1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 General Framework
2.2 Study Area and Territorial Informative System
Variable | Format/value/(U.M.) | Sourcea |
---|---|---|
Forest management | Vectorial/high forest: 1, coppice: 2, no-forest: 0 | Rincine forest plan |
Aspect | Vectorial/N: 1, NE: 2, E: 3, SE: 4, S: 5, SW: 6, W: 7, NW: 8 | Rincine forest plan |
Stoniness | Vectorial/absent: 0, low: 1, 2: medium, 3: high | Rincine forest plan |
Rockiness | Vectorial/absent: 0, low: 1, 2: medium, 3: high | Rincine forest plan |
Flammability | Vectorial/low: 1, 2: medium, 3: high | Rincine forest plan |
Accessibility | Vectorial/0: not accessible, 1: easy, 2: medium, 3: difficulty | Rincine forest plan |
Water uptake | Vectorial/0: not easy, 1: easy | Rincine forest plan |
Ornithic richness | Vectorial/1: medium, 2: high, 3: very high | Rincine forest plan |
Forest density | Vectorial/1: low, 2: medium, 3: high, 4: very high | Rincine forest plan |
Forest coverage | Vectorial/range 0–100/(%) | Rincine forest plan |
Tree height | Vectorial/top height/(m) | Rincine forest plan |
Broadleaf | Vectorial/range 0–100/(%) | Rincine forest plan |
Conifers | Vectorial/range 0–100/(%) | Rincine forest plan |
Forest function | Vectorial/1: protective, 2: other | Rincine forest plan |
Hydrogeological risk | Vectorial/1: compartments at riskb, 0: no risk | Rincine forest plan |
Digital terrain model (DTM) | Raster/(m a.s.l.) | Tuscany region opendata (https://www502.regione.toscana.it/geoscopio/cartoteca.html |
Forest roads | Vectorial | Rincine forest plan |
2.3 Modellization
2.3.1 Identification of Criteria and Measurement
Indicator | Normalization | Source |
---|---|---|
Criterion: usability | ||
Slope | Chiou et al. (2010) | |
Accessibility | Value 1 = 1; value 2 = 0.66; value 3 = 0.33 | Focus group |
Distance from access point | Focus group | |
Water uptake degree | Value 1 = 1; value 0 = 0.33 | Focus group |
Criterion: risk for visitors | ||
Rockiness | Value 0 = 1; value 1 = 0.66; value 2 = 0.33; value 3 = 0 | Tomczyk (2011) |
Flammabilitya | Summer scenario: value 1 = 1; value 2 = 0.66; value 3 = 0.33 Winter scenario: all value = 1 | Tomczyk (2011) |
Criterion: psychological | ||
Ornithic richness | Value 3 = 1; value 2 = 0.75; value 1 = 0.5 | Edwards et al. (2012) |
Forest management | Value 1 = 1; value 2 = 0.5 | Riccioli et al. (2019); Focus group |
Forest density | Value 1 = 0.5; value 2 = 0.75; value 3 = 1; value 4 = 0.5 | |
Forest coverage | Linear normalization on maximum value according to the following formula: Ni = (maxm − vi)/(maxm − minm) where maxm and minm are respectively maximum and minimum value in the map, vi is the value for the pixel ith | Focus group |
Top height | Linear normalization on maximum value according to the following formula: Ni = (maxm − vi)/(maxm − minm) where maxm and minm are respectively maximum and minimum value in the map, vi is the value for the pixel ith | Focus group |
WIllingness to visita | Summer scenario: if broadleaf = 1; if conifers = 0.73 Winter scenario: if broadleaf = 0.59; if conifers = 0.78 (weighted on broadleaf/conifers percentage) | Laboratory experiment |
Criterion: physiological | ||
Aspect | Focus group | |
Altitudea | Summer scenario: linear normalization on maximum value according to the following formula: Ni = (maxm − vi)/(maxm − minm) where maxm and minm are respectively maximum and minimum value in the map, vi is the value for the pixel ith Winter scenario: linear normalization on minimum value according to the following formula: Ni = (vi − minm)/(maxm − minm) where maxm and minm are respectively maximum and minimum value in the map, vi is the value for the pixel ith | Boori et al. (2015) |
Electroencephalographic trenda | Summer scenario: if broadleaf = 0.96; if conifers = 1 Winter scenario: if broadleaf = 0.85; if conifers = 0.87 (weighted on broadleaf/conifers percentage) | Triguero-Mas et al. (2017); Laboratory experiment |
Constraints | Definition | Source |
Forest area | If forest management is 0, then = 0, 1 otherwise | Focus group |
Accessibility | If accessibility is 0, then = 0, 1 otherwise | Focus group |
Forest function | If forest function is 1, then = 0, 1 otherwise | Focus group |
Hydrogeological risk | If hydrogeological risk is 1, then = 0, 1 otherwise | Focus group |
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T1: urban, Turkey oak (high density), black pine (low density), European beech (high density), Douglas fir (low density);
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T2: European beech (low density), Douglas fir (high density), Turkey oak (low density), black pine (high density), urban.
2.3.2 Normalization of Criteria
3 Results and Discussion
Summer | Winter | ||
---|---|---|---|
Forest type | Broadleaf | 0.50 | 0.52 |
Conifers | 0.66 | 0.74 | |
Forest management | High forests | 0.65 | 0.71 |
Coppices | 0.48 | 0.49 |