Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Physics of Metals and Metallography 3/2021

01-03-2021 | STRUCTURE, PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS, AND DIFFUSION

Bainitic Transformations in Titanium Alloys

Author: A. V. Dobromyslov

Published in: Physics of Metals and Metallography | Issue 3/2021

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

A large number of factors have an effect on the features and conditions of bainitic (intermediate) transformations in titanium alloys, namely: the type of phase diagram, the position of the eutectoid temperature, the eutectoid composition, the temperature of the start of martensitic transformation, and the rate of diffusion processes. This review provides a detailed analysis of the changes in these factors depending on the position of alloying metals in the periodic table of elements and highlights their influence on the course of bainitic transformations. The main reactions that influence the processes related to bainitic transformations are analyzed, and the main schemes of the formation of bainitic (intermediate) structures in titanium alloys are given. The crystallographic features of bainitic structures are considered, and a classification of intermetallic compounds that form in titanium alloys during the formation of bainitic structures is described. The review provides experimental data related to the features of the formation of bainitic (intermediate) structures in a broad class of titanium alloys with alloying metals belonging to Groups 5-11 of the periodic table of elements (Ti–V, Ti–Nb, Ti–Ta, Ti–Cr, Ti–Mo, Ti–W, Ti–Mn, Ti–Re, Ti–Fe, Ti–Ru, Ti–Os, Ti–Rh, Ti‒Co, Ti–Ni, Ti–Pd, Ti–Cu, Ti–Ag, and Ti–Au alloys).

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
1.
go back to reference G. V. Kurdjumov, L. M. Utevskii, and R. I. Entin, Transformations in Iron and Steel (Nauka, Moscow, 1977) [in Russian]. G. V. Kurdjumov, L. M. Utevskii, and R. I. Entin, Transformations in Iron and Steel (Nauka, Moscow, 1977) [in Russian].
2.
go back to reference J. W. Christian, The Theory of Transformation in Metals and Alloys (Pergamon, 1965). J. W. Christian, The Theory of Transformation in Metals and Alloys (Pergamon, 1965).
3.
go back to reference R. F. Hehemann, K. R. Kinsman, and H. I. A. Aaronson, “Debate on the bainite reaction,” Metall. Trans. 3, No. 5, 1077–1094 (1972).CrossRef R. F. Hehemann, K. R. Kinsman, and H. I. A. Aaronson, “Debate on the bainite reaction,” Metall. Trans. 3, No. 5, 1077–1094 (1972).CrossRef
4.
go back to reference M. Hillert, “Diffusion in growth of bainite,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A 25, No. 9, 1957–1966 (1994).CrossRef M. Hillert, “Diffusion in growth of bainite,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A 25, No. 9, 1957–1966 (1994).CrossRef
5.
go back to reference G. Spanos, “The fine structure and formation mechanism of lower bainite,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A 25, No. 9, 1967–1980 (1994).CrossRef G. Spanos, “The fine structure and formation mechanism of lower bainite,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A 25, No. 9, 1967–1980 (1994).CrossRef
6.
go back to reference V. M. Schastlivtsev, “New concepts of the nature of bainitic transformations in steels,” Metalloved. i Term. Obr. Met., No. 7, 24–29 (2005). V. M. Schastlivtsev, “New concepts of the nature of bainitic transformations in steels,” Metalloved. i Term. Obr. Met., No. 7, 24–29 (2005).
7.
go back to reference G. I. Silman, V. V. Kamynin, and M. S. Polukhin, “Bainitic transformation in iron with stably graphitized snructure,” Met. Sci. Heat Treat. 49, Nos. 3–4, 204–208 (2007).CrossRef G. I. Silman, V. V. Kamynin, and M. S. Polukhin, “Bainitic transformation in iron with stably graphitized snructure,” Met. Sci. Heat Treat. 49, Nos. 3–4, 204–208 (2007).CrossRef
8.
go back to reference H. J. Lee and H. I. Aaronson, “Eutectoid decomposition mechanisms in hypoeutectoid Ti–X alloys,” J. Mater. Sci. 23, 150–160 (1988).CrossRef H. J. Lee and H. I. Aaronson, “Eutectoid decomposition mechanisms in hypoeutectoid Ti–X alloys,” J. Mater. Sci. 23, 150–160 (1988).CrossRef
9.
go back to reference G. W. Franti, J. C. Williams, and H. I. Aaronson, “A survey eutectoid decomposition in ten Ti–X systems,” Metall. Trans. A 9, 1641–1649 (1978).CrossRef G. W. Franti, J. C. Williams, and H. I. Aaronson, “A survey eutectoid decomposition in ten Ti–X systems,” Metall. Trans. A 9, 1641–1649 (1978).CrossRef
10.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, “Structure of quenched Ti–Ru alloys,” Phys. Met. Metallogr. 119, No. 3, 272–281 (2018).CrossRef A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, “Structure of quenched Ti–Ru alloys,” Phys. Met. Metallogr. 119, No. 3, 272–281 (2018).CrossRef
11.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, “Structure of quenched alloys of the Ti–Pd system,” Phys. Met. Metallogr. 117, No. 7, 693–700 (2016).CrossRef A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, “Structure of quenched alloys of the Ti–Pd system,” Phys. Met. Metallogr. 117, No. 7, 693–700 (2016).CrossRef
12.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and N. V. Kazantseva, “Phase transformation in the Ti–Cu system,” Phys. Met. Metallogr. 89, No. 5, 467–473 (2000). A. V. Dobromyslov and N. V. Kazantseva, “Phase transformation in the Ti–Cu system,” Phys. Met. Metallogr. 89, No. 5, 467–473 (2000).
13.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, Structure of Zirconium and Its Alloys (UrO RAN, Ekaterinburg, 1997) [in Russian]. A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, Structure of Zirconium and Its Alloys (UrO RAN, Ekaterinburg, 1997) [in Russian].
14.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and N. V. Kazantseva, “Influence of eutectoid decomposition on the structure of quenched zirconium alloys with metals of groups I, V–VIII of the Periodic table,” Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 75, 118–128 (1993). A. V. Dobromyslov and N. V. Kazantseva, “Influence of eutectoid decomposition on the structure of quenched zirconium alloys with metals of groups I, V–VIII of the Periodic table,” Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 75, 118–128 (1993).
15.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and N. V. Kazantseva, “Mechanism of bainitic transformation in zirconium-manganese alloys,” Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 83, No. 1, 132–139 (1997). A. V. Dobromyslov and N. V. Kazantseva, “Mechanism of bainitic transformation in zirconium-manganese alloys,” Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 83, No. 1, 132–139 (1997).
16.
go back to reference N. I. Taluts and A. V. Dobromyslov, “Features of bainitic transformation in Zr−Rh alloys, Materials structure,” Bull. Czech Slovak Crystallogr. Assoc. 6, No. 2, 120−121 (1999). N. I. Taluts and A. V. Dobromyslov, “Features of bainitic transformation in Zr−Rh alloys, Materials structure,” Bull. Czech Slovak Crystallogr. Assoc. 6, No. 2, 120−121 (1999).
17.
go back to reference T. Y. Hsu (X. Zuyao), and Z. Xiaowang, “Thermodynamics of the bainitic transformation in a Cu–Zn alloys,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A 37, No. 11, 3095–3098 (1994). T. Y. Hsu (X. Zuyao), and Z. Xiaowang, “Thermodynamics of the bainitic transformation in a Cu–Zn alloys,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A 37, No. 11, 3095–3098 (1994).
18.
go back to reference Sh. Motomura, Y. Soejima, T. Miyoshi, and T. Hara, “In situ heating sem observation of the bainitic transformation process in Cu–17Al–11Mn (at %) alloys,” Microscopy (Oxford) 65, No. 2, 159–168 (2015).CrossRef Sh. Motomura, Y. Soejima, T. Miyoshi, and T. Hara, “In situ heating sem observation of the bainitic transformation process in Cu–17Al–11Mn (at %) alloys,” Microscopy (Oxford) 65, No. 2, 159–168 (2015).CrossRef
19.
go back to reference R. F. Mehl, Hardenability of Alloys Steels (ASM, Metals Park, 1933), pp. 1–58. R. F. Mehl, Hardenability of Alloys Steels (ASM, Metals Park, 1933), pp. 1–58.
20.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and N. V. Kazantseva, “Influence of eutectoid decomposition on the structure of quenched zirconium alloys with metals of groups I, V–VIII of the Periodic Table,” Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 75, 118–128 (1993). A. V. Dobromyslov and N. V. Kazantseva, “Influence of eutectoid decomposition on the structure of quenched zirconium alloys with metals of groups I, V–VIII of the Periodic Table,” Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 75, 118–128 (1993).
21.
go back to reference G. I. Nosova, Phase Transformation in Titanium Alloys (Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1964) [in Russian]. G. I. Nosova, Phase Transformation in Titanium Alloys (Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1964) [in Russian].
22.
go back to reference B. A. Kolachev, Physical Metal Science of Ti (Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1976) [in Russian]. B. A. Kolachev, Physical Metal Science of Ti (Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1976) [in Russian].
23.
24.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov, “Effect of d metals on the polymorphous and (mono) eutectoid transformation temperatures of binary titanium, zirconium, and hafnium alloys,” Phys. Met. Metallogr. 121, No. 5, 466–470 (2020).CrossRef A. V. Dobromyslov, “Effect of d metals on the polymorphous and (mono) eutectoid transformation temperatures of binary titanium, zirconium, and hafnium alloys,” Phys. Met. Metallogr. 121, No. 5, 466–470 (2020).CrossRef
25.
go back to reference M. J. McQuillan, Phase Transformations in Titanium and Its Alloys, Met.Rev, 8, 41–104 (1963).CrossRef M. J. McQuillan, Phase Transformations in Titanium and Its Alloys, Met.Rev, 8, 41–104 (1963).CrossRef
26.
go back to reference W. A. Baeslack and W. A. Mullins, “Phase transformations in a Ti–2 wt. Cr alloy on cooling,” J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 2, 715–718 (1983).CrossRef W. A. Baeslack and W. A. Mullins, “Phase transformations in a Ti–2 wt. Cr alloy on cooling,” J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 2, 715–718 (1983).CrossRef
27.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov, “Phase Transformation in binary titanium-base alloys with metals of groups I, IV–VIII of the Periodic Table,” 9 th World Conference on Titanium (Saint-Petersburg, 1999), Vol. 1, 97–106. A. V. Dobromyslov, “Phase Transformation in binary titanium-base alloys with metals of groups I, IV–VIII of the Periodic Table,” 9 th World Conference on Titanium (Saint-Petersburg, 1999), Vol. 1, 97–106.
28.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and V. A. Elkin, “Martensitic transformation and metastable β-phase in binary titanium. alloys with d-metals of 4–6 periods,” Scr. Mater. 44, 905–910 (2001).CrossRef A. V. Dobromyslov and V. A. Elkin, “Martensitic transformation and metastable β-phase in binary titanium. alloys with d-metals of 4–6 periods,” Scr. Mater. 44, 905–910 (2001).CrossRef
29.
go back to reference H. T. Aaronson, G. W. Franti, and M. R. Plichta, “The bainite and massive transformation in Ti–X eutectoid systems,” Interim Rep, Mater. Sci. 75, 1–15 (1976). H. T. Aaronson, G. W. Franti, and M. R. Plichta, “The bainite and massive transformation in Ti–X eutectoid systems,” Interim Rep, Mater. Sci. 75, 1–15 (1976).
30.
go back to reference L. E. Popova and A. A. Popov, Diagrams of Austenite Transformation in Steels and Beta-Solution in Titanium Alloys ((Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1991). L. E. Popova and A. A. Popov, Diagrams of Austenite Transformation in Steels and Beta-Solution in Titanium Alloys ((Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1991).
31.
go back to reference D. A. Mirzaev, V. G. Ul’yanov, M. M. Shteinberg, L. A. Ashikhmina, and T. N. Ul’yanova, “ Electron microscopic study of the structure of titanium quenched at rates from 100 to 5 × 105 deg./s,” Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 57, 1160–1165 (1984). D. A. Mirzaev, V. G. Ul’yanov, M. M. Shteinberg, L. A. Ashikhmina, and T. N. Ul’yanova, “ Electron microscopic study of the structure of titanium quenched at rates from 100 to 5 × 105 deg./s,” Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 57, 1160–1165 (1984).
32.
go back to reference M. Hillert, “Termodinamics of the massive transformation,” Metall. Trans. A 15, 411–419 (1984).CrossRef M. Hillert, “Termodinamics of the massive transformation,” Metall. Trans. A 15, 411–419 (1984).CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Yu. M. Lakhtin, Fundamentals of Metal Science (Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1988) [in Russian]. Yu. M. Lakhtin, Fundamentals of Metal Science (Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1988) [in Russian].
34.
go back to reference T. B. Massalski, “Massive transformation,” Mater. Sci. Eng. 25, 119–125 (1976).CrossRef T. B. Massalski, “Massive transformation,” Mater. Sci. Eng. 25, 119–125 (1976).CrossRef
35.
go back to reference H. I. Aaronson, “Mechanisms massive transformation,” Metall. Mat.Trans. A 33, 2285–2296 (2002).CrossRef H. I. Aaronson, “Mechanisms massive transformation,” Metall. Mat.Trans. A 33, 2285–2296 (2002).CrossRef
36.
go back to reference H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and J. W. Christian, “Bainite in steels,” Metall. Trans. A 21, 767–797 (1990).CrossRef H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia and J. W. Christian, “Bainite in steels,” Metall. Trans. A 21, 767–797 (1990).CrossRef
37.
go back to reference J. C. Williams, R. Taggart, and D. H. Polonis, “The morphology and substructure of Ti–Cu martensite,” Metall. Trans. 1, 2265–2270 (1970).CrossRef J. C. Williams, R. Taggart, and D. H. Polonis, “The morphology and substructure of Ti–Cu martensite,” Metall. Trans. 1, 2265–2270 (1970).CrossRef
38.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, “ Electron microscopic study of the structure of Zr−Mo alloys,” Fiz. Met. Metalloved., No. 12, 72−80 (1990). A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, “ Electron microscopic study of the structure of Zr−Mo alloys,” Fiz. Met. Metalloved., No. 12, 72−80 (1990).
39.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, “Influence of transition elements of groups V and VI on the structure of quenched zirconium,” Fiz. Met. Metalloved., No. 8, 163–170 (1991). A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, “Influence of transition elements of groups V and VI on the structure of quenched zirconium,” Fiz. Met. Metalloved., No. 8, 163–170 (1991).
40.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov, “Influence of the transition metals on structure and mechanical properties of titanium-base alloys,” In Advanced Light Alloys and Composites, Ed. by R. Chiach (Kluver Academic Publishers, 1998), pp. 165–174. A. V. Dobromyslov, “Influence of the transition metals on structure and mechanical properties of titanium-base alloys,” In Advanced Light Alloys and Composites, Ed. by R. Chiach (Kluver Academic Publishers, 1998), pp. 165–174.
41.
go back to reference I. G. Brodova, A. V. Dobromyslov, N. I. Noskova, V. V. Popov, V. G. Pushin, V. V. Sagaradze, B. K. Sokolov, and L. P. Tarabaev, New Promising Materials and New Technologies. Collective monograph, Ed. by N. I. Noscova (UrO RAN, Yekaterinburg, 2001) [in Russian]. I. G. Brodova, A. V. Dobromyslov, N. I. Noskova, V. V. Popov, V. G. Pushin, V. V. Sagaradze, B. K. Sokolov, and L. P. Tarabaev, New Promising Materials and New Technologies. Collective monograph, Ed. by N. I. Noscova (UrO RAN, Yekaterinburg, 2001) [in Russian].
42.
go back to reference K. Majchrowicz1, Z. Pakieła, D. Moszczyn’ska, T. Kurzynowski, and E. Chlebus, “Hot Corrosion of Ti–Re alloys fabricated by selective laser melting,” Oxid. Met. 90, 83–96 (2018). K. Majchrowicz1, Z. Pakieła, D. Moszczyn’ska, T. Kurzynowski, and E. Chlebus, “Hot Corrosion of Ti–Re alloys fabricated by selective laser melting,” Oxid. Met. 90, 83–96 (2018).
43.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and V. A. Elkin, “β → α” and β → ω transformations in Ti–Os alloys,” Metall. Mat. Trans. A 30, 231–233 (1999).CrossRef A. V. Dobromyslov and V. A. Elkin, “β → α” and β → ω transformations in Ti–Os alloys,” Metall. Mat. Trans. A 30, 231–233 (1999).CrossRef
44.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, “Structure of quenched Ti–Ru alloys,” Phys. Met. Metallogr. 119, No. 3, 272–281 (2018).CrossRef A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, “Structure of quenched Ti–Ru alloys,” Phys. Met. Metallogr. 119, No. 3, 272–281 (2018).CrossRef
45.
go back to reference T. A. Bhaskaran, R. V. Krishnan, and S. Ranganathan, “On the decomposition of β-phase in some rapidly quenched titanium-eutectoid alloys,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A 26, 1365–1367 (1995).CrossRef T. A. Bhaskaran, R. V. Krishnan, and S. Ranganathan, “On the decomposition of β-phase in some rapidly quenched titanium-eutectoid alloys,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A 26, 1365–1367 (1995).CrossRef
46.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, “Structure of quenched alloys of the Ti–Pd system,” Phys. Met. Metallogr. 117, No. 7, 693–700 (2016).CrossRef A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, “Structure of quenched alloys of the Ti–Pd system,” Phys. Met. Metallogr. 117, No. 7, 693–700 (2016).CrossRef
47.
go back to reference J. C. Williams, R. Taggarg, and D. H. Polonis, “The morphology and substructure of Ti–Cu martensite,” Metall. Trans. 1, 2265–2270 (1970).CrossRef J. C. Williams, R. Taggarg, and D. H. Polonis, “The morphology and substructure of Ti–Cu martensite,” Metall. Trans. 1, 2265–2270 (1970).CrossRef
48.
go back to reference A. Zangvil, S. Yamamoto, and Y. Murakami, “Morphology and Substructure of Ti–Cu Martensite and its Aged Martensite,” Trans. JIM 17, 575–581 (1976).CrossRef A. Zangvil, S. Yamamoto, and Y. Murakami, “Morphology and Substructure of Ti–Cu Martensite and its Aged Martensite,” Trans. JIM 17, 575–581 (1976).CrossRef
49.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and N. V. Kazantseva, “Phase transformations in the Ti–Cu system,” Phys. Met. Metallogr. 89, 467–473 (2000). A. V. Dobromyslov and N. V. Kazantseva, “Phase transformations in the Ti–Cu system,” Phys. Met. Metallogr. 89, 467–473 (2000).
50.
go back to reference M. R. Plichta, J. C. Williams, and H. I. Aaronson, “On the Existence of the β → αm Transformation in the Alloy Systems Ti–Ag, Ti–Au, and Ti–Si,” Metall. Trans. A 8, 1885–1892 (1977).CrossRef M. R. Plichta, J. C. Williams, and H. I. Aaronson, “On the Existence of the β → αm Transformation in the Alloy Systems Ti–Ag, Ti–Au, and Ti–Si,” Metall. Trans. A 8, 1885–1892 (1977).CrossRef
51.
go back to reference M. Takahashi, M. Kikuchi, and O. Okuno, “Mechanical Properties and Grindability of Experimental Ti–Au Alloys,” Dental Mater. J. 23, No. 2, 203–210 (2004).CrossRef M. Takahashi, M. Kikuchi, and O. Okuno, “Mechanical Properties and Grindability of Experimental Ti–Au Alloys,” Dental Mater. J. 23, No. 2, 203–210 (2004).CrossRef
52.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and N. V. Kazantseva, “The features of the formation of the non-equilibrium phases in the titanium-copper alloys,” 9th World Conference on Titanium (St. Petersburg, 1999), Vol. 1, pp. 247–252. A. V. Dobromyslov and N. V. Kazantseva, “The features of the formation of the non-equilibrium phases in the titanium-copper alloys,” 9th World Conference on Titanium (St. Petersburg, 1999), Vol. 1, pp. 247–252.
53.
go back to reference M. Enomoto and H. Tsubakino, “Morphology and thermodynamic of bainitic transfortmation in ferrous and non-ferrous alloys,” Mater. Trans., JIM 32, No. 8, 642–657 (1991). M. Enomoto and H. Tsubakino, “Morphology and thermodynamic of bainitic transfortmation in ferrous and non-ferrous alloys,” Mater. Trans., JIM 32, No. 8, 642–657 (1991).
54.
go back to reference M. Enomoto and M. Fujita, “Analysis of the composition of α plates isothermally formed in titanium binary alloys,” Metall. Trans. A 21, 1547–1556 (1990).CrossRef M. Enomoto and M. Fujita, “Analysis of the composition of α plates isothermally formed in titanium binary alloys,” Metall. Trans. A 21, 1547–1556 (1990).CrossRef
55.
go back to reference H. M. Flower, R. Davis, and D. R. F. West, “Martensite formation in alloys of titanium containing β-stabilizing elements, Titanium and titanium alloys,” Proceeding of conference, Eds. by Williams et al. (Springer, New York, 1982), pp. 1703–1715. H. M. Flower, R. Davis, and D. R. F. West, “Martensite formation in alloys of titanium containing β-stabilizing elements, Titanium and titanium alloys,” Proceeding of conference, Eds. by Williams et al. (Springer, New York, 1982), pp. 1703–1715.
56.
go back to reference J. B. Newkirk and A. H. Geisler, “Crystallographic aspects of the beta to alpha transformation in titanium,” Acta Metall. 1, 370–374 (1953).CrossRef J. B. Newkirk and A. H. Geisler, “Crystallographic aspects of the beta to alpha transformation in titanium,” Acta Metall. 1, 370–374 (1953).CrossRef
57.
go back to reference C. J. McHargue, “The crystallography of the titanium transformation,” Acta Crystallogr. 6, 529–530 (1953).CrossRef C. J. McHargue, “The crystallography of the titanium transformation,” Acta Crystallogr. 6, 529–530 (1953).CrossRef
58.
go back to reference A. J. Williams, R. W. Cahn, and C. S. Barrett, “The crystallography of the β-α transformation in titanium,” Acta Metall. 2, 117–128 (1954).CrossRef A. J. Williams, R. W. Cahn, and C. S. Barrett, “The crystallography of the β-α transformation in titanium,” Acta Metall. 2, 117–128 (1954).CrossRef
59.
go back to reference A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, “Crystallography and structure of lath martensite of the hexagonal α‑phase in zirconium,” Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 67, 1138–1147 (1989). A. V. Dobromyslov and N. I. Taluts, “Crystallography and structure of lath martensite of the hexagonal α‑phase in zirconium,” Fiz. Met. Metalloved. 67, 1138–1147 (1989).
60.
go back to reference Y. C. Liu and H. Margolin, “Martensite habit plane in quenched Ti–Mn alloys,” J. Met. 5, 667–670 (1953). Y. C. Liu and H. Margolin, “Martensite habit plane in quenched Ti–Mn alloys,” J. Met. 5, 667–670 (1953).
61.
go back to reference Y. C. Liu, “Martensitic transformation in binary titanium alloys,” Trans. AIME 206, 1036–1040 (1956). Y. C. Liu, “Martensitic transformation in binary titanium alloys,” Trans. AIME 206, 1036–1040 (1956).
62.
go back to reference P. Gaunt and J. W. Christian, “The crystallography of the β–α transformation in zirconium and two titanium-molybdenum alloys,” Acta Met. 7, 534–543 (1959).CrossRef P. Gaunt and J. W. Christian, “The crystallography of the β–α transformation in zirconium and two titanium-molybdenum alloys,” Acta Met. 7, 534–543 (1959).CrossRef
63.
go back to reference M. E. Drits, Properties of Elements (Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1985) [in Russian]. M. E. Drits, Properties of Elements (Metallurgiya, Moscow, 1985) [in Russian].
64.
go back to reference Phase Diagrams of Binary Metallic Systems, Ed. by N. P. Lyakishev (Khimiya, Moscow, 2012) [in Russian]. Phase Diagrams of Binary Metallic Systems, Ed. by N. P. Lyakishev (Khimiya, Moscow, 2012) [in Russian].
65.
go back to reference G. P. Luchinskii, Chemistry of Titanium (Izd. Khimiya, Moscow, 1971) [in Russian]. G. P. Luchinskii, Chemistry of Titanium (Izd. Khimiya, Moscow, 1971) [in Russian].
66.
go back to reference G. Lutjering and S. Weismann, “Mechanical properties and structure of age-hardened Ti–Cu alloys,” Metall. Trans. 1, 1641–1649 (1970).CrossRef G. Lutjering and S. Weismann, “Mechanical properties and structure of age-hardened Ti–Cu alloys,” Metall. Trans. 1, 1641–1649 (1970).CrossRef
67.
go back to reference P. Mukhopadhyay, S. K. Menon, S. Banerjee, and R. S. Krishnan, “Active eutectoid decomposition in a near-eutectoid zirconium-copper alloy,” Metall. Trans. A 10, 1071–1084 (1979).CrossRef P. Mukhopadhyay, S. K. Menon, S. Banerjee, and R. S. Krishnan, “Active eutectoid decomposition in a near-eutectoid zirconium-copper alloy,” Metall. Trans. A 10, 1071–1084 (1979).CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Bainitic Transformations in Titanium Alloys
Author
A. V. Dobromyslov
Publication date
01-03-2021
Publisher
Pleiades Publishing
Published in
Physics of Metals and Metallography / Issue 3/2021
Print ISSN: 0031-918X
Electronic ISSN: 1555-6190
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031918X21030042

Other articles of this Issue 3/2021

Physics of Metals and Metallography 3/2021 Go to the issue