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2019 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

A Cultural Economic Analysis of Craft

herausgegeben von: Dr. Anna Mignosa, Priyatej Kotipalli

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

Are we aware of the values of craft? In this edited volume, cultural economists, researchers and professionals provide an interdisciplinary discussion of the relevance and contribution of the craft sector to the economy, as well as to society at large.

Mignosa and Kotipalli bring together contributors to compare the craft sector across countries, analysing the role of institutions, educational bodies, organisations and market structure in its evolution and perception. The Western approach to craft and its subordinate position to the arts is contrasted with the prestige of craftmanship in Eastern countries, while the differing ways that craft has attracted the attention of policy agencies, museums, designers and private institutions across regions is also analysed. This volume is vital reading to those interested in the economic features of craft and craftsmanship around the world, as well as for those interested in the importance of policy in bringing about effective sustainable development.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Introduction
Abstract
This chapter outlines the themes of the book and how the project came about. It illustrates the potential role cultural economics can play in the analysis of the crafts sector while acknowledging the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to have a full picture of the sector. The book considers the traditional discourse about crafts and craftsmanship which tends to focus on the economic features of the sector, the importance of policies and tools that can be used to avoid short-term effects and, instead, lead the way to a crafts culture that can guarantee the sustainable development of the sector.
Anna Mignosa, Priyatej Kotipalli

Definitional Issues

Frontmatter
Defining Craft: Hermeneutics and Economy
Abstract
This chapter defines the concept of “craft” from both a philosophical and an institutional perspective. It will briefly survey the concept of craft from its early usage to more contemporary meanings, placing in context problems and issues that make craft an economic problem. Specifically, this chapter proposes a non-linear perspective on craft, focusing on the meaning-making relationship within human production, art, and concepts of skill and mastery. It then describes how craft has been defined by institutions, including the World Craft Council. The chapter concludes with a discussion of globalization, proposing why the evolution of global trends imposes a dynamic and ever-changing definition of craft.
Ronda L. Brulotte, M. J. R. Montoya
UNESCO Approach to Crafts
Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how and why UNESCO was the first UN Agency to forecast, three decades ago, the socio-cultural and economic role of crafts in a globalized world and within the creative economy. On the basis of relevant references to international conventions and conferences, the chapter argues that the originality of the UNESCO approach lies in its recognition of the dual role crafts as part of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and of the creative industries side by side with the establishment of linkages between designers and artisans. This implies a comprehensive policy based on the three pillars of coordination, complementarity and cooperation among all the concerned stakeholders from public and private sectors.
Indrasen Vencatachellum
Making Sense of Craft Using Cultural Economics
Abstract
Crafts has been the subject of study from many disciplines in social sciences. In this paper, we are concerned with understanding the economic framing to understand the crafts sector. The paper will attempt to present the various economic approaches that could be used with a special focus on cultural economics. Further, the paper will illustrate how the definitions of crafts used have an impact on the economic framing showing that both share a semiotic relationship.
Priyatej Kotipalli

Policies for Crafts

Frontmatter
Policies for Crafts: Rationale and Tools
Abstract
Public intervention for culture is widespread and takes place with differences among different countries. That depends on the way of conceiving the role of the State in the society and economy, the institutional framework, and the priorities set for cultural policies. The same holds true for crafts policies. These differences reflect the different reasons that justify public intervention for the sector and affect the tools that can be used to implement the policies. The chapter illustrates the reasons that cultural economists use to justify government intervention for culture and crafts, more specifically. It also shows which tools are used, depending on the rationale for public intervention, focusing specifically on the craft sector.
Anna Mignosa
Crafts in China
Abstract
Crafts in China are bound with people’s daily lives, and should have two attributes: utilitarian and decorative. Artisans need to use their knowledge and ability to solve problems and to create objects satisfying physical, but also emotional needs of consumers. ‘Chinese crafts’ relate to cultural heritage and has a role for economic development under the control of the government. The chapter illustrates the changes in the way of considering crafts in China from the initial historical period of the People’s Republic of China (1949–1957) to our modern-day society. Because of industrialization, crafts encounter unprecedented challenges and obstacles. To report and review the current situation of crafts in China, this paper will focus on the policies in place; the role of institutions or organizations; the educational system.
Lili Jiang
Arts and Crafts Policies: Heritage vs Economics in France
Abstract
This chapter aims at investigating the evolution of arts and crafts policies in France. The author starts with a presentation of the crafts sector and the controversial definitions adopted within the French cultural, legal, and economic system. Then, an analysis of the actual public interventions in this field is proposed, permitting to point out two main groups of policies: on the one hand, the ones oriented at the economic valorization of crafts knowledge and skills; and on the other hand, those more focused on their cultural dimension. Finally, the attention is turned to the institutions that at the national, regional, and local level operate for the implementation of these policies.
Francesca Cominelli
Handwerk: Crafts and Trades in Germany
Abstract
Practised and passed on within a coherent legal and practical framework, the crafts, or Handwerk, are a notable educational and economic force in Germany. Here the understanding of crafts is skill-based, wide-ranging and utilitarian, and they include such varied crafts professions as butchers, bakers, plumbers and hairdressers. German crafts are organized in a clearly defined “Crafts and Trades system” the core principle of which is quality in the making and maintenance of things. Quality is conceived to reside in human skills and is certified in the Master-of-craft designation. In order to pass on the skills to sustain quality, Handwerk collaborates with the German state and industry to maintain apprenticeships within the extensive vocational education system and actively develops lifelong education. In 2016, the turnover of the sector was 561 billion euros before VAT (7.7% of national gross value), and around one million crafts companies were active and listed in the national crafts register (28.8% of active German enterprises). Around 5.45 million people were employed in the sector and 363 thousand apprentices enrolled in the vocational education and training (VET) system of the crafts, representing 12.5% of the workforce and 27.4% of those in higher education.
Thora Fjeldsted
The Building of Craft Policy in India
Abstract
Employing more than an estimated 11 million skilled craftsperson’s and weavers to form the backbone of the nonfarm rural economy the craft sector remains the second largest source of self-employment after agriculture in India. Over the nearly seven decades since India’s independence official government policy on crafts has constructed and shaped the economic potential of a sector that remains deeply rooted in its cultural and creative ethos. While much has been achieved over the years through proactive policy action it remains vitally necessary to continue to invest in India’s crafts and craftspeople to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century. This brief essay sets the contextual backdrop of the foundational decades of policy development from 1947, when India gained independence, to the 1980s. In addition, the essay provides a bird’s-eye-view on changing policy priorities post the 1990s economic liberalization to the present. The essay signposts some policy initiatives that have had an enduring social, cultural and creative impact and concludes by setting forth some policy prescriptions for future consideration.
Ritu Sethi
Crafts Policies in Japan
Abstract
There was no Japanese word for “art” until the introduction of Western philosophy. The word “crafts” included both the concepts of arts and crafts. “Crafts” in Japan refer to skills obtained through a long tradition and have been promoted by both cultural and industrial policies in Japan. From the point of view of cultural policy, artistic crafts represent tangible cultural heritage and the skills for making crafts represent intangible cultural heritage. From the point of view of economic policy, crafts represent industries that are clustered within a specific region. After illustrating the different policies in place to sustain traditional crafts and stimulate creativity in Japan, the chapter explores various questions about crafts policies. Are the policies effective to sustain traditional crafts and stimulate creativity? How should cultural and economic policies be integrated?
Kazuko Goto
Crafts in the Netherlands: From an Economic to a Value-Based Perspective
Abstract
Crafts in the Netherlands have undergone a period of neglect. Because of the dominance of the market, crafts were considered to be part of the old economy and to lack the innovation and productivity gain that the new economy required. Moreover, arts downplayed craftsmanship as a quality. As a consequence, the crafts were marginalized. From 2010 onwards, however, there has been a re-appreciation of crafts at the political, educational and practical level. New grassroots organizations represent the sector. Designers produce inside their workshop, re-positioning crafts within Holland. The economic impact of the crafts sector is acknowledged. Still, some changes are necessary, especially in education, to improve artisans’ skills as well as their entrepreneurial capacity and favour the valorization of crafts.
Marleen Hofland-Mol, Marion Poortvliet
Crafts Policies in the UK
Abstract
This chapter describes the context for craft in the UK, outlining how successive government policies are impacting on the conditions for craft, including the craft economy. The chapter explores the characteristics of the UK craft sector, analysing the policy and regulatory frameworks within which the sector operates and the impact of those levers. The chapter goes on to assess issues raised by Britain’s exit from the European Union and the opportunities and threats this shift offers. It also considers the effectiveness of measures to sustain the craft economy, addressing the role of the education and training system in supporting the talent pipeline of makers entering craft careers and reflecting on the extent to which the current approach meets the skills’ needs of future makers. In addition, it takes into account the impact of infrastructure and regeneration policies and how property market conditions impact on the supply of studio space. The chapter concludes by making recommendations for how the policy framework might improve the conditions for craft in order to sustain the current wave of interest in craft.
Julia Bennett
Craft: Economic Policies in the United States 1896–2016
Abstract
This chapter surveys economic and political policies in relation to craft, beginning with the policies that supported, legitimized, and funded craft economies and ending with policies regarding trade regulations and intellectual property policies that directly impacted craft economy within the United States. The chapter breaks down three eras of US Craft Policy: (1) early institutions and policies (1896–1963); (2) Post-WWII to Civil Rights Era, and (3) contemporary policies. Various policy issues are discussed, including trade issues as they relate to craft, intellectual property issues, and economic development initiatives.
M. J. R. Montoya

Economic Issues

Frontmatter
An Economic Assessment of Asian Crafts
Abstract
Asia and the Pacific has undergone rapid economic growth and many countries are able to compete at the global level. Up until now crafts have kept many elements of traditional production, but they are under increasing threat from globalized tastes and industrialization. The paper argues that governments should adopt strategies to support crafts against these trends. Firstly Asian craft production follows the patterns of sustainable development. Data from surveys in several countries also indicates that craft production still meets a substantially local demand, and that financial support for production is also substantially local. Craft producers are very creative but are usually from an older generation with lower levels of education, making their occupation very vulnerable in modernizing societies. However, when such craft skills are able to access international markets, as in the case of Thai jewellery, they can be extremely competitive. Craft production in Asia thus presents a unique sustainable mode of production that can, if supported, be a key cultural asset and an element of future local and national competitiveness.
Simon Ellis, Joseph Lo
A Cultural Economic Analysis of Crafts: A View from the Workshop of the World
Abstract
Most craft production is a pre-industrial cultural heritage which involves informal sector SME family enterprises producing for supplementary income or making crafts full time. Many artisans have less formal education, dislike taking risks, rely on intuitive understanding of domestic markets. They use modern technologies, so global access is not necessarily beyond their reach; but lack knowledge of Intellectual Property Protection (IPP), which is handled by lawyers or agencies using complex legal language. IPP Registration fees seem expensive, and low-cost crafts are not easy to protect. High legal costs challenging IP infringements can be prohibitive. In such a context the paper explores what criteria should be considered when helping crafts producers protect their IP?
John Ballyn
The Invisible Giant: Economics of Artisanal Activity in India
Abstract
The Crafts Council of India (CCI) and partner organizations in the country have focused attention on the economics of a sector acknowledged as the second largest source of Indian livelihood, yet without robust data to back this claim. This lacuna has often led to considering crafts as an outdated culture, a ‘sunset’ industry, with little relevance to contemporary need. Yet elsewhere in the world, the artisan and her crafts are increasingly recognized and nurtured as a source or creativity and innovation, with an importance that goes beyond hand production. India’s artisanal resources are perhaps the largest in the world, offering a unique competitive advantage. In addition, the reinforcement of identity in a globalized world and the continuity of a cultural heritage that is unique to India represent values that transcend statistics. This paper details the efforts of CCI in trying to collaborate with various governmental agencies to develop the right economic conversation around crafts.
Ashoke Chatterjee
Measuring the Economics of Traditional Craft Production
Abstract
Even specialists disagree on whether craft must be handmade or can involve mechanisation, and whether it must use all ‘natural’ materials or artificial elements such as plastics or chemical dyes. In the face of these problems the paper argues for a pragmatic approach based on cross-tabulating key elements of national statistics and linking them to local surveys. Perhaps the most important national data come from the Labour Force Survey, conducted in most countries. Similar data on household production may be obtained from the World Bank’s Living Standards Measurement Survey. Such national standard surveys allow craft to be placed within the national economy. They can then be used as a benchmark for local surveys based on interviews with craft producers. The paper suggests some core themes for such surveys. The paper then presents critiques of measurement the value chain and household accounting, which often form the basis for craft economics.
Simon Ellis

Future Development

Frontmatter
The Importance of Craft Culture
Abstract
When we apply the value-based approach to make sense of the crafts, we focus on the values and qualities of craftsmanship and crafts. Craftspeople valorize what is important to them, and so do consumers who turn out to be participants in the practice of craft. They all operate in a craft culture. We see that that culture is stronger in countries like Japan, Italy and Germany than in most other countries. Conventional governmental policies fall short for an improvement of craft culture. Social changes are needed to realize a cultural change.
Arjo Klamer
Design and Craft: The Practitioners’ View
Abstract
What has craft become in the extremely complex world we live in? And what does design mean in this chaotic scenario? Since the industrial revolution design and craftsmanship became two radically different ways of producing material wares, but today we observe a lot of crossed experiences where artisans continue to be the bearers of both tangible and intangible assets while designers act as the new interpreters of this knowhow, celebrating the value of craftsmanship and making it relevant to the present by designing new products that keep artisanal production alive. The activity of a design school based in southern Italy and some case studies describe how design and crafts can interact in a contemporary perspective.
Lucia Giuliano
Material Is the Mother of Innovation
Abstract
This contribution looks at the future of craft through the lens of archaeology. Exploring the role of craft and skill in the long-term development of human societies, I use this knowledge to frame an answer to the question ‘what future developments may happen through craft?’ Through the example of bronze—a novel material that ushered the Bronze Age—I show how the affordances of a material may guide thinking, and affect worldviews. Bronze helped formulate notions of design, copying, and recycling. From this, I advocate that we should look at craft as a heuristic device, rather than categorically. Materials are a source of innovations, and it is through craft that these innovations are brought about.
Maikel H. G. Kuijpers
Education for Artisans: Beginning a Sustainable Future for Craft Traditions
Abstract
In India today, craft is perceived as an inferior form of manufacturing and artisans are perceived as skilled laborers. The introduction of design as “intervention,” contributed to this perception. With little to no opportunity for creativity or recognition, artisans are leaving craft. The chapter describes the result of a program that the author runs in Kutch, in western India, to teach traditional artisans design, and enable them to gain respect and income. The underlying beliefs are that craft is cultural heritage, and money is not the ultimate goal. Results have demonstrated graduate artisans’ success in the market considering recognition, tradition, and community as well as income. Additionally, the author notes that traditionally, Kutch artisans created within a community-based horizontal social structure, where artisans were economically and socially equal. However, as craft is pushed into the world of cash economy and industrialized scaled-up production, the structure of artisan societies inevitably changes from horizontal to vertical.
Judy Frater
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
A Cultural Economic Analysis of Craft
herausgegeben von
Dr. Anna Mignosa
Priyatej Kotipalli
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-02164-1
Print ISBN
978-3-030-02163-4
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02164-1

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