement of high-pressure hose vibration, inside fluid flow pressure measurement and frequency analysis. By experimental measuring’s, compared a standard (regular) and compact versions of two metal braid composite high-pressure hoses. The current research was performed to describe a different between standard (regular) and compact versions of high-pressure hose behaviour from depend on fluid flow inside. In current research disclosed that by using different type of the two metal braid high-pressure hoses can be achieved a reduce of power losses, damped fluid pulsation and increasing hydraulic drive efficiency by replacing a high-pressure hoses on another type of high-pressure hose, during machinery hydraulic drive maintenance or on design stage.

In experimental studies, the composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in motor vehicle emissions was studied based on the analysis of PAHs in roadside soils of urban motor roads and suburban motor road. The concentration of PAHs in soils (1 m from the road) exceeded this indicator in the control sample by 8.7–152 times. The concentration of petroleum products in the investigated soils exceeded the specified permissible level in Ukraine (200 mg/kg), especially in the soils of the roadside area of the suburban motor road. The roadside area of suburban motor roads was contaminated with PAHs almost an 10 times higher than the roadside area of urban motor roads. The concentration of aliphatic compounds in the soils of the roadside area of urban motor roads was approximately 8 times higher than the concentration of aromatic compounds. While in the soils of the roadside area of the suburban motor road, the concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic compounds were very close. Among the studied PAHs, fluoranthene predominated in the soils of a suburban road, and phenanthrene slightly prevailed in the soils of urban roads.

Environment restrictions of global energy market lead to consider new energy resources. The important aspect is oil, coal transformation to others sources which could be changed by growth of natural gas market. Natural gas is getting as an alternative for changing oil and coal. Looking for better economical perspective, natural gas could be used as LNG, which contains a huge amount of cold energy. Conventionally, this energy is generated during regasification process of LNG and released as wasted energy into atmosphere or dump into seawater. In this paper, reviewed the comparative analysis of LNG regasification technology indicated, that possibility to recover LNG cold energy is the better solution with intermediate fluid vaporizer, which uses special cryogenic fluid. The second part of this paper, the 3‐D numerical model for counter-flow of a single channel in the intermediate fluid vaporizer (Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger) is introduced with governing equations for mass, momentum and energy conservation.

The article reflects the issue of mathematical modeling of gas exchange processes. The features of modeling the processes of gas exchange based on the equations of gas dynamics are shown. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the methodology for constructing a computational model and individual results on modeling the process of gas exchange of an internal combustion engine. The mathematical model of the working process in the engine is created by the necessary conditions for calculating the entire gas exchange. The use of a computer allows a more accurate and complete description of all the main features. The filling of the dynamic phenomena in the intake system has the main purpose of optimizing the parameters of the engine design. The efficiency of work in the engine is determined by the perfection of the processes occurring during intake, mixture formation and combustion of a fresh charge, as well as by the perfection of the organization of exhaust gases. A sufficiently accurate assessment of the qualitative and quantitative relationships of design parameters with thermogasdynamic phenomena in the gas-air duct and gas exchange rates make it possible to fundamentally solve the problem of calculating the design parameters close to the optimal design parameters of the intake system and gas distribution of automotive engines, engines with injection and, to a certain extent, carburetor engines.

The negative impact of transport on the environment and the ways of ecological mobility are analysed in this paper. It is also highlighted that publicly recognised ecological vehicles – electric cars – are not absolutely “clean”. Thus, based on research conducted by other scientists, recommendations of the EU institutions and other sources have developed a universal and comprehensive methodology for vehicle environmental assessment, which allows estimating the vehicle, energy consumption, CO2 footprint during production and operation, and travel costs. The collected car data allowed us to identify the most environmentally friendly cars that have become Nissan Leaf, Renault Zoe and Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in, Honda E Advance, Toyota Yaris Hybrid.

Air pollution is one of the world’s major growing concern. Particulate Matter, which is a complex mixture of solid or liquid airborne particles, is one of the predominant emissions that shows a drastic impact on human health. While we observe a constant decline in these emissions from the transport sector over the years, the current number still exceeds the WHO & EU standards. The particulate matter of size less than 2.5 μm is found to be damaging human health by penetrating into the blood, heart and respiratory systems. In this article, we reviewed the technique Acoustic agglomeration and its application in reducing the Particulate Matter emissions. It involves a process of using sound waves to manipulate the motion of airborne particles to collide and agglomerate so that they can be easily filtered through the conventional filters. This process is found to be applied in various industries like chemical, air filtration in refrigerators and coal combustion plants. Several other experiments that involve acoustic agglomeration technique in reducing the particulate pollution coming from various sources including automobiles was reviewed. The success of these researches and the implementation of this technique in automobile might solve the problems associated with the particulate pollution.

The purpose of the research is to compare the quality indicators of speed control of the automobile diesel engine with all-mode mechanical and microprocessor regulators in steady state conditions and in transient. Comparative motor research conducted on the same automobile diesel engine (125 kW, 4-cylinder, 120 mm cylinder diameter and 140 mm stroke). The object of experimental research is the automatic rotational frequency control systems of crankshaft diesel engine developed by the Authors. The results of the comparative analysis show that the parameters of PID controller (proportional-integral-differential) need to adjust according to the operating modes of the diesel engine. The stability of the rotational speed was achieved, developed by the microprocessor regulator at various steady speed modes, not exceed 5%. It was found that the values of the engine speed deviation and the duration of transients as good as using a serial mechanical regulator.

The article presents the results of experimental studies of fuel efficiency and environmental indicators of an engine with a fuel injection system, feedback and a two-stage exhaust gas neutralization system running on gasoline with different content of alcohol compounds, in particular bioethanol. The study was carried out on an engine installed on a brake stand, equipped with measuring equipment, which made it possible to load the engine and determine the indicators in all possible operating modes. To assess the effect of the addition of alcohol compounds in a wide range of speed and load modes, the studies were carried out using three factorial experiments. The concentration of pollutants in the exhaust gases of the engine was determined after the neutralizer.

Nowadays, in accordance with all kinds of requirements, with the increasing dimensions of ships, electrical systems have become more complex. In the absence of proper maintenance more difficult to control, maintain and support the electric systems of vessels. There are a lot of models created to solve problems of electrical power systems to evaluate network reliability index. The article provides an overview of the concept of electrical reliability, analyses of reliability calculation models. Researchers present the weakness sides, the main problems of vessel electric system, which means it should receive more attention. A created structured model shows the main failures, evaluate the location, cause of failure, may affect the complete liquidation of the device, system breakdown its damage. Considering the operating time of device, its location, causes of its failure or not, installation, and deterioration lifetime, it is possible to improve reliable operation of the electrical system and network, in conjunction reducing the probability of failures and network chain failure reactions.

Results presented in experimental study, which extends of numerical modeling studies of petrol mixed with 10% bioethanol (E10), bioethanol mixed with 15% petrol (E85). During the test AVL BOOST program with modeled HR16DE spark ignition engine parameters were used. Bench tests carried out using the stoichiometric mixture λ = 1.0 and the lean mixture λ = 1.1. Results for λ = 1.2 were obtained by numerical modeling. The addition of bioethanol to petrol increases the oxygen content of the fuel therefor stoichiometric mixture requires less air. This allows the engine control unit to increase the amount of fuel injected. Lower bioethanol calorific value limits engine torque. After determining brake torque, break specific fuel consumption and ecological data, results of various fuels were determined. It was found that the highest engine brake torque was developed using mixture E85. E85 gives higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE), energy efficient increases when the mixture is leaner. However, it is not advisable to use lean mixture (λ > 1.1), as engine torque and power is reduced.

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) with Atkinson cycle engines typically use variable valve timing (VVT) technology that reduces fuel consumption up to 30% due to the delay in closing intake valve. Engine thermal efficiency can be raised even up to 40%, however it is necessary to reduce heat loss through the cooling system and to avoid knocking combustion. Electric Vehicle (EV) mode operates at very low loads and the traction force is generated only by the electric motor, while internal combustion engine (ICE) is off to avoid an inefficient zone. Parallel Hybrid (PH) mode operates at higher loads, ICE is on and depending on accelerator pedal and on the State of Charge (SOC) of high voltage batteries, the powertrain can operate in Smart Charge (SC) and Electric Boost (E-Boost). HEVs emission profile is not always improved due to cold start events. NOx, HC, CO and particle number (PN) increase significantly after cold start. Moreover, the amount of emissions depends on SOC of batteries. At high SOC fuel consumption, CO and NOx emissions are reduced, while at low SOC emissions are increased significantly enough. Analysis show that cold start CO2 emissions along the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and Worldwide Light duty vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) procedures have differences even up to 30%.

The article proposes a mathematical model for determining the optimal parameters of coding sections for transmitting reliable information to a locomotive, taking into account the absence of rail circuits on lines with semi-automatic blocking. On such areas, the length of the rail line should be selected taking into account the transfer of reliable information to the locomotive, depending on many parameters that affect the information transfer path. To determine the optimal parameters of the information transmission line, the problems of deriving equations from a locomotive receiver were considered, taking into account the absence of boundaries, a mathematical model of a rail line was developed, and rail line equivalent schemes along a locomotive receiver of a coding section on a high-speed line were presented. As a result of the work, analytical expressions were determined to determine the current flowing under inductive coils, a simulation model was developed, and studies were carried out to select the optimal parameters. The proposed method of transmitting information to a locomotive, the condition of the track sections, clearly determines the length of the coding section and thereby allows to increase the safety of train traffic.

The increase in demand for the transport of people and goods is leading to a rapid development of transport systems. Data protection must include the privacy and security of end users, service providers and application providers. In this document, we propose a new data protection framework based on privacy and security technologies. Privacy technology allows users and service providers to define a flexible data model. Security technology provides traditional features such as encryption, authentication, and denial. In addition, it provides a secure environment for secure execution, which is necessary to restrict access to data for specific purposes. The increase in the number of system components places high demands on the management of the entire system. Intelligent control systems used by computer architectures such as cloud computing, fog computing, SDN or NFV architecture. The safety of this system is essential for safe and efficient transport. They also use development systems from research projects that improve the individual functions of telematics systems. Necessary solution already in the development phase, where the requirements of cyber security must be implemented. This study examines the weaknesses of cyber security. Threats and attacks exploiting these vulnerabilities are identified and classified. The final part proposes and discusses the development guidelines and mitigation strategies to be used in the development of autonomous and unmanned systems.

Increasing globalization of international trade and trans-nationalization of companies require free movement of resources and goods, which is not possible without transport. Here consistent coordination of the movement of materials and goods offering a solution to many problems becomes vital. In order to successfully develop their activities, businesses need to focus on customers, searching for new ways to create added value and to establish long-term relationships with them. The transport sector is no exception, as this is where both marketing and logistics interests intersect and must be coordinated successfully. The essential idea of marketing, which promotes the establishment of long-term relationships between a customer and an organization through the benefits of services provided to the consumer, goods sold and other marketing elements, has become increasingly popular among businesses. Competition is a distinctive feature of any activity where interests clash, but logistics and marketing have the greatest impact on competitiveness. However, in order to fully exploit efficiency of both logistics and marketing, analyzing these areas and their tools both separately and from the perspective of their points of interaction in transport companies is necessary. This article examines the opportunities offered by logistics and marketing integration, also presenting the results of a quantitative research (by questionnaire) in the transport sector.

Technological advancements in the field of transport and mobility are numerous with advancements and improvements in every possible scope. The subsystems of vehicles are a constant area of research for improvement, by the fact a new development in the field of magnetorheological fluid dampers has been proposed in published previous research. The proposed design of the damper and its features can capture the market with proper background planning to establish a small-scale manufacturing industry. This paper deals with discussing and planning a layout to establish an industry and to analyze the break-even sales quantity based on the inquired costs. The market sales analysis is performed using a different parameter that affects sales figures. Employing the bass business model to the discussed conditions the different sales scenarios are predicted and analyzed to come up with strategic plans to alter the sales trends in the time of declension. The potential outcomes and suggestions are discussed to conclude a complete background study to establish a small-scale automotive industry.

Air cargo has become a key element of global supply chains, and it is expected to continue growing because of the increasing worldwide economic integration, shorter product life cycles, reductions in inventory stocks, and increasing competition between the airlines. The airlines competition has increased due to the demand for the speed and reliability benefits that air freight offers. The new industrial organizational concepts have made air cargo an important asset for world trade, supporting its dynamic including just-in-time and e-commerce, reduction of time to market, and enlargement of markets. The major challenge for future growth of air cargo transport is capacity limitations at major airports especially in Africa. The African countries are still politically unstable with regular revolutions, change of constitutions, and trucked elections to stay in power. Several factors in the next decades will give African countries the opportunity to turn the tide. This paper aims to assess the African Hub Airports (AHA) capabilities in terms of soft and hard infrastructures (SI & HI) and upgrade the most appropriate airport to be close to change requirements for an elite hub. The SI assessment includes transportation process, e.g., e-freight, airlines cooperation, electronic air waybill (e-AWB), and customs regulations. The HI assessment includes on-ground cargo handling, e.g., storage, warehousing facilities, handling equipment, specialized cargo aircrafts, and security measures.

Railway transport is an important subsector of Europe’s critical infrastructure. Railway infrastructure elements are under continuous risk from a wide range of disruptive events which might disrupt the functioning of railway infrastructure and threaten the safety of passengers. For these reasons, their protection must be guaranteed. A meaningful approach to the protection of critical infrastructure elements is the concept of resilience. In the current model, resilience consists of repressive and reinforcing factors but lacks preventive factors. Based on the above, the paper deals with the concept of resistance in the protection of railway infrastructure elements. In this context, resistance can be perceived as the ability of an element to prevent the occurrence of a disruptive event. These are preventive measures which determine structural resistance and resistance in the protection of railway infrastructure elements.

Railway transport is one of the significant areas for the functioning of human society. The task of transport is well-thought movement of goods and persons from one place to another. The essence of railway transport is the service of transporting people and goods by rail using railway infrastructure, railway vehicle and under the supervision of rail traffic management systems. However, elements of the railway infrastructure are constantly threatened by a wide range of different threats, which may cause a disruption of their functionality or a threat to the safety of transported persons. At present, attention is also significantly focused on the protection of so-called soft targets. This focus is also reflected in the field of railway transport and railway infrastructure. To ensure the protection of the soft targets of railway infrastructure, threats need to be assessed comprehensively so that an effective response to these threats can be ensured. The aim of this article is to present the procedure of assessing the threats of soft targets of railway infrastructure according to the level of their danger resulting from the level of expected impact. Various threats enter into this assessment in order to maintain the complexity of this assessment.

CTU in Prague Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Department of Transport Systems, deals in its research with the issue of allocating the capacity of a railway transport path. The capacity of any transport route is a limiting element in terms of its functionality. It is not always possible to meet all requirements and the allocator has to decide how to allocate capacity, so that it is as efficient as possible and achieves as many societal benefits as possible. The research team deals with this issue by using a modified STEM (Step Method) method for its research, which is a tool for linear optimization. The article presents the use of this method on the railway line Plzeň - Žatec in the Czech Republic. It deals with its sensitivity while changing the parameter of the number of passengers in the individual segments of the passenger rail transport. There are many requirements for the allocation of railway capacity, but the infrastructure is not able to satisfy all of them. The article presents a simulation of three variants of the number of passengers expected in regional expresses. This represents the possibility of allocating capacity to different train segments in situations when the infrastructure cannot satisfy all requirements for railway capacity allocation.

Harmful impact of global air transport on the environment is evaluated in the article. Global environmental problems and directions for their reduction at the national level are identified. It is established that the most harmful influence for the ecosystem is done by the air transport during performance of logistics processes and operations at the airport. World experience of solving the environmental pollution problems in aviation sector on the basis of principles and methods of “green” logistics is studied. It has been found that Ukrainian airlines are not active enough to use environmental solutions in their activities; the main reason of this is the lack of effective mechanisms for implementation and state support of “green” initiatives. Main tools of sustainable environmental development, which should be implemented in the aviation industry of Ukraine, are proposed. It is proposed a mechanism for formation of a “green” airport in Ukraine. It represents a system of principles, methods and tools of logistics management of production and technological processes as well as airport infrastructure, to reduce their negative impact on the ecosystem and achieve a high level of resource efficiency.Realization of the system of principles of “green” logistics allows to implement gradually technologies for de-carbonization of the airport depending on its spatial development.

Kyiv is a capital city of Ukraine having a developed transport infrastructure, which consists of the airports, railways, highways, waterways and bridges. In addition, Kyiv has a developed system of urban and suburban passenger transport. Subway, trams, buses, trolleybuses and other modes of transport carry thousands of passengers every day, mostly to the places of work or study from large sleeping areas on the outskirts of the city to the industrial downtown. However, unfortunately, the transport system of the city of Kyiv cannot be called ideal. Poor road conditions on most highways, underdeveloped subways and low capacity of many important roads lead to considerable congestion during rush hour. That’s why, new project for the development of transport system of Kyiv, namely the subway, highway connection to other cities of Ukraine and helping to reduce traffic by constructing the detour road for transit transport, has been proposed in the article. The main aim of the project on transport system of Kyiv optimization is to overcome the problem of overcrowded vehicles during rush hour.

In the European Union, the transport sector generates over 20% of the total GDP, so this steadily growing indicator shows the importance of effectiveness of transport in operation. As the influence of globalization expands the boundaries of economic and transport markets, the need to optimize and streamline activities of the transport sector and procedures for logistic actions has become inevitable. Digital transport management platforms, which not only facilitate and speed up the work of logistics managers, but also significantly increase the security of the transport market, can help to tackle the challenges in this area. Digital freight platforms promote transformation and optimization of business models. In Europe, where road transport is highly developed, there are ample transport exchange platforms, and customer assistance, a transport and freight exchange, an interactive map and effective feedback are the key products which they offer. There are far more of them in Europe and they are significantly more developed than in other regions (e. g. Asia or Africa), but a narrow focus on clearly defined market segments currently limits and weakens the potential of the platforms. Researchers say that in the long-term perspective the impact on the market of such platforms can be significant, which the experience of other markets, such as the growth of e-commerce or the transition to the food industry market, has already shown. Therefore, this article will analyse most popular transport and freight platforms in Europe and assess possibilities of their integration into Asian markets.

Transportation problems are one of the specific problems of linear programming. These are optimization tasks and their purpose is to minimize the total cost of transporting commodity or people in complex logistics processes. The solution is to optimize the delivery system of the certain entity (e.g. commodity, persons or materials) from sources (suppliers) to destinations (customers) in order to minimize the total transport costs associated with distribution. In the case of area evacuation, transportation problems are used in planning the optimal transport of evacuees from boarding points to evacuation centers, while the calculations take into account in particular the transport distance and the total cost of transporting one person. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the possibilities and advantages of optimization procedures with a focus on transportation problems in planning and managing transport provision in the logistics process – evacuation of the area. The article contains a draft transport plan of inhabitants of the micro-region endangered by floods during their evacuation to designated evacuation centers. In determining the initial solution were applied three methods: The North West Corner Method, The Index Method and The Vogel’s Approximation Method. The best of them were described in the optimality test. Based on quantitative analysis of the problem, it was established of the optimal plan for the transport evacuees from the designated area.

Synchronized supply chains can mitigate a cascading rise-and-fall inventory dynamic and prevent cycles of over and under-production. This paper demonstrated that a deep reinforcement learning agent could only perform adaptive coordination along the whole supply chain if end-to-end information transparency is ensured. Operational and strategic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the post-pandemic recovery can become a necessary kick-starter for required changes in information transparency and global coordination. This paper explores the capabilities of deep reinforcement learning agents to synchronize commodity flows and support operational continuity in the stochastic and nonstationary environment if end-to-end visibility is provided. The paper concludes that the proposed solution can perform adaptive control in complex systems and have potential in supply chain management and logistics. Among discovered benefits, it is essential to highlight that the proximal policy optimization is universal, task unspecific, and does not require prior knowledge about the system.

The article analyses the importance of the development of contrailer transportation, assesses the current situation of such transport in Lithuania, presents a SWOT analysis of contrailer transportation in Lithuania, analyses the technologies of contrailer transportation applied in Europe, calculates the criteria for expert evaluation and determines the importance of the requirements. The study’s primary goal is to discover the main problems in developing contrailer transport in Lithuania and provide suggestions. Based on the qualitative study results, the most crucial criterion is the lack of specialized rolling stock. The least essential measure is the reduction of the carrying capacity, of the rolling stock, when transporting contrailers. The identified problem areas show that more detailed studies on technological, technical and organisational elements are needed to apply to haul contrailer trains in Lithuania.

The article examines the importance of the quality of partial load transportation by road transport under contemporary transport market conditions. Quality criteria and specifics of partial load transportation are discussed. It is thus emphasized that companies should prioritize adequate quality management, consequantly it is neccessary to consider such aspects as organization of service processes, as well as the perception of services from the client point of view. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the problem areas of transport service quality and partial load quality criteria are highlighted. Methods to solve particular problems are presented.

Organizing sporting events brings with it some of risks. One of the potential risks is the transfer of fans to sporting events. Fans often use railway station to move. It is at the point of their exit at the railway station that a process begins in which the event organizers, local and state security forces, the railway police and other participating subjects begin to be responsible for the security situation in a diversified manner. Football and hockey matches have long been one of the riskiest events in the Slovak Republic. Despite the currently epidemic situation, which restricts the movement of people between countries, districts, but also the overall very limited sometimes restricted participation of spectators in sporting events, it is necessary to explore ways to improve the situation when the society will operate as in previous years. In addition to material losses during the transfer and departure of fans to events or returning to the railway station, there is also a risk of health damage to the health and lives of disinterested people.

Modern information technology solutions enable the optimization of work processes at every operational level within an enterprise. New waste recycling requirements will have a significant impact on the environment both now and in the future. The problem is that the new requirements result in higher costs, which can be reduced through improved waste collection and disposal processes. The article presents an analysis of the state of waste collection in the Municipality of Izola and proposes improvements in the field of waste collection using modern information technologies, based on the findings of the analysis. Research clearly shows that modern technological solutions in logistics can contribute to more efficient waste disposal and sustainable urban development.

The article deals with the area of engineer and geographical support within the operation of troops and their planning process. This is one of the tasks in terms of measures to ensure the mobility of own troops. The issue of the article is aimed primarily at identifying the geospatial data source and the criteria that affect wet gap crossing by troops and at the proposal of an algorithm that can be used for the development of a geoprocessing tool of wet gap crossing. The contribution of the article is a comparison of the limit values of the vehicles used in wet gap crossing with the natural environment in the operational area and the proposal of an algorithm in the form of flowcharts usable for a geoprocessing tool of wet gap crossing. The significance of the article lies in the proposal of the development of the information system of command and control and its engineer subsystem as an element of C4ISTAR systems.

The paper presents classification according to the level of innovative potential of Ukrainian transport and logistics enterprises specializing in freight transportation with the use of hierarchical cluster analysis on the basis of STATISTICA software. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on the basis of the structural components’ calculated values of the enterprise innovation potential (production and technological, financial, personnel, scientific and technical, organizational and managerial and marketing) by comparing the actual values of indicators that characterize them with the criteria of comparison established for them. The criteria of comparison were the normative values of indicators from the economic and financial literature, industry average indicators, the most optimal enterprises’ indicators in the field of transport logistics, and combined values based on these indicators. According to the results of hierarchical cluster analysis, it is determined that Ukrainian transport and logistics enterprises can be divided into four groups: with high, medium, low and critical level of innovation potential. Innovatively active transport and logistics enterprises are characterized by a high and medium level of innovation potential, innovatively inactive ones are characterized by a low and critical level of innovation potential. The common features and prospects of each enterprise’s development level are determined. The principle of using hierarchical cluster analysis is quite universal and can be used to classify the enterprises of other industries, provided that the composition of indicators and their criteria values are adjusted specifically to any of the activities.

The authors of the article suggest a way to compare the development of countries’ rail systems. This is calculating the geometric mean from the normalized values from the ratio of the length of the railways to the country indicators. This approach is illustrated by the example of European railways. The results of such an assessment show that the most developed railways are not in the countries with the longest railway network, but in those countries where there are many railways compared to other indicators.

The study presents the local geometric characteristics of graded networks and describes an innovative method of presenting graded networks – the tuple method – by means of the local characteristics organized by special tuples. The authors suggested the method for presenting organization networks, which fully complies with the requirements for coherence, algorithmic simplicity, clarity and efficiency. The choice of a motorway on the prospective residential area developments requires such a layout which satisfies the planning requirements for urban streets in terms of the best performance factors of the automobile transportation and traffic safety. Each road layout is determined by various conditions, such as the historical street network, production, geomorphologic, ecological, hydrological, and other factors which impact the formation of a design road network. These data can be used for forecasting growth opportunities and the final layout of an urban territory. The authors also suggested the method of ecological and energy analysis in order to determine the radius (remoteness) of designed bypass roads around the urban areas of Group 1 according to the classification approved. This method is called the simultaneous access method. The travel time ratio between the given points (along the bypass roads and urban streets) was taken as an indicator for the ecological and energy substantiation of the bypass road radius. The research is based on the method of simultaneous access which has been used for the ecological and energy substantiation of the designed bypass roads for linear residential areas (Groups II and III).

The article considers the main methods of engineering surveys (leveling by diameters, tacheometric survey, laser survey, survey by laser profilers, GPS-survey) survey of the area with the main advantages and disadvantages. Processing of the received data at system automated designing as a result of topographic and geodetic works is a digital model of district (which consists of an array of points) of a design zone. During geodetic survey or its in-house processing, the points are given certain attributes necessary for adequate modeling of surfaces, situations and correct implementation of all subsequent design procedures. Since in real projects of complex structures, the engineer deals with arrays of tens and hundreds of thousands of points, it is natural that modern computer-aided design systems must have advanced means of visual editing. For modeling of surfaces there are different types of structures: horizontally, on structural lines, on diameters to a route or the main course, statistical. The problem of constructing a surface by the method of triangulation is one of the basic ones in computational geometry. It includes many others related to surface modeling and solving spatial problems in machine graphics, computer-aided design systems and geographic information systems. Also, a study of the dependence of the height of the terrain and the percentage of error of the obtained digital terrain model. Therefore, based on the results of calculations, it can be concluded that the materials of the survey follow the instructions for topographic surveying for the use of these works in further design.

The article examines the problems of technological development of transport companies and the use of this development as one of the tools for the competitiveness of transport companies and ensuring the quality of transport companies’ transportation services. Modern Information Technology (IT) of transport companies improves the management of information flows and enables better service of the company’s customers or passengers. The technological development of transport companies is inseparable from the availability and use of information technologies and telecommunications. Based on the analysis of literature sources, an expert evaluation questionnaire with the concepts of factors − explanations were formed and prepared, and a list of experts to be interviewed was compiled. During the structural analysis of the technological development of enterprises, the components of the technological development process of the transport enterprise and the factors determining the technological development of the transport enterprise are identified. An expert evaluation questionnaire is developed according to the identified quality criteria of the impact of transport technologies on freight or passenger transport. After processing the data of the expert survey, the criteria are arranged and the results of the research are presented. Conclusions and suggestions are presented at the end.

The growing public need to see the application of social responsibility in the activities of transport companies has a significant impact on cooperation between enterprises and provokes transport companies to engage in socially responsible activities. Therefore, the application of social responsibility in the management of a transport company becomes the basis for organizing the activities of the company. In order for a transport company to successfully expand its transport activities and remain competitive in the transport market, it must supplement its activities with various criteria of social responsibility. The article examines the problems of the application of the social responsibility of the transport company in the activities and the use of the technological development option as one of the tools for ensuring the competitiveness of transport companies. The structural analysis of social responsibility determines the components of social responsibility of the transport company and the factors determining technological development, such as the relationship between social responsibility and technological development. On the basis of a literature analysis, an expert evaluation questionnaire has been developed and prepared. An expert evaluation questionnaire shall be established. After processing the data of the expert survey, the criteria are arranged and the results of the study are presented.

The supply chain management of a land transport companies is an integral part of the activities of organizations. Improperly organized supply chain activities cause significant losses that can make a company uncompetitive. One of the most important factors in the supply chain is technology. The article examines the supply chain processes of technological development (automation) of land transport companies as a tool to ensure the competitiveness of transport companies and the quality of their services. An expert study was performed and the results were presented. Expert assessments of the main criteria for the creation and development of the information system of the transport system in land transport companies were calculated using the AHP methodology.

The article simulates the organization of transport support for grain exports under the condition of modeling the phased maintenance of requirements, identifies the main characteristics of queuing systems using the technology of pre-accumulation of grain cargo in port and port elevators. The possibility of solving the problem of rational transport service is substantiated, when the incoming application of the flow of requirements of the incoming flow is gradually served by several applications of another flow. It is proved that the main components of transport systems can be the development of methods of transport services and justification of rational interaction of different types of transport for the transportation of grain cargo for export purposes in integrated production systems. As a result, transport processes in the systems of transport service of export cargo flows in the work were considered as the interconnected work of economic entities, means of one or different modes of transport, taking into account the impact of the environment.

The article emphasizes that in the current time it is difficult to imagine a car-free world, many cities are paying more and more attention to environmentally friendly transport policy. The biggest challenge implementing the policy is to reduce the use of cars in densely populated city areas with the highest traffic flows. In order to make cities more environmentally friendly to the environment and humans, there is a need to ensure continuous investment in the renewal, improvement and development of transport infrastructure, as well as to raise people’s awareness about the problems caused by cars and their impact on the environment and human health. Having in mind people’s daily transport needs, it is important to restructure mobility trends radically, by encouraging people to use public transport, cycle or walk or use “Park and ride” services. Since free and unrestricted movement is very important in today’s world, it is essential to guarantee the necessary mobility while limiting the use of cars in cities. The article presents the measures for solving the problems and analyzing the development of the platform “Park and ride”.

COVID-19 pandemic significantly influenced transport and logistics sector’s operation, including intermodal terminals functioning. Pandemic appearance evoked the operators of such terminals to face various challenges related to decision-making processes. One of the challenges was dealing with comprehensive services offer shaping. The article aims to analyse the influence of COVID-19 on shaping the comprehensive services offer at intermodal terminals during the first four month of the pandemic. The questionnaire was a tool applied to collect and investigate the opinions of intermodal terminals representatives on analysed issue. The case study of terminals located in Poland was considered. On the basis of the conducted research, it was stated that terminals operators’ representatives generally perceived negatively the impact of pandemic on terminals operation during its initial phase. The areas mostly influenced by the pandemic included organization of terminals operation and transhipment volume. Among the criteria, which influenced decisions connected to shaping of terminal comprehensive services offer and affected by the pandemic, the costs and profits related to service provision, and the demand for services were mentioned.

The paper analyzes the specifics of the impact of air transport services on the environment and provides methodology to solve emerging problems. This article is dedicated to the research of a relevance to upgrade the fleet for running cost-effective business. The main negative ecological influences of the aviation industry operation are noise, electromagnetic radiation, dangerous chemical substances emissions including carbonic acid, harm to animals, plant organisms and adjacent territories, waste production leading to climatic fluctuations, nature destruction and health problems, economic collapses. In addition, aviation sector itself will be affected by its disastrous actions – the main appearing problem can be loss of optimality in carrying out air transport service providers’ activity. The performed researches allowed to find out new ways of air transport disastrous impact shortage. According to the research results, there were determined positive direction for the environment modifications in the airline industry activity – updated assessment method in the form of mathematical model of aircraft fleet usage, which will help to decrease the emissions of old aircraft. Mathematical model of aircraft replacement in the most optimal period of time allowing achieve ecologically safer and cost-effective carriage has been developed.

This article describes the possibilities of state-subsidized public transport in Vilnius. An expert survey showed how important it is for cities to have such a model of public transport as is needed in new districts and suburban areas of Vilnius. The study collected information on the socio-economic factors of the population that affect public passenger transport, the mobility of the population, as well as the impact of private vehicles on the city. There are many obstacles to implementing a fully subsidized public transport model; legal, technological and organizational.

Neuromarketing has a wide range of applications: to build an effective communication policy with consumers, investors and other components of the business ecosystem. Compliance with ethics of neuroscience, data protection, helps to increase consumer confidence, more efficient, more personalized satisfaction of needs. Companies need to educate consumers about the relevance of neuromarketing. Motivating factors are: better, more complete and comprehensive satisfaction of current and anticipation of future needs to improve the quality of life, and this requires constant research.The advantage of neuromarketing is that it allows to detect reactions that occur under the influence of new factors, in particular in a Covid-19 pandemic.Content analysis of leading in Ukraine logistics companies websites showed a comprehensive positioning of companies, paying significant attention to quality standards, environmental safety, corporate social responsibility. In order to achieve the desired emotions, response of consumers more effectively, logistics companies need to improve their websites in the following areas: to place relevant information about services in two versions – concise and more detailed; to ensure the localization of websites, in particular, to follow the usual sites navigation for a particular country. It is expedient to use chatbots more actively for acceleration and convenience of communications. It is advisable to diversify visualization tools that will increase the effectiveness of content perception.

This paper demonstrates the utilization of discrete event simulation for the capacity assessment of an existing metro line using performance metrics of train utilization and passenger waiting queues at the stations. The metro line was modelled with using Arena Simulation model blocks of queues and train routing delays and the simulation model was executed with using the hourly passenger arrival schedules, an origin-destination matrix scenario and variable train time headways. The results indicated the significant deviations of the waiting passenger numbers prior to train boarding with failed train boarding resulted from system congestion. The study indicated that the train time headways can influence the system equilibrium and significant congestions are especially prominent for the intermediate stations with high passenger traffic. The characteristics of the O-D matrix was also a significant contributor to the individual station congestion since the train capacity is highly occupied with the passengers of the popular stations.

There is a challenge of adequate planning and functioning the first and last mile problem in urban mobility. When this issue is not solved according to passenger expectations, they will often start to switch from public passenger system to cars. This is a stumbling block in the attempt to achieve a better modal split in favour of public transport. For the last few years, the new emerging technology has been micromobility. Micromobility is a new and feasible solution that encourages people to use an integrated public transport system more often. There is a useful link between micromobility and the rest of the integrated passenger transport system, especially considering a tariff policy. This paper outlines the results of a field research consisting of a survey that aimed to establish the wishes for the potential use of micromobility. The research was carried out in and around the Croatian capital – Zagreb. Research results represent the first step of implementing micromobility in an integrated passenger transport system.

The problem of ensuring technological reliability and environmental friendliness of the natural gas transportation process is considered along with the main approaches to risk assessment and management at industrial facilities. To increase the trouble-free operation of the gas transmission system, a comprehensive risk management system has been proposed. Investigations into the ecological condition of the ground layer of air are underway in Bogorodchany district. Maps representing the distribution of harmful matter concentrations, coefficients of concentrations, coefficients of ecological danger, and the map of total contaminating index are used in the investigations. General chart of ecological risk is represented here. In particular, the objects for transporting gas are analyzed. The method for calculating the area detonation and the explosive cloud distribution is considered during damage of the main gas pipeline. Area detonating and distance of mixture explosive cloud distribution are calculated at different wind speeds.

Passengers living in remote areas should prioritise public transport over private cars, which increase congestion, parking and environmental problems. In order to achieve this goal, public transport must be accessible to every inhabitant of the region. The development of a regional public transport system must provide for balanced access to regional public transport stations/stops and the frequency of public transport routes to satisfy the needs of passengers. This article aims to analyse the serious public transport accessibility situation in Lithuanian regions and to develop a methodology for the setting regions where public transport is completely inefficient and where alternatives to public transport should be explored.

The transport infrastructure of the state is an important part of modern society. The quality of the transport infrastructure is crucial for the functioning of logistics processes and for transport services. Our research into the resilience of major infrastructure is closely linked to the use of information and communication technologies. The article presents the state of art of individual parts of resilience, then presents the proposals of researchers and the results of research solutions focused on railway infrastructure. Resilience is divided into robustness, renewable and adaptability. The research of individual parts of resilience was solved within the RESILIENCE project in the Czech Republic, the CIERA methodology was created. The mentioned methodology was tested in the Slovak Republic with the conclusion that it is very complicated for practical use. For this reason, the methodology was modified. For the purposes of practice, the research was focused on the renewable part and focused on material, finance, personnel and recovery technologies. An application in the excel environment was prepared for practical use, which enables effective evaluation of renewable energy with the participation of experts. The resulting renewable is complemented by real measures focusing on sub-indicators. The aim of the article to create a methodology for the renewability of railway infrastructure facilities has been met.

None of the possible advantages of autonomous vehicles are going to become reality if the autonomous vehicles are not going to be able to move properly in various different urban scenarios like lane changing, intersections, roundabouts, etc. One of the first tasks, which must be solved in order to be able to properly autonomously move in different urban scenarios, is the path planning. However, the path planning problems, while taking into consideration different urban scenarios, are analysed not equally and the roundabouts is the scenario, which is still behind. Thus, this work analyses the path planning for roundabouts problem, while applying one of the most popular interpolation based approaches – the Bezier curves. A novel way to select the control points for high order Bezier curves, intended for entering a single lane roundabout, driving within the roundabout and exiting the roundabout, is presented.

Airlines recognize fatigue as a threat to flight safety. Fatigue risk management (FRM) is crucial to maximizing safety levels. FRM necessitates measuring and assessing fatigue, sleep, and workload to identify risks, and to determine associated risk indicators, risk severity, risk probability, and risk level. This research evaluates the causes of fatigue and their risks in order to develop an effective fatigue risk assessment system for aviation cabin crew, in collaboration with four commercial airlines. The bowtie method is used to assess fatigue causes, risk identification, and management strategies. This study identifies fatigue causes and risk-related components for developing a practical fatigue risk assessment tool for the aviation cabin crew.

Vulnerability means a degree of reference object to withstand external or internal threats. The reference object can have human or material character. The paper will address to the reference object like a human character concretely the societal vulnerability due to a power failure in the railway station and the specific event will be described in the form of a case study. Each part of the railway network, whether it be a depot, a station, a terminal or others, is largely dependent on the supply of the electricity network to its functional elements in the system. To assess the vulnerability, it should be quantified using available methods. Adequate measures must be taken to reduce societal vulnerability.Societal vulnerability can be quantified by social indicators with their special characteristics. In the paper was use socio structural, socio economic and socio urban indicators.

The shift from the traditional physical working places to smart ones by utilizing growing digitalization is actively taking place in transportation industry. The specialists utilizing smart technologies have to be ready to take new opportunities. The discussion of the competences of future professionals is going on and the question of the readiness of educational institution to prepare specialists for the future has to be investigated. The objective of the paper is to present results of the investigation about the students’ opinion on digital readiness of educational institution to prepare future professionals being able to work at smart workplace in transportation industry. The paper presents the findings of the exploratory research by applying multi-dimensional model of competences and analysing the quantitative and qualitative data of the students’ survey. The research results demonstrate that students understand the importance of digital readiness as a condition to be able to work at smart workplace. However, the higher educational institutions have to design study programmes in a way to pay more attention to the development of digital, soft and especially self-awareness competences to ensure readiness of the graduates to accept the digitization challenges at labour market in transportation industry.

Exhaust gas emission produced by motor vehicles are mainly caused by the elevation features of the road and by the vehicle type. In truth, there is another contribution, probably lower, that can correlate with the driving behavior. This, in turn, is a function of the road geometry that may thus assume a key role not only in terms of functionality and safety, but also in controlling environmental impacts. In this study, the relationships between the longitudinal acceleration, the CO2 emissions and the geometrical features of the road have been analyzed, to contribute to improving road design quality. The analysis of these potential relationships has been developed through an experimental study in a simulated environment. The results evidenced how the emissions depend on the homogeneity of driving, including variables related to visibility, alignment understanding by the drivers, similarity of adjacent elements. However, some conclusions are interesting because they raise questions regarding the correctness of existing models for operative speed forecasting, available in literature and used to verify the road design homogeneity and consistency. This research may have a positive impact in comparing the road design standards and guidelines of the various countries and, mainly, it may suggest alignment composition procedures based not only on safety and use, but also on environmental impacts.

In order to correctly estimate the moment of recognizing the occurrence of a collision situation, it is essential for the driver to evaluate the method of preventing an accident and to assess the driving technique. In the analysis of an accident, one of the important tasks is to evaluate the driver's ability to perceive the traffic situation according to various aspects. At present, there are various measuring systems of eye movement, which are designed to perform a quality reconstruction of the direction of eye movement of road users as a function of time. In addition to the basic physiology of the perception of road users, the paper deals with the use of the Viewpointsystem® measuring system designed for the analysis of eye movement in the perception of the traffic situation. First, it is characterized by a measuring system, outputs in the human-road-vehicle relationship, as well as its hardware and software. As part of determining the decisive moment for a collision situation, an analysis of the direction of movement of the eyes of the vehicle driver during a dangerous traffic situation is performed while driving on a road section located outside the village.

When analyzing the technical condition of a vehicle, its interaction with the pavement, tires have a special significance, because this interaction takes place through the tires. This paper analyzes the criteria for experts and respondents to select passenger car tires for the winter season. The application of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods to determine the importance of criteria for the choice of tires for the winter season is performed. The study uses the developed questionnaire, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, rank correlations, and ARTIW methods. Descriptions and questionnaires of factors (criteria) for respondents and experts were compiled in the study, surveys of experts and respondents were conducted, as well as paired comparison matrices were used. The study identified what criteria are most important for respondents and experts when choosing passenger car tires for the winter season. After examining the significance of the groups of factors, the experts chose the technical characteristics of the tires as the most important group, and the respondents chose the brand of the tire manufacturer. Examining individual groups and factors it was found that the opinions of Lithuanian drivers and experts on many factors were quite similar, and no significant differences were found in the study.