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21-05-2021 | Original Research

Novel green strategy to improve the hydrophobicity of cellulose nanocrystals and the interfacial elasticity of Pickering emulsions

Authors: B. L. Pelegrini, F. M. B. Fernandes, T. Fernandes, J. H. de Oliveira, H. C. Rosseto, A. G. O. Junior, A. V. Reis, E. V. Castelani, F. N. C. Sobral, W. V. I. Shirabayashi, L. Benyahia, C. Chassenieux, M. M. de Souza Lima

Published in: Cellulose | Issue 10/2021

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Abstract

The development of Pickering emulsions as ecologically correct stabilized with bio-based material by substituting synthetic petroleum-derived tensoactives assumed a very attractive level, representing the current guideline of the global market for homecare industry, food and beverage applications. In this wor, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), a hierarchically advanced biomaterial, were produced to stabilize innovative emulsions formulated with western soapberry Sapindus saponaria L. oil (SO). Besides, green surfactants (triterpene saponins extracted from S. saponaria L. pericarp; SAP) were also investigated to stabilize the oil/water interface. The synergistic combination between cellulose nanowhiskers and the bioactive glycosides has never been reported in the literature. Dynamic interfacial tensions of SAP and SO were firstly investigated, and their capacity to form a plastic membrane at oil/water interface was revealed. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the influence of the binary systems (CNC:SAP) on the stability of emulsified systems, such as size and zeta potential. In addition, a new calculation was proposed to determine the coverage of the oil droplets formed by the mixture of cellulose crystallites and natural surfactants. The optimal nanoemulsion composition was determined to be 60 w/w (%) of water, 23.905 w/w % of SO, 5 w/w % of CNC and 8.095 w/w% of SAP to produce of smallest droplet (165.1 nm) combined with higher zeta potential module (−46.7 mV). Results highlight the potential of Sapindus saponins and cellulose nanowhiskers for efficient producing label-friendly nanoemulsions applicable for drug, cosmeceutical or edible delivery systems.

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Uncharged CNC is referred to the stabilization of -OSO₃⁻ groups located at the crystal surface promoted by NaCl, as discussed in Partial physicochemical characterizations of CNC section.

The free energy of remove a particle attached at the oil-in-water interface has been discussed at Introduction.

The presence of some ionic impurities in the extracts can result in electrostatic screening effects, even more pronounced at high emulsifier levels, reducing the magnitude of zeta potential (Chung et al. 2017a).

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Title: Novel green strategy to improve the hydrophobicity of cellulose nanocrystals and the interfacial elasticity of Pickering emulsions
Authors: B. L. Pelegrini
F. M. B. Fernandes
T. Fernandes
J. H. de Oliveira
H. C. Rosseto
A. G. O. Junior
A. V. Reis
E. V. Castelani
F. N. C. Sobral
W. V. I. Shirabayashi
L. Benyahia
C. Chassenieux
M. M. de Souza Lima
Publication date: 21-05-2021
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Published in: Cellulose / Issue 10/2021
Print ISSN: 0969-0239
Electronic ISSN: 1572-882X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03904-9

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