Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Microsystem Technologies 1/2013

01-01-2013 | Review Paper

Optimizing hollow microneedles arrays aimed at transdermal drug delivery

Author: M. Sausse Lhernould

Published in: Microsystem Technologies | Issue 1/2013

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Microneedles as a means of transdermal drug delivery is a very promising technology that has been under development in recent years. Much research has been undertaken on the subject, but the quantity of available information makes determining crucial factors for their optimization difficult. This review article gathers available information concerning the mechanics and fluidics of microneedles and provides the reader with important summarized information to take into consideration when designing microneedles systems intended for transdermal drug delivery.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literature
go back to reference Agache P, Monneur C, Leveque J, Rigal JD (1980) Mechanical properties and young’s modulus of human skin in vivo. Arch Dermatol Res 269:221–232CrossRef Agache P, Monneur C, Leveque J, Rigal JD (1980) Mechanical properties and young’s modulus of human skin in vivo. Arch Dermatol Res 269:221–232CrossRef
go back to reference Alqallaf B, Das D, Mori D, Cui Z (2007) Modelling transdermal delivery of high molecular weight drugs from microneedle systems. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond A 365:2951–2967CrossRef Alqallaf B, Das D, Mori D, Cui Z (2007) Modelling transdermal delivery of high molecular weight drugs from microneedle systems. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond A 365:2951–2967CrossRef
go back to reference Bal S, Caussin J, Pavel S, Bouwstra J (2008) In vivo assessment of safety of micro needle arrays in human skin. Eur J Pharm Sci 35:193–202CrossRef Bal S, Caussin J, Pavel S, Bouwstra J (2008) In vivo assessment of safety of micro needle arrays in human skin. Eur J Pharm Sci 35:193–202CrossRef
go back to reference Bariya S, Gohel M, Mehta T, Sharma O (2011) Microneedles: an emerging transdermal drug delivery system. J Pharm Pharmacol 64(1):11–29 Bariya S, Gohel M, Mehta T, Sharma O (2011) Microneedles: an emerging transdermal drug delivery system. J Pharm Pharmacol 64(1):11–29
go back to reference Bodhale D, Nisar A, Afzulpurkar N (2010a) Design, fabrication and analysis of silicon microneedles for transdermal drug delivery applications. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on the development of BME, Vietnam Bodhale D, Nisar A, Afzulpurkar N (2010a) Design, fabrication and analysis of silicon microneedles for transdermal drug delivery applications. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on the development of BME, Vietnam
go back to reference Bodhale D, Nisar A, Afzulpurkar N (2010b) Structural and microfluidic analysis of hollow side-open polymeric microneedles for transdermal drug delivery applications. Microfluid Nanofluid 8:373–392CrossRef Bodhale D, Nisar A, Afzulpurkar N (2010b) Structural and microfluidic analysis of hollow side-open polymeric microneedles for transdermal drug delivery applications. Microfluid Nanofluid 8:373–392CrossRef
go back to reference Colin S (2004) Microfluidique. Hermes Science Publications Colin S (2004) Microfluidique. Hermes Science Publications
go back to reference Davis S, Landis B, Adams Z, Allen M, Prausnitz M (2004) Insertion of microneedles into skin: measurement and prediction of insertion force and needle fracture force. J Biomech 37:1157–1163CrossRef Davis S, Landis B, Adams Z, Allen M, Prausnitz M (2004) Insertion of microneedles into skin: measurement and prediction of insertion force and needle fracture force. J Biomech 37:1157–1163CrossRef
go back to reference Donnelly R, Maijithia R, Singh T, Morrow D, Garland M, Demir Y, Migalska K, Ryan E, Gillen D, Scott C, Woolfson A (2011) Design, optimization and characterisation of polymeric microneedle arrays prepared by a novel laser-based micromoulding technique. Pharm Res 28:41–57CrossRef Donnelly R, Maijithia R, Singh T, Morrow D, Garland M, Demir Y, Migalska K, Ryan E, Gillen D, Scott C, Woolfson A (2011) Design, optimization and characterisation of polymeric microneedle arrays prepared by a novel laser-based micromoulding technique. Pharm Res 28:41–57CrossRef
go back to reference Duck F (1990) Physical properties of tissues: a comprehensive reference book. Academic Press, New York Duck F (1990) Physical properties of tissues: a comprehensive reference book. Academic Press, New York
go back to reference Elkhyat A, Courderot-Masuyer C, Humbert P (2004) Influence of hydrophobic and hydrophylic characteristics of sliding and slider surfaces on friction coefficient: in vivo human skin comparison. Skin Res Tech 10:215–221CrossRef Elkhyat A, Courderot-Masuyer C, Humbert P (2004) Influence of hydrophobic and hydrophylic characteristics of sliding and slider surfaces on friction coefficient: in vivo human skin comparison. Skin Res Tech 10:215–221CrossRef
go back to reference Frick T (2003) Resistance forces acting on suture needles. J Biomech 34:1335–1340CrossRef Frick T (2003) Resistance forces acting on suture needles. J Biomech 34:1335–1340CrossRef
go back to reference Gardeniers HJ, Luttge R, Berenschot EJ, Boer M, Yeshurun S, Hefetz M, van’t Oever R, van den Berg A (2003) Silicon micromachined hollow microneedles or transdermal liquid transport. J Microelectromech Syst 12(6):855–862CrossRef Gardeniers HJ, Luttge R, Berenschot EJ, Boer M, Yeshurun S, Hefetz M, van’t Oever R, van den Berg A (2003) Silicon micromachined hollow microneedles or transdermal liquid transport. J Microelectromech Syst 12(6):855–862CrossRef
go back to reference Gardner T, Briggs G (2001) Biomedical measurements in microscopically thin stratum corneum using acoustics. Skin Res Tech 7:254–261CrossRef Gardner T, Briggs G (2001) Biomedical measurements in microscopically thin stratum corneum using acoustics. Skin Res Tech 7:254–261CrossRef
go back to reference Giboz J, Copponnex T, Mele P (2007) Microinjection molding of thermoplastic polymers: a review. J Micromech Microeng 17:R96–R109CrossRef Giboz J, Copponnex T, Mele P (2007) Microinjection molding of thermoplastic polymers: a review. J Micromech Microeng 17:R96–R109CrossRef
go back to reference Gill H, Prausnitz M (2007) Does needle size matter. J Diabetes Sci Technol 1(5):725–729 Gill H, Prausnitz M (2007) Does needle size matter. J Diabetes Sci Technol 1(5):725–729
go back to reference Gill H, Denson D, Burris B, Prausnitz M (2008) Effect of micro needle design on pain in human subjects. Clin J Pain 24(7):585–594CrossRef Gill H, Denson D, Burris B, Prausnitz M (2008) Effect of micro needle design on pain in human subjects. Clin J Pain 24(7):585–594CrossRef
go back to reference Griss P, Stemme G (2003) Side-opened out-of-plane microneedles for microfluidic transdermal liquid transfer. J Microelectromech Syst 12(3):296–301CrossRef Griss P, Stemme G (2003) Side-opened out-of-plane microneedles for microfluidic transdermal liquid transfer. J Microelectromech Syst 12(3):296–301CrossRef
go back to reference Gupta J, Park S, Bondy B, Felner E, Prausnitz M (2011) Infusion pressure and pain during microneedles injection into skin of human. Biomaterials 32(28):6823–6831CrossRef Gupta J, Park S, Bondy B, Felner E, Prausnitz M (2011) Infusion pressure and pain during microneedles injection into skin of human. Biomaterials 32(28):6823–6831CrossRef
go back to reference Heckele M, Schomburg W (2004) Review on micro molding of thermoplastic polymers. J Micromech Microeng 14:R1–R14CrossRef Heckele M, Schomburg W (2004) Review on micro molding of thermoplastic polymers. J Micromech Microeng 14:R1–R14CrossRef
go back to reference Hendricks F, Brokken D, Oomens C, Bader D, Baaijens F (2006) The relative contributions of different skin layers to the mechanical behaviour of human skin in vivo using suction experiments. Med Eng Phys 28:259–266CrossRef Hendricks F, Brokken D, Oomens C, Bader D, Baaijens F (2006) The relative contributions of different skin layers to the mechanical behaviour of human skin in vivo using suction experiments. Med Eng Phys 28:259–266CrossRef
go back to reference Henry S, McAllister D, Allen M, Prausnitz M (1998) Microfabricated miconeedles: a new approach to transdermal drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 87(8):922–925CrossRef Henry S, McAllister D, Allen M, Prausnitz M (1998) Microfabricated miconeedles: a new approach to transdermal drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 87(8):922–925CrossRef
go back to reference Holbrook K, Odland G (1974) Regional differences in the thickness (cell layer) of the human stratum corneum: an ultrastructural analysis. J Invest Dermatol 62:415–422CrossRef Holbrook K, Odland G (1974) Regional differences in the thickness (cell layer) of the human stratum corneum: an ultrastructural analysis. J Invest Dermatol 62:415–422CrossRef
go back to reference Hood R, Kosoglu M, Parker M, Rylander C (2011) Effects of micro needle design parameters on hydraulic resistance. J Med Devices 5:1–5 Hood R, Kosoglu M, Parker M, Rylander C (2011) Effects of micro needle design parameters on hydraulic resistance. J Med Devices 5:1–5
go back to reference Ji J, Tay F, Miao J (2006) Microfabricated hollow microneedle array using icp etcher. J Phy Conference Series 34:1132–1136CrossRef Ji J, Tay F, Miao J (2006) Microfabricated hollow microneedle array using icp etcher. J Phy Conference Series 34:1132–1136CrossRef
go back to reference Kaushik S, Hord A, Denson D, McAllister D, Smitra S, Allen M, Prausnitz M (2001) Lack of pain associated with micro fabricated micro needles. Anest Analg 92:502–504CrossRef Kaushik S, Hord A, Denson D, McAllister D, Smitra S, Allen M, Prausnitz M (2001) Lack of pain associated with micro fabricated micro needles. Anest Analg 92:502–504CrossRef
go back to reference Khumpuang S, Maeda R, Sugiyama S (2003) Design and fabrication of a coupled microneedle array and insertion guide array for safe penetration through skin. In: Proceedings of 2003 international symposium on micromechatronics and human science Khumpuang S, Maeda R, Sugiyama S (2003) Design and fabrication of a coupled microneedle array and insertion guide array for safe penetration through skin. In: Proceedings of 2003 international symposium on micromechatronics and human science
go back to reference Kim K, Lee JB (2007) High aspect ratio tapered hollow metallic microneedles arrays with microfluidic interconnector. Microsyst Technol 13:231–235CrossRef Kim K, Lee JB (2007) High aspect ratio tapered hollow metallic microneedles arrays with microfluidic interconnector. Microsyst Technol 13:231–235CrossRef
go back to reference Kong X, Wu C (2009) Measurement and prediction of insertion force for the mosquito facsicle penetrating into human skin. J Bionic Eng 6:143–152CrossRef Kong X, Wu C (2009) Measurement and prediction of insertion force for the mosquito facsicle penetrating into human skin. J Bionic Eng 6:143–152CrossRef
go back to reference Kong X, Zhou P, Wu C (2011) Numerical simulations of microneedles insertion into skin. Comput Meth Biomech Biomed Eng 14(9):827–835CrossRef Kong X, Zhou P, Wu C (2011) Numerical simulations of microneedles insertion into skin. Comput Meth Biomech Biomed Eng 14(9):827–835CrossRef
go back to reference Lhernould MS, Delchambre A (2011) Innovative design of hollow polymeric microneedles for transdermal drug delivery. Microsyst Technol 17(10–11):1675–1682CrossRef Lhernould MS, Delchambre A (2011) Innovative design of hollow polymeric microneedles for transdermal drug delivery. Microsyst Technol 17(10–11):1675–1682CrossRef
go back to reference Lv Y, Liu J, Gao Y, Xu B (2006) Modeling of transdermal drug delivery with a microneedle array. J Micromech Microeng 16:2492–2501CrossRef Lv Y, Liu J, Gao Y, Xu B (2006) Modeling of transdermal drug delivery with a microneedle array. J Micromech Microeng 16:2492–2501CrossRef
go back to reference Ma G, Shi L, Wu C (2011) Biomechanical property of a natural micro needle: the caterpillar spine. J Med Devices 5:1–6CrossRef Ma G, Shi L, Wu C (2011) Biomechanical property of a natural micro needle: the caterpillar spine. J Med Devices 5:1–6CrossRef
go back to reference Martanto W (2005) Microinjection into skin using microneedles. PhD thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology Martanto W (2005) Microinjection into skin using microneedles. PhD thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology
go back to reference Martanto W, Moore J, Couse T, Prausnitz M (2006a) Mechanism of fluid infusion during microneedle insertion and retraction. J Control Release 112:357–361CrossRef Martanto W, Moore J, Couse T, Prausnitz M (2006a) Mechanism of fluid infusion during microneedle insertion and retraction. J Control Release 112:357–361CrossRef
go back to reference Martanto W, Moore J, Kashlan O, R Kamath a dPW, O’Neal J, Prausnitz M (2006b) Microinfusion using hollow microneedles. Pharm Res 23(1):104–113CrossRef Martanto W, Moore J, Kashlan O, R Kamath a dPW, O’Neal J, Prausnitz M (2006b) Microinfusion using hollow microneedles. Pharm Res 23(1):104–113CrossRef
go back to reference Matteucci M, Fanetti M, ans F Gramatica MC, Gavioli L, Tormen M, Grenci G, Angelis FD, Fabrizio ED (2009) Poly vinyl alcohol re-usable masters for microneedle replication. Microe Eng 86:752–756CrossRef Matteucci M, Fanetti M, ans F Gramatica MC, Gavioli L, Tormen M, Grenci G, Angelis FD, Fabrizio ED (2009) Poly vinyl alcohol re-usable masters for microneedle replication. Microe Eng 86:752–756CrossRef
go back to reference McAllister D, Wang P, Davis S, Park JH, Canatella P, Allen M, Prausnitz M (2003) Microfabricated needles for transdermal delivery of macromolecule and nanoparticles: fabrication methods and transport studies. In: National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol 100, pp 13,755–13,760 McAllister D, Wang P, Davis S, Park JH, Canatella P, Allen M, Prausnitz M (2003) Microfabricated needles for transdermal delivery of macromolecule and nanoparticles: fabrication methods and transport studies. In: National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol 100, pp 13,755–13,760
go back to reference Mehta A, Wong F (1973) Measurement of flammability and burn potential of fabrics. Tech. rep., MIT, Massachussets Mehta A, Wong F (1973) Measurement of flammability and burn potential of fabrics. Tech. rep., MIT, Massachussets
go back to reference Miller M (1999) The cost of unsafe injections. Bull World Health Organ 77(10):808–811 Miller M (1999) The cost of unsafe injections. Bull World Health Organ 77(10):808–811
go back to reference Moon S, Lee S (2005) A novel fabrication method of a microneedle array using inclined deep X-ray exposure. J Micromech Microeng 15:903–911CrossRef Moon S, Lee S (2005) A novel fabrication method of a microneedle array using inclined deep X-ray exposure. J Micromech Microeng 15:903–911CrossRef
go back to reference Mukerjee E, Collins S, Isseroff R, Smith R (2004) Microneedle array for transdermal biological fluid extraction and in situ analysis. Sens Actuators, A 114:267–275CrossRef Mukerjee E, Collins S, Isseroff R, Smith R (2004) Microneedle array for transdermal biological fluid extraction and in situ analysis. Sens Actuators, A 114:267–275CrossRef
go back to reference Norlen L (1999) The skin barrier:structure and physical function. PhD thesis, Karolinska Institute, Sweden Norlen L (1999) The skin barrier:structure and physical function. PhD thesis, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
go back to reference Olatunji O, Das D, Nassehi V (2011) Modelling transdermal drug delivery using micro needles: effect of geometry on drug transport behaviour. J Pharm Sci 101(1):164–175CrossRef Olatunji O, Das D, Nassehi V (2011) Modelling transdermal drug delivery using micro needles: effect of geometry on drug transport behaviour. J Pharm Sci 101(1):164–175CrossRef
go back to reference Park JH, Prausnitz M (2010) Analysis of the mechanical failure of polymer microneedles by axial force. J Korean Phys Soc 56(4):1223–1227CrossRef Park JH, Prausnitz M (2010) Analysis of the mechanical failure of polymer microneedles by axial force. J Korean Phys Soc 56(4):1223–1227CrossRef
go back to reference Park JH, Allen M, Prausnitz M (2006) Polymer microneedles for controlled-release drug delivery. Pharm Res 23(5):1008–1018CrossRef Park JH, Allen M, Prausnitz M (2006) Polymer microneedles for controlled-release drug delivery. Pharm Res 23(5):1008–1018CrossRef
go back to reference Poiseuille J (1840) Recherches experimentales sur le mouvement des liquides dans les tubes de tres petits diametres. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des l’Academie des Sciences 11:961–967; 1041–1048 Poiseuille J (1840) Recherches experimentales sur le mouvement des liquides dans les tubes de tres petits diametres. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des l’Academie des Sciences 11:961–967; 1041–1048
go back to reference Prausnitz M, Langer R (2008) Transdermal drug delivery. Nat Biotechnol 26(11):1261–1268CrossRef Prausnitz M, Langer R (2008) Transdermal drug delivery. Nat Biotechnol 26(11):1261–1268CrossRef
go back to reference Ramasubraminian M, Barham O, Swaminathan V (2008) Mechanics of a mosquito bite with applications to microneedle design. Bioinspir Biomim 3:1–10CrossRef Ramasubraminian M, Barham O, Swaminathan V (2008) Mechanics of a mosquito bite with applications to microneedle design. Bioinspir Biomim 3:1–10CrossRef
go back to reference Roxhed N, Gasser T, Griss P, Holzapfel G, Stemme G (2007) Penetration-enhanced ultrasharp microneedles and prediction on skin interaction for efficient transdermal drug delivery. J Microelectromech Syst 16(6):1429–1440CrossRef Roxhed N, Gasser T, Griss P, Holzapfel G, Stemme G (2007) Penetration-enhanced ultrasharp microneedles and prediction on skin interaction for efficient transdermal drug delivery. J Microelectromech Syst 16(6):1429–1440CrossRef
go back to reference Roxhed N, Griss P, Stemme G (2008a) Membrane-sealed hollow microneedles and related administration schemes for transdermal drug delivery. Biomed Microdevices 10:271–279CrossRef Roxhed N, Griss P, Stemme G (2008a) Membrane-sealed hollow microneedles and related administration schemes for transdermal drug delivery. Biomed Microdevices 10:271–279CrossRef
go back to reference Roxhed N, Samel B, Nordquist L, Griss P, Stemme G (2008b) Painless drug delivery through microneedle-based transdermal patches featuring active infusion. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 55(3):1063–1071CrossRef Roxhed N, Samel B, Nordquist L, Griss P, Stemme G (2008b) Painless drug delivery through microneedle-based transdermal patches featuring active infusion. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 55(3):1063–1071CrossRef
go back to reference Sammoura F, Kang J, Heo YM, Jung T, Lin L (2007) Polymer microneedle fabrication using a microinjection molding technique. Microsyst Technol 13:517–522CrossRef Sammoura F, Kang J, Heo YM, Jung T, Lin L (2007) Polymer microneedle fabrication using a microinjection molding technique. Microsyst Technol 13:517–522CrossRef
go back to reference Sharp K, Adrian R, Santiago J, Molho J (2002) Liquids flow in microchannels, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1–38 Sharp K, Adrian R, Santiago J, Molho J (2002) Liquids flow in microchannels, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1–38
go back to reference Shergold O, Fleck N (2005) Experimental investigation into the deep penetration of soft solids by sharp and blunt punches, with application to the piercing of skin. J Biomec Eng 17:513–520 Shergold O, Fleck N (2005) Experimental investigation into the deep penetration of soft solids by sharp and blunt punches, with application to the piercing of skin. J Biomec Eng 17:513–520
go back to reference Shergold O, Fleck N, King T (2006) The penetration of a soft solid by a liquid jet, with application to the administration of a needle-free injection. J Biomech 39:2593–2602CrossRef Shergold O, Fleck N, King T (2006) The penetration of a soft solid by a liquid jet, with application to the administration of a needle-free injection. J Biomech 39:2593–2602CrossRef
go back to reference Staples M, Daniel K, Cima M, Langer R (2006) Applications of micro- and nano-electromechanical devices to drug delivery. Pharm Res 23(5):847–863CrossRef Staples M, Daniel K, Cima M, Langer R (2006) Applications of micro- and nano-electromechanical devices to drug delivery. Pharm Res 23(5):847–863CrossRef
go back to reference Stoeber B, Liepmann D (2005) Arrays of hollow out-of-plane microneedles for drug delivery. J Microelectromech Syst 14(3):472–479CrossRef Stoeber B, Liepmann D (2005) Arrays of hollow out-of-plane microneedles for drug delivery. J Microelectromech Syst 14(3):472–479CrossRef
go back to reference Swartz M, Fleury M (2007) Interstitial flow and its effects in soft tissues. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 9:229–256CrossRef Swartz M, Fleury M (2007) Interstitial flow and its effects in soft tissues. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 9:229–256CrossRef
go back to reference Teo A, Shearwood C, Ng K, Lu J, Moochhala S (2006) Transdermal microneedles for drug delivery applications. Mater Sci Eng, B 132:151–154CrossRef Teo A, Shearwood C, Ng K, Lu J, Moochhala S (2006) Transdermal microneedles for drug delivery applications. Mater Sci Eng, B 132:151–154CrossRef
go back to reference Wang PM, Cornwell M, Hill J, Prausnitz M (2006) Precise microinjection into skin using hollow microneedles. J Invest Dermatol 126:1080–1087CrossRef Wang PM, Cornwell M, Hill J, Prausnitz M (2006) Precise microinjection into skin using hollow microneedles. J Invest Dermatol 126:1080–1087CrossRef
go back to reference Yung K, Xu Y, Liu H, Tam K, Ko S, Kwan F, Lee T (2012) Sharp tipped plastic hollow micro needle array by microinjection moulding. J Micromech Microeng 22:1–10CrossRef Yung K, Xu Y, Liu H, Tam K, Ko S, Kwan F, Lee T (2012) Sharp tipped plastic hollow micro needle array by microinjection moulding. J Micromech Microeng 22:1–10CrossRef
go back to reference Zahn J, Talbot N, Liepmann D, Pisano A (2000) Microfabricated polysilicon microneedles for minimally invasive biomedical devices. Biomed Microdevices 2(4):295–303CrossRef Zahn J, Talbot N, Liepmann D, Pisano A (2000) Microfabricated polysilicon microneedles for minimally invasive biomedical devices. Biomed Microdevices 2(4):295–303CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Optimizing hollow microneedles arrays aimed at transdermal drug delivery
Author
M. Sausse Lhernould
Publication date
01-01-2013
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Microsystem Technologies / Issue 1/2013
Print ISSN: 0946-7076
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1858
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-012-1663-1

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

Microsystem Technologies 1/2013 Go to the issue