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2023 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

Das Erscheinungsbild und nonverbale Verhalten von Polizist*innen im Polizeieinsatz

Authors : Markus M. Thielgen, Stefan Schade

Published in: Handbuch Polizeipsychologie

Publisher: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

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Zusammenfassung

Nonverbales Kommunikationsverhalten ist facettenreich: Es umfasst neben dem statischen und dynamischen Gebrauch des Körpers (Kinesik, einschließlich Mimik, Gestik, Körperhaltung und -bewegung) das räumliche Verhalten und die Wahrnehmung des Raums (Proxemik, einschließlich Nähe- und Distanzregulation, Berührung oder Territorialität) sowie die stimmliche Nuancierung der Sprache (Parasprache, einschließlich der vokalen Qualitäten der Stimme, wie Tonhöhe, Sprechrate, Rhythmus, Lautstärke und Betonung). Gerade für Polizist*innen als Uniformträger*innen spielt in der nonverbalen Kommunikation auch die äußere Erscheinung eine besondere Rolle. Neben der Uniform und den sogenannten Führungs- und Einsatzmitteln (Schlagstock, Pfefferspray, Taser, Pistole sowie Body Cam) wird auch die Wirkung von Tätowierungen, Körperschmuck sowie Bart- und Haartracht auf das Gegenüber untersucht. Der nonverbale Ausdruck sowohl von Polizist*innen als auch von Bürger*innen formt jeweils einen (ersten) Eindruck beim Gegenüber. Dieser sowie die kognitive Verarbeitung (zum Beispiel durch Schemata) können wiederum das Verhalten und damit die Interaktion von beiden Seiten aus beeinflussen. Dabei stellt sich insbesondere die Frage, ob und inwiefern die äußere Erscheinung von Polizist*innen das Einsatzgeschehen und den Einsatzerfolg polizeilicher Maßnahmen negativ beeinträchtigt oder positiv unterstützt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag besprechen wir die Bedeutung der sozialen Wahrnehmung und Kognition für Polizist*innen im Einsatz und fokussieren dabei auf nonverbales Verhalten und die Wirkung der äußeren Erscheinung von Polizist*innen. Hierbei werden Implikationen für die Entstehung von Aggression und Gewalt auf der einen Seite und Kooperation, Akzeptanz und Vertrauen auf der anderen Seite diskutiert.

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Footnotes
1
Mit dem Genderstern * möchten wir kennzeichnen, dass wir alle Geschlechter berücksichtigen.
 
2
Im Zusammenhang mit dem Polizeitraining ist zu beachten, dass es ein wichtiges Ziel ist, Blickverhalten gezielt zu verändern, um bspw. die visuelle Wahrnehmung sowie die Eigensicherung zu fördern. So zeigt eine Studie, dass Mitglieder einer taktischen Einheit v. a. Hände und Hüftregion des Gegenübers signifikant länger fixierten als Streifenbeamt*innen bzw. untrainierte Beamt*innen (Heusler & Sutter, 2020a). Auch können signifikante Unterschiede in Hochstress-Situationen festgestellt werden (Heusler & Sutter, 2020b). Es ist denkbar, dass solche Unterschiede im Blickverhalten vom Gegenüber zumindest implizit wahrgenommen werden und folglich eine Wirkung auf das Erscheinungsbild haben könnten.
 
3
Zu beachten ist, dass Training nonverbalen Verhaltens nicht nur Effekte auf das Gegenüber zeigt, sondern auch auf eigene psychische und physische Prozesse wirken kann. Dies zeigt insbesondere die Diskussion um sog. Power Posen (Carney et al., 2010, 2015; Cuddy et al., 2015; Cuddy et al., 2018). Gleichwohl erscheint hier weitere Forschung, insbesondere zur Bedeutung im Polizeidienst, notwendig (Simmons & Simonsohn, 2017).
 
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Metadata
Title
Das Erscheinungsbild und nonverbale Verhalten von Polizist*innen im Polizeieinsatz
Authors
Markus M. Thielgen
Stefan Schade
Copyright Year
2023
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-40118-4_4

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