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Open Access 2019 | Open Access | Buch

Buchtitelbild

3D Recording and Interpretation for Maritime Archaeology

herausgegeben von: John K. McCarthy, Dr. Jonathan Benjamin, Trevor Winton, Wendy van Duivenvoorde

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Coastal Research Library

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Inhaltsverzeichnis
insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This open access peer-reviewed volume was inspired by the UNESCO UNITWIN Network for Underwater Archaeology International Workshop held at Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia in November 2016. Content is based on, but not limited to, the work presented at the workshop which was dedicated to 3D recording and interpretation for maritime archaeology. The volume consists of contributions from leading international experts as well as up-and-coming early career researchers from around the globe.

The content of the book includes recording and analysis of maritime archaeology through emerging technologies, including both practical and theoretical contributions. Topics include photogrammetric recording, laser scanning, marine geophysical 3D survey techniques, virtual reality, 3D modelling and reconstruction, data integration and Geographic Information Systems.

The principal incentive for this publication is the ongoing rapid shift in the methodologies of maritime archaeology within recent years and a marked increase in the use of 3D and digital approaches. This convergence of digital technologies such as underwater photography and photogrammetry, 3D sonar, 3D virtual reality, and 3D printing has highlighted a pressing need for these new methodologies to be considered together, both in terms of defining the state-of-the-art and for consideration of future directions.

As a scholarly publication, the audience for the book includes students and researchers, as well as professionals working in various aspects of archaeology, heritage management, education, museums, and public policy. It will be of special interest to those working in the field of coastal cultural resource management and underwater archaeology but will also be of broader interest to anyone interested in archaeology and to those in other disciplines who are now engaging with 3D recording and visualization.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
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Open Access

1. The Rise of 3D in Maritime Archaeology
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the rise of 3D technologies in the practice of maritime archaeology and sets the scene for the following chapters in this volume. Evidence is presented for a paradigm shift in the discipline from 2D to 3D recording and interpretation techniques which becomes particularly evident in publications from 2009. This is due to the emergence or improvement of a suite of sonar, laser, optical and other sensor-based technologies capable of capturing terrestrial, intertidal, seabed and sub-seabed sediments in 3D and in high resolution. The general increase in available computing power and convergence between technologies such as Geographic Information Systems and 3D modelling software have catalysed this process. As a result, a wide variety of new analytical approaches have begun to develop within maritime archaeology. These approaches, rather than the sensor technologies themselves, are of most interest to the maritime archaeologist and provide the core content for this volume. We conclude our discussion with a brief consideration of key issues such as survey standards, digital archiving and future directions.
John McCarthy, Jonathan Benjamin, Trevor Winton, Wendy van Duivenvoorde
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Open Access

2. Camera Calibration Techniques for Accurate Measurement Underwater
Abstract
Calibration of a camera system is essential to ensure that image measurements result in accurate estimates of locations and dimensions within the object space. In the underwater environment, the calibration must implicitly or explicitly model and compensate for the refractive effects of waterproof housings and the water medium. This chapter reviews the different approaches to the calibration of underwater camera systems in theoretical and practical terms. The accuracy, reliability, validation and stability of underwater camera system calibration are also discussed. Samples of results from published reports are provided to demonstrate the range of possible accuracies for the measurements produced by underwater camera systems.
Mark Shortis
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Open Access

3. Legacy Data in 3D: The Cape Andreas Survey (1969–1970) and Santo António de Tanná Expeditions (1978–1979)
Abstract
This chapter explores the significance of legacy data as a source of new information and the possibility of extracting new information from sources of information that were recovered before the advent of computers and the digital revolution. Since then, much of the emphasis has been directed towards gathering new information and there has been little emphasis on records that date back over 50 years. This chapter examines two examples: the first the Cape Andreas Expedition in Cyprus 1969–1970 and the other the Santo António de Tanná excavation 1977–1980. Both case studies are examined for the elements of photography that can be used to extract new information and how data, in the future, can be best be collected to suit these developments.
Jeremy Green
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Open Access

4. Systematic Photogrammetric Recording of the Gnalić Shipwreck Hull Remains and Artefacts
Abstract
In September 1967 an important shipwreck site was discovered near the islet of Gnalić in Northern Dalmatia (Croatia). It immediately raised significant interest in the scientific community and the broader public. Due to logistical and financial issues, the excavation ceased after five short-term rescue research campaigns, over a total duration of 54 working days. Renewed interest in the site, particularly the hull remains, resulted in reviving the project after 45 years. The trial campaign, carried out in 2012, had a positive outcome, and the excavation has continued annually in a systematic way. The nature of the site demanded significant effort to document the excavated areas. Considering all the temporal restrictions caused by various reasons, photogrammetry proved to be an extremely helpful and efficient tool.
Irena Radić Rossi, Jose Casabán, Kotaro Yamafune, Rodrigo Torres, Katarina Batur
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Open Access

5. Underwater Photogrammetric Recording at the Site of Anfeh, Lebanon
Abstract
This chapter considers the application of underwater photogrammetry to record and document the underwater cultural heritage at the site of Anfeh in North Lebanon. Although photogrammetry has become a standard procedure in the field of maritime archaeology worldwide, this is the first use of this recording method in the country. The research context is presented, followed by the methodology adopted according to the particularities of the site and then the results of work undertaken over two campaigns: one in 2016 and one in 2017. The main aims in this chapter are to demonstrate the advantages of a low-cost and time-effective method of documenting sites, where the funding prohibits the use of more expensive geophysical equipment. The application of multi-image photogrammetry as a recording technique at Anfeh has merit in providing global access to artefacts in their in situ context. The results generated from 3D data were particularly informative to the study of a substantial collection of anchors of different types and sizes, without removing them from their underwater context. By calculating volume from the 3D scan, an estimation of the weight of these could be thus achieved and will serve in future analysis of the vessels plying the maritime routes at Anfeh.
Lucy Semaan, Mohammed Saeed Salama
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Open Access

6. Using Digital Visualization of Archival Sources to Enhance Archaeological Interpretation of the ‘Life History’ of Ships: The Case Study of HMCS/HMAS Protector
Abstract
In 2013, researchers affiliated with the South Australian Maritime Museum and University of Adelaide’s Australian Centre for Visual Technologies [ACVT] conducted an archaeological and laser scanning survey of the former Australian warship HMCS/HMAS Protector. Between its launch in 1884 and service in the First World War, Protector was substantially modified. Once decommissioned, the ship again underwent drastic changes. While several archival photographs exist that depict Protector at various stages of its life, they provide only scant understanding of the transformative processes applied to Protector’s hull. Researchers at ACVT have developed methods of generating 3D models from archival photographs, and are using Protector as a case study. Models have been created that depict the vessel at three specific periods of its service life, which in turn has enabled archaeologists to identify gradual variations to Protector’s hull that, in some cases, were so subtle they could not be discerned in existing archival photographs and other historic media.
James Hunter, Emily Jateff, Anton van den Hengel
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Open Access

7. The Conservation and Management of Historic Vessels and the Utilization of 3D Data for Information Modelling
Abstract
The increased use of laser scanning and photogrammetry has given rise to new opportunities in disseminating information about historic maritime assets and are of great use in conservation management initiatives. This chapter discusses the current state of 3D survey of historic vessels and how this has been applied more recently for historic vessel conservation management. Key questions such as how this data is utilized, and what it is that the capture of such data is trying to achieve for the conservation and management of historic ships and vessels will be explored. In addition, this chapter will introduce information modelling, most commonly seen as Building Information Modelling (BIM) as an approach for furthering the effective management of historic ships and vessels, as well as other historic marine and maritime assets. It will demonstrate that the majority of attempts at utilizing BIM in the heritage sector have been limited to buildings, and that the full potential of this technique has not been realized. Through the use of the ‘VIM’ project at HMS Victory the chapter will then explore how information modelling can be applied to a highly complex historic ship.
Dan Atkinson, Damien Campbell-Bell, Michael Lobb
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Open Access

8. A Procedural Approach to Computer-Aided Modelling in Nautical Archaeology
Abstract
This chapter analyses the functionality and applicability of procedural computer-based modelling techniques in the field of nautical archaeology. To demonstrate this approach, an interactive procedural model of the lower hull timbers of a sixteenth-century European merchant ship was developed through a process of prototype implementation, and an evaluation of the usefulness and effectiveness of the prototypes developed was carried out using the timbers from the hull remains of the Belinho 1 shipwreck, found in Portugal in 2014. The 3D model was created using Houdini, a procedural node-based 3D software package. A basic collection of the main timber components of a ship’s lower hull was defined, and functional rules were created for each timber, based on real-world ship design and construction processes. Then the rules were incorporated into the logic of the procedural modelling algorithm, and the resulting model was changed by using the Belinho 1 shipwreck scantlings. The results, which will be discussed, were satisfactory, except for the planking, which is a very complex part of the shipbuilding process and deserves future attention.
Matthew Suarez, Frederic Parke, Filipe Castro
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Open Access

9. Deepwater Archaeological Survey: An Interdisciplinary and Complex Process
Abstract
This chapter introduces several state of the art techniques that could help to make deep underwater archaeological photogrammetric surveys easier, faster, more accurate, and to provide more visually appealing representations in 2D and 3D for both experts and public. We detail how the 3D captured data is analysed and then represented using ontologies, and how this facilitates interdisciplinary interpretation and cooperation. Towards more automation, we present a new method that adopts a deep learning approach for the detection and the recognition of objects of interest, amphorae for example. In order to provide more readable, direct and clearer illustrations, we describe several techniques that generate different styles of sketches out of orthophotos developed using neural networks. In the same direction, we present the Non-Photorealistic Rendering (NPR) technique, which converts a 3D model into a more readable 2D representation that is more useful to communicate and simplifies the identification of objects of interest. Regarding public dissemination, we demonstrate how recent advances in virtual reality to provide an accurate, high resolution, amusing and appropriate visualization tool that offers the public the possibility to ‘visit’ an unreachable archaeological site. Finally, we conclude by introducing the plenoptic approach, a new promising technology that can change the future of the photogrammetry by making it easier and less time consuming and that allows a user to create a 3D model using only one camera shot. Here, we introduce the concepts, the developing process, and some results, which we obtained with underwater imaging.
Pierre Drap, Odile Papini, Djamal Merad, Jérôme Pasquet, Jean-Philip Royer, Mohamad Motasem Nawaf, Mauro Saccone, Mohamed Ben Ellefi, Bertrand Chemisky, Julien Seinturier, Jean-Christophe Sourisseau, Timmy Gambin, Filipe Castro
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Open Access

10. Quantifying Depth of Burial and Composition of Shallow Buried Archaeological Material: Integrated Sub-bottom Profiling and 3D Survey Approaches
Abstract
This chapter presents proof of concept results from a program of in situ experimental and shipwreck survey measurements using non-linear (parametric) sub-bottom profiler (SBP) acoustic technology. Currently adopted acoustic methods have practical limitations for in situ management purposes for underwater sites with buried archaeological material. Sidescan and multibeam sensors do not quantify material buried below the seabed; linear SBP surveys are challenging to operate in very shallow water and have difficulties with respect to interpretation in the top 30 cm of the seabed; and confidence estimates for parametric SBP depth of burial measurements have yet to be published. The prime purposes of this research, consequently, are: to quantify shallow buried archaeological sites in 3D with confidence estimates, by measuring the depth of sediment cover, thickness and lateral extent of buried archaeological material; and to investigate relationships between acoustic waveform parameters and the type and degradation condition of that buried material. This improved measurement and interpretation capability, when combined with the other geophysical search tools such as multibeam echo sounders and magnetometers, will also aid in the assessment of the archaeological research potential of underwater sites.
Trevor Winton
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Open Access

11. Resolving Dimensions: A Comparison Between ERT Imaging and 3D Modelling of the Barge Crowie, South Australia
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) modelling is becoming a ubiquitous technology for the interpretation of cultural heritage objects. However most 3D models are based on geomatic data such as surveying, laser scanning or photogrammetry and therefore rely on the subject of the study being visible. This chapter presents the case study of Crowie, a submerged and partially buried barge wrecked near the town of Morgan in South Australia. Crowie was reconstructed using two alternative approaches; one based on a combination of historic photographs and computer graphics and the second based on geophysical data from electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). ERT has been rarely used for maritime archaeology despite providing 3D representation under challenging survey conditions, such as in shallow and turbid water. ERT was particularly successful on Crowie for mapping the external metal cladding, which was recognisable based on very low resistivity values. An alternative 3D model was created using historic photographs and dimensions for Crowie in combination with information from acoustic geophysical surveys. The excellent correspondence between these models demonstrates the efficacy of ERT in shallow maritime archaeology contexts.
Kleanthis Simyrdanis, Marian Bailey, Ian Moffat, Amy Roberts, Wendy van Duivenvoorde, Antonis Savvidis, Gianluca Cantoro, Kurt Bennett, Jarrad Kowlessar
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Open Access

12. HMS Falmouth: 3D Visualization of a First World War Shipwreck
Abstract
This chapter outlines an opportunistic yet innovative approach to developing a 3D visualization of HMS Falmouth, a Town Class light cruiser sunk during the First World War on the Yorkshire coast, England. The results of a multibeam echosounder survey of the seabed were combined with photogrammetry and laser scanning of the original builder’s model of HMS Falmouth, which is in store in the collections of the Imperial War Museums (IWM). The visualization, made available via Sketchfab, helped to generate considerable public and media interest in an important heritage asset. This chapter also comments on the role of visualizations in engaging people for whom underwater archaeology is otherwise inaccessible, and considers the potential for visualizations to integrate research and prompt further investigation.
Antony Firth, Jon Bedford, David Andrews
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Open Access

13. Beacon Virtua: A Virtual Reality Simulation Detailing the Recent and Shipwreck History of Beacon Island, Western Australia
Abstract
Beacon Virtua is a project to document and virtually preserve a historically significant offshore island as a virtual reality experience. In 1629, survivors of the wreck of VOC ship Batavia took refuge on Beacon Island, Western Australia, followed by a mutiny and massacre. In the 1950s the island became the base of a successful fishing industry, and in 1963 human remains from Batavia were located. The fishing community has recently been moved off the island to protect and preserve the site and allow a thorough archaeological investigation of the island. Beacon Virtua exposes users to the history of both the shipwreck survivors and the fishing community. The project uses the virtual environment development software Unity to present a simulation of the island, with 3D models of buildings and jetties, photogrammetric 3D reconstructions of graves and other features, 360° photographic panoramas, and information on the history of the island. The experience has been made available on a wide range of different platforms including via a web-page, as part of an exhibition, and on head mounted displays (VR headsets). This chapter discusses the features included in Beacon Virtua, the storytelling techniques used in the simulation, the challenges encountered and solutions used during the project.
Andrew Woods, Nick Oliver, Paul Bourke, Jeremy Green, Alistair Paterson
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Open Access

14. Integrating Aerial and Underwater Data for Archaeology: Digital Maritime Landscapes in 3D
Abstract
Archaeologists have aspired to a seamless integration of terrestrial and marine survey since maritime archaeology began to emerge as a distinct sub-discipline. This chapter will review and discuss how 3D technology is changing the way that archaeologists work, blurring the boundaries between different technologies and different environments. Special attention is paid to the integration of data obtained from aerial and underwater methods. Maritime archaeology is undergoing an explosion of site recording methods and techniques which improve survey, excavation and interpretation, as well as management and conservation of material culture, protected sites, and cultural landscapes. An appraisal of methods and interpretive tools is therefore necessary as well as a consideration of how theoretical concepts of maritime landscapes are finding new expressions in practice. A thematic focus is placed on integrating land and sea through case studies of maritime archaeological sites and material which range chronologically from the recent past to several thousand years before present.
Jonathan Benjamin, John McCarthy, Chelsea Wiseman, Shane Bevin, Jarrad Kowlessar, Peter Moe Astrup, John Naumann, Jorg Hacker
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Backmatter
PDF
Metadaten
Titel
3D Recording and Interpretation for Maritime Archaeology
herausgegeben von
John K. McCarthy
Dr. Jonathan Benjamin
Trevor Winton
Wendy van Duivenvoorde
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-03635-5
Print ISBN
978-3-030-03634-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03635-5

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