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Social Indicators Research

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04.06.2016

A Two-Dimensional Two-Layered Societal Index of Interpersonal Destructiveness: Internal Consistency Analysis

verfasst von: Oliver Nahkur, Dagmar Kutsar, Rein Murakas

Erschienen in: Social Indicators Research | Ausgabe 2/2017

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Abstract

Although the World Health Assembly emphasized as early as in 1996 the need for violence prevention, there is still no generally accepted index for interpersonal destructiveness in a society. Hereby we propose a Societal Index of Interpersonal Destructiveness (SIID) that could be used to compare interpersonal violence in different societies. SIID is a composite of two sub-indices: (1) Index of Interpersonal Destructiveness Prerequisites, and (2) Index of Interpersonal Destructiveness Consequences. This study addresses the construction and internal consistency analysis of SIID. The Indices for periods 1989–1993, 1994–1999, 1999–2004, 2005–2007 and 2008–2010 are computed and for 28–48 countries, depending on availability of high quality and comparative data across time. We conclude that SIID has considerable potential as an internally consistent yardstick for evaluating and comparing the level of interpersonal destructiveness of societies worldwide.

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Communities and neighborhoods which are characterized by high residential mobility, are more likely characterized by other community-level risk factors like higher unemployment and crime levels.

E.g. for men living in poverty is likely to generate distress and “a sense of inadequacy for having failed to live up to their culturally expected role of providers” (Heise and Garcia-Moreno 2002).

We dropped the meso (community) level because of the lack of respective high-quality comparable and regular data.

Causes and consequences cannot be clear-cut because of reciprocal impact and because any cause can be at the same time a consequence of another cause. In the case of SIID, based on Butchart et al. (2004), the chosen prerequisites are considered as the risk factors of interpersonal violence. For example, there are meta-analysis (Stith et al. 2004) and longitudinal data (Sweeting et al. 2006) that demonstrate low well-being as a prerequisite of interpersonal destructiveness.

We also tested different variables about alcoholism (e.g. alcohol consumption, liters per capita; death due to alcoholic abuse, standardized death rate), but the multivariate analysis did not convince in the addition of those indicators. The role of alcohol in the emergence of interpersonal destructiveness can be culture specific: for instance in Islamic societies alcohol consumption is forbidden, while in Estonia alcohol consumption severely triggers destructiveness.

For example, Johnson and Mislin (2012)—using Berg, Dickhaut, and McCabe ‘Investment Game’ (also known as ’Trust Game’) across 35 countries from North America, Europe, Asia, South America and Africa (more than 23,000 subjects)—found that trust measured by the WVS was strongly correlated with experimentally measured trust. According to Fors and Kulin (2015) single-item measure of life satisfaction (‘‘All things considered, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole nowadays?’’) reliably captures life satisfaction, at least in the aggregate and in a European context. Diener et al. (2012) have shown that life satisfaction of nations (N = 97) from the 2007 Gallup World Poll and 1995–2007 World and European Value Surveys were strikingly similar (r = 0.94).

Interpersonal destructiveness have strong links to negative health consequences across lifespan, and physical injuries are outweighed by the negative behavioral, cognitive, mental health, sexual and reproductive health problems, as well as chronic diseases (WHO 2014). Negative health consequences shorten one’s lifespan, and thus lower the life expectancy at the macro-level. Life expectancy is also influenced by other factors, such as the quality of healthcare system, but we did not find any proper indicator of non-fatal health consequences of interpersonal destructiveness so far.

According to Mazziotta and Pareto (2013) the choice of the ‘best’ aggregation method also depends on the aim of the work and on the type of ‘users’ (researchers or the general public). Among others, our aim was to construct an Index that can serve as a “communication tool” for use with practically any constituency. Thus it is important that SIID uses easily understandable mathematical function. In the case of geometric aggregation, the common scale of the indicators had to be shifted to get positive values (which may be confusing). As the societies’ rankings differed only marginally using linear additive and geometric aggregation, we prefer to use a more simple method.

Albania, Argentine, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Denmark, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela.

We intend to test SIID with factor analytic and SEM approach, which are sensitive to small-sample problems, during the further development process when we are going to collect more measurement units. Lately, the number of participating societies in World Values Survey, as one of the main databases in SIID, have increased. For instance, there are data about more than 60 societies in the wave 6 that was conducted between 2010 to 2014.

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Titel: A Two-Dimensional Two-Layered Societal Index of Interpersonal Destructiveness: Internal Consistency Analysis
verfasst von: Oliver Nahkur
Dagmar Kutsar
Rein Murakas
Publikationsdatum: 04.06.2016
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Social Indicators Research / Ausgabe 2/2017
Print ISSN: 0303-8300
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-0921
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1378-2

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