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Journal of Coatings Technology and Research

Erschienen in:

01.10.2011

A Monte Carlo determination of the effectiveness of nanoparticles as spacers for optimizing TiO₂ opacity

verfasst von: Michael P. Diebold

Erschienen in: Journal of Coatings Technology and Research | Ausgabe 5/2011

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Abstract

Optimal TiO₂ opacity is achieved when the TiO₂ particles are well spaced. Nanoparticle extenders are claimed to improve TiO₂ spacing by positioning themselves between the larger TiO₂ particles (0.25 μm) and preventing the TiO₂ particles from approaching or touching one another. Claims have been made that this can as much as double the light-scattering efficiency of TiO₂. This concept was tested by a combination of Monte Carlo simulations and image analysis techniques to determine computationally how the effectiveness of this approach is affected by TiO₂ concentration, nanoparticle concentration, and nanoparticle size. Surprisingly, the results showed that nanoparticles did not, in fact, improve the spacing of TiO₂ particles under any of the conditions examined (specifically, in the absence of any inter-particle interactions). Instead, TiO₂ distributions and spacings were completely indifferent to the presence of smaller particles (however, large extender particles were found to cause TiO₂ crowding, consistent with expectations and experiments). Explanation and implications of these findings are discussed.

Nächster Artikel Influence of dispersing additives on the conductivity of carbon black pigment dispersion

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The reader is cautioned that terminology of this phenomenon in the literature is somewhat confounding. In the early literature, this mechanism was termed “TiO₂ spacing,”21 but this term was later changed to “TiO₂ dilution”.11 This change was made because the original term was somewhat misleading, suggesting that extender particles push two nearby TiO₂ particles apart and increase their separation distance.13 ^, 16 The term “TiO₂ spacing” is now, in fact, used to describe this latter effect. The literature is further confused by one author’s unfortunate use of the term “TiO₂ dilution” to describe the partial replacement of TiO₂ pigment by small extender particles,24 rather than the replacement of large extender particles by small extender particles.

Extender particles of intermediate size offer some light scattering advantages over large size extender particles, but still cause the pigment particles to crowd more than if the extender volume was instead occupied by resin. This can be accounted for in the Effective PVC calculation by including a variable termed “dilution efficiency” that modifies the magnitude of the contribution of extender volume to the PVC calculation.15

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Titel: A Monte Carlo determination of the effectiveness of nanoparticles as spacers for optimizing TiO2 opacity
verfasst von: Michael P. Diebold
Publikationsdatum: 01.10.2011
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Journal of Coatings Technology and Research / Ausgabe 5/2011
Print ISSN: 1547-0091
Elektronische ISSN: 1935-3804
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-011-9342-1

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