Advances in Smart Grid and Renewable Energy

The smart grid regulators and retailers generally have a legally binding contract on purchasing energy from prosumers (energy producers). A hefty portion of them incorporate incentives strategies for energy effectiveness in their legal contract. In the event that the prosumers that supply energy meet or go past its objective, they will get a financial motivation, regularly an extent of the investment funds in energy rate that customers get. On the off chance that it misses the mark regarding the objective, it might be liable to a punishment. Thus, smart grid regulators reward well-performed prosumers or prosumer community groups using money earned from penalized poorly performed prosumers or prosumer community groups. Dissemination of punishments (penalties) assumes an essential part in prosumers. This can prompt fortifying existing non-dynamic energy sharing prosumers to end up dynamic prosumers. This paper proposes a performance-based penalty function technique that decidedly influences the way of the prosumers’ state of mind, along these lines bringing about a predictable energy sharing conduct.

This paper critically presents the analysis of the performance of offline maximum power point tracking techniques such as voltage- and current-based MPP technique, look-up table method, and curve fitting-based MPP technique. Based on the analysis presented in the paper, authors have selected offline voltage-based MPPT technique for using in their modeling and simulation study for stand-alone applications. An offline voltage-based MPPT technique which is capable of tracking MPP has been selected because of numerous advantages it offers such as simple and low cost of implementation. The modeling has been done in MATLAB®/SIMULINK simulation environment, and MPPT technique is developed and implemented by taking a variable resistance as a load. To remove the limitation of the momentarily interruption in power delivery to the load due to measurement of the open circuit voltage (V_oc), a pilot PV panel of same rating to that of main PV panel is used in the paper to calculate V_oc. It resulted in an increase in efficiency as more energy can be delivered to the load as the main panel is never disconnected to calculate V_oc. The simulation results are presented and discussed in the paper, and the results shows that the MPP is tracked under changing atmospheric conditions such as variation in temperature and insolation. The study presented in the paper will help the researchers/engineers/professionals in the industry to implement the MPP technology at large scale thus making India a self-reliant country on tapping solar energy resources.

It describes about the power and potential of wind energy that can be used to meet energy demand in future. The detailed illustration of generator and wind turbine has focused on interconnection of the generators and the troubles allied with it. For the generation of power from the wind, wind turbine, and PM synchronous generator are designed using MATLAB/Simulink. The results of this simulation authenticate the validity of developed WECS.

This paper presents design and development of buck-boost regulator for DC motor used in electric vehicle for the application of renewable energy. The proposed work is used to study electric vehicle with DC motor energized from buck-boost regulator Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Solutions by TEXAS INSTRUMENTS [1], with energy generated by renewable source. Present work depicts six-phase generator to generate the power from wind fans, and six-phase converter (rectifier) is used to convert AC to DC. The DC is again amplified or regulated by using buck-boost regulator.

The utilization of renewable energy nowadays has a tremendous growth over the past few years. The important factor which reduces the power output of solar PV array is partial shading. Further the mismatch losses in solar PV array are created by uneven shading. This affects the characteristics of PV array by creating multiple peaks which further reduces the output power. To reduce the effect of partial shading, the shading pattern has to be distributed uniformly which can reduce the mismatch losses as well as to increase the output power. In this article, the PSO algorithm has been proposed to mitigate the problems by partial shading to increase the output yield.

The hybrid microgrid is growing in India for rural electrification due to potential benefits in providing shape, reliable and sustainable electricity from renewable energy resources. As we know, the renewable energy resources are depending on nature and on the other hand, the loads on microgrid are variable. Due to instability in generation and load, voltage instability problem occurs. In this paper, we are discussing voltage stability by radial distribution network in microgrid with computational recursive method and implementing load flow analysis on 10-node system with simulation approach for voltage stability index (VSI). The critical node in microgrid is identifying with help of VSI.

This paper presents new photo-voltaic electrical power generation system, and this system consists of a DC (direct current)-to-DC power converter and multi-level inverters. This DC-to-DC converter combines a boost (step-up) converter and isolated converter (forward) with a coupled inductor to convert the output voltage of the solar panel fed PV array into different voltage sources. This eleven-level multi-level inverter is constructed using a full-bridge power converter and a capacitor selection circuit. These circuits are connected one by one, i.e. cascade. The capacitor selection circuit (CSC) is the combination of capacitor and transistor switches which helps to produce five levels of DC voltage from DC-to-DC converter output voltage. Then, H-bridge inverter converts this stepped level of DC power into AC power. By this way, the proposed solar power-fed eleven-level inverter produces a nearly sinusoidal output power and it produces very low THD which is less than twelve percentage. The important feature of this inverter is that only eight power electronics are used. The power produced from this multi-level inverter is same phase with the utility power.

Daylight has been an integral part of building design throughout architectural history. In fact, only during the past forty to fifty years daylight has been considered the primary interior illuminant during daytime hours in almost all buildings. Starting from dawn till dusk, daylight constantly changes its intensity and color, from day to day and season to season. The design and analysis of daylighting systems present unique problems that span both architecture and engineering; daylighting decisions affect the design of the building and the design and use of various environmental control systems that are to go in it. Daylight effects different factors like, the functional arrangement of spaces, building structure, energy use by the building, visual and thermal comfort of occupant, type and use of electric light as well as associated control systems. Therefore, it can be concluded that daylight is both art and science. In other words, daylight can be considered as both design element and environmental system. The purpose of this paper is to explain the science and technology of daylighting in a manner that is useful to architects, engineers, interior designers and lighting designers.

As we know that n number of methods are available to increase the output power to the level of maximum power from the PV cells, but among all of those methods there are two methods which are majority in use which are P and O method and IC methods, in this paper we have analysed each method under less step size and more step size vice versa. As the result says that the IC method tracks the maximum power point efficiently within short span of time with reduced ripples when its step size is less, in the same way the P and O method is able track the maximum level of power more efficiently within short span of time with reduced ripples when its step size is more. Hence, in this paper we have developed a new algorithm which can smartly switch over the technology between P and O and IC methods according to the step size which is demanded by the system so as to improve the efficiency, cut the ripples and improve the power quality when the output power generated from PV is connected to the utility grid. The output from this technique is utilized to change the width of the pulse of Zeta (DC-DC) converter which converts the variable DC to fixed DC to make the output compatible to inverter circuit which is compatible to connect it directly to the commercial grid.

Cloud computing is an important name in current Information Technology domain and responsible for the development in many perspectives. The advancement of information processing, management, delivery to software-related matter may be solved with cloud platforms. The virtualization of hardware, software, applications, etc., is in many ways dedicated for solid information infrastructure building and side by side solid information technology management. The related field of cloud computing is Big Data, which is responsible for managing large amount of data only rather software, hardware, etc. The application of Big Data is also called as Big Data Management. The complex and huge data generation results this domain and helps in data and information solutions in most of the organizations, institutions, associations, etc. Apart from these two, another important technology is human–computer interaction and partially related with the earlier mentioned technologies. It is worthy to note that these tools and technologies become common name in today’s world, but the educational opportunities are very much limited in India. The university and college level education as a full-fledged domain or specialization is more or less absent. This paper talks about cloud computing, Big Data, HCI as an overview including its current educational scenario with special focus on possible degrees, etc., in Indian context.

Green computing is responsible for the designing and developing the Computing Systems and IT infrastructure which are less energy consumed and eco friendly. The policies on environment, power management, consumption, recycling etc. have wider prospects in building and solid practice of Green computing and Green technology. Ultimately Green Computing is dedicated to the healthy and sophisticated Green Systems building. The integration of Green Computing with Informatics and Information Sciences have the potentiality to launched Green Informatics and Green Information Science respectively. The organization, association, government, educational institutes etc. have the healthy potentialities of introducing Green Computing and similar systems for healthy output and solid benefit. In the academics computers and similar devices become very common and thus the principles and theirs applications of Green Computing many ways would lead the sustainability. The iSchools are the consortium of information and computing related branches into one single academic wing and common in many countries. Thus they not only practice the Green Computing but also teach and engage the Green Computing and Green Information Sciences. The paper is described and reported Green Computing and allied branches their practice related issues and possibilities of the areas as academics subjects in Indian universities etc. The paper also highlighted the potentialities of iSchools regarding offering Green Computing and related branches including practicing Green Computing principles.

In current study, the N identical concentrated photovoltaic thermal (PVT) has been designed where a series connection of N collectors has been adopted for higher outlet temperature of fluid. Here, air has been chosen as a fluid for proposed system. The low concentrator or compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) has been also implemented with photovoltaic thermal (PVT) to increase higher input energy or solar radiation to get much higher temperature from PVT. The air flow rate and no. of collector for CPVT (50% covered by PV module) air collector have been optimized for achieving 97 °C of outlet air temperature as eight number of collector (N = 8 at mass flow rate of 0.06 kg/s). The analysis has been carried out for a clear day condition for New Delhi, India. The proposed system has been useful for space heating or drying an object. Here, the net annual overall energy and exergy have been calculated as 1309.42 and 272.75 kWh, respectively. The electrical gain has also been found as 89.97 kWh. The enviroeconomic study also examined CO₂ emission per annum is reduced by energy production and earned carbon credits. For present system, the earned carbon credits are as 38.73 and 8.06 $/year on the basis of overall thermal energy and overall exergy, respectively.

This paper presents the experimental realization of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system using dSPACE DS 1104 control board. To obtain high tracking efficiency, an adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is proposed. The performance of the system is improved by fuzzy logic control (FLC), which generates the switching signal to the power switches of inverter. The proposed controller tracks optimal power from PV array as well as injects sinusoidal inverter current to the utility grid. Experimental results are validated using dSPACE DS 1104 control board under abrupt weather conditions.

Solar photovoltaics (PV) is one of the popular renewable energy sources in tropical countries like India which can help in supplementing the rising demand of electrical energy. DC input from solar PV strings needs to be converted into AC component both for ON and for OFF grid applications. Three-phase inverters are used for the above inversion when power levels are high. In OFF grid applications, task of maintaining stable terminal voltage across the loads lies with the inverter in the absence of utility grid. It also has to supply variety of balanced and unbalanced loads. In this paper, cascaded voltage control scheme, for a three-phase four-leg inverter, is developed. Parameters of the proportional resonant controllers (PR) are tuned using bode plot techniques. Simulations results are presented for operation under different loading conditions.

Linear Fresnel reflector (LFR) consists of parallel rows of reflectors that direct the incident solar radiation on to a common focus. A linear receiver placed at the common focus absorbs the reflected solar radiation. Due to continuous change in Sun’s position in sky, continuous tracking of reflectors is required that leads to variable shading losses. Portion of reflector area gets shaded due to adjacent reflector row, and the amount of shading varies throughout the day and year. In this work, analytical expression has been used to determine the shaded aperture areas for two different system configurations. Monthly and yearly average values of shading loss factor at different system tilt angles have been plotted and compared.

Solar energy is one of the highly available non-conventional and clean energy sources. Harnessing the power from the solar panel is costlier than other sources. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) helps maximum power utilization and also improves the system efficiency of PV panel and therefore reduces the overall cost of system. Normally, the voltage and current relationship is nonlinear and maximum power point (MPP) varies according to the solar irradiance. The MPPT consists of a DC–DC converter and a MPPT algorithm. This paper presents a simulation of perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm and SEPIC converter by using a simulation software powersim (PSIM). The simulation shows that the DC–DC converter extracts maximum power from the panel using MPPT algorithm.

This paper focuses on effective design of dual-axis solar tracking system employing the rail-based azimuth axis mounting mechanism for 500 Wp power output. The photovoltaic panels are mounted on four-wheeled rolling platform that locates east–west direction by horizontal axis. The vertical axis is located by leadscrew and nut mounting mechanism in north–south direction. This type of mounting arrangement causes minimum load on driving motor shaft that helps to decrease the consumption of power from motors. In present paper, the kinematical synthesis of proposed mounting mechanism has been reported to determine the optimal geometric dimensions. The synthesis and numerical analysis have been carried out to determine the optimum geometry dimensions of the mounting mechanism and also to find out the starting tilt angle so as to provide adequate stability. The reported mounting mechanism for solar power system is stable, feasible and efficient for tracking the solar energy through solar photovoltaic modules.

Severe voltage sag in weak power systems connected to DFIG-based wind farms may lead to voltage instability. In such cases, FACTS devices like static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) can provide voltage support at the point of common coupling (PCC) by dynamic injection of reactive power. In this research attempt, three artificial intelligence-based techniques have been used to control the STATCOM—fuzzy logic, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and a combination of fuzzy logic and PSO. The STATCOM, controlled by the three proposed techniques—fuzzy-PI, PSO-PI and fuzzy PSO-PI, provides voltage compensation in the DFIG-based grid-connected wind power system in five test cases, namely simultaneous occurrence of step change (drop) in wind speed and dip in grid voltage, single-line-to-ground (SLG) fault, line-to-line (LL) fault, double-line-to-ground (DLG) fault and sudden increase in load by more than a thousand times. A performance comparison regarding the amount of voltage compensation offered is done among all the three artificial intelligence-based STATCOM control techniques in all the five test cases.

Day and night empowerment in remote and isolated places through electric power and water supply has been designed in a smart and efficient way. Solar photovoltaic power with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller generates electricity during day time which is used to run domestic appliances. It also simultaneously pumps water and stores it in an overhead tank. Along with the normal utilization of water in daily life from the water tank, potential energy in the form of stored water in overhead tank is used to run a micro-turbine coupled with a generator for producing electricity at night. The centralized electric power is distributed to different homes in the village through a micro-grid.

Since last few years, there has been an enormous thrust on the development of alternative energy sources to cope up with the diminishing reserves of conventional energy resources. Because of its continuous availability, wind happened to be element for conversion into an alternative energy resource. The design of high-power wind turbine has geared up to the requirement, but unfortunately there are not much literature that contain any functional design for low-speed, high-torque micro-wind power generation system. In this paper, a methodology has been presented for the design of vertical axis wind energy conversion systems suitable for low-power domestic purposes. This design facilitates the manufacturer to easily select the turbine blade tilt angle and the ratio of overall L/D. This design is based on the Gorlov helical structure concept applied to Savonius turbine. A workbench for the simulation has been developed, and the design is simulated. The vertical axis turbine that is designed avoids the use of gearbox, and it is more suitable for direct mounted generation system.

The non-conventional energy source-based distribution generation systems are suitable for low-power applications. These renewable energy system (RES)-based networks very often experience vast changes in the inverter output voltage, due to certain power quality issues like fluctuations, voltage sags, etc. Usually, a conventional boost converter is connected between the DC source and inverter to boost up the DC voltage when the available voltage is less than the required voltage for a particular application. If a highly boosted voltage is needed, the duty ratio of the converter needs to be fixed at maximum which creates serious reverse recovery issues. In order to overcome the aforementioned problems, single-stage power inverters are the best solution. Impedance-source inverter (ZSI), switched boost inverter (SBI), quasi-switched boost inverter (QSBI) are some of the single-stage step-up inverter topologies. These converters can either buck or boost the available DC input voltage, which provides better electromagnetic interference immunity and need not to be operated at extreme duty cycle, and it can produce both direct and alternating voltages from a single DC source. Because of all the above-mentioned advantages, single-stage boost inverters are appropriate for nanogrid applications. This paper reviews the features and operations of single-stage boost inverter topologies like ZSI, QZSI, basic SBI and family of QSBI topologies. The MATLAB simulation studies are carried out with the same design parameters for all the topologies, and the results are presented in detail including performance comparison.

The chief objective of this study is the reliability and durability assessment of 4–6-year-old solar photovoltaic (PV) crystalline systems located in the city of Rajkot, Gujarat (having a composite climate condition). These all systems were originally installed during 2010–2012 with a rated capacity of 10 kWp (2 in numbers), 50 kWp (1) and 100 kWp (3) (fixed tilt, south orientation). This study only recognized the degradation and failure mechanisms. The observations obtained from the exclusive visual inspection and thermography made on 6 different solar plants were utilized to detect degradation and failure types. The encapsulant discoloration and delamination, corrosion of cell gridlines, back-sheet delamination and yellowing, snail track, hot spot, cell cracks and burn marks at back-sheet have been examined to be the degradation and/or failure types of these 4–6-year-old solar PV plants in this particular composite climate.

The great demand for renewable energy utilization is increased owing to province of natural fuels, ultimatum energy, and several atmospheric issues. Planning of the futuristic energy generation strategies is utilized by superior energy management technologies. The superior technology is acquired by co-generation scheme with the use of primary energy sources. The intended primary energy sources are accommodated to micro-grid system by using recognized power conditioner with effective intelligent controller. The intelligent controller envisions the switching patterns of proposed 15-level smart inverter topology for regulation of sudden variations, intensifying the outcome responses and ameliorating stability index and low harmonic content. In this approach procure the sinusoidal grid voltage which is in-phase to grid current, then amalgamate to micro-grid system. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed to validate the proposed scheme via intelligent controller with several modulation patterns with conferred results and several comparisons.

Energy is a vital issue in the discussion of sustainable development. Increasing demand and scarce availability of resources with limited environmental impact are outlining aspects of developing the energy model. This paper reveals a grid–solar–wind energy system for energy modeling. Mathematical model has been developed which relies on two important factors of industrial energy consumption: energy cost and CO₂ emission. This model is validated by using data from foundry cluster, Kolhapur industrial sector. Load assessment and resource assessment in Kolhapur area have been done. Constraints required for programming are obtained from HOMER software. Genetic algorithm multi-objective optimization is carried out by using MATLAB to solve these two conflicting objectives. Pareto optimal solution gives no judgment about equality of distribution in different energy sources. But it gives a set of optimal values which satisfies the two objectives: minimization of energy cost and minimization of CO₂ emission. This developed modeling will help to do proper integration of largely available renewable sources such as solar and wind energy sources.

Technological advancement in power electronic systems, renewable energy usage is tremendous applications in industries and electric vehicles. Various solar-powered systems are designed, and performances have been improved by the researchers. This proposed work will imply on power-handling capability of five-phase inverter with DC Buck-Boost converter. Power from the solar cells will be buck boosted and charged to a battery and then used to power up the adjustable speed drives and AC systems. This paper is a simulation work, proposed to study the power-handling capability of the renewable energy and used in five-phase VSI, and also output of five-phase DC converter ripple voltage is analyzed and found minimum ripple voltage for DC-powered applications.

In this paper, a six-switch AC/DC/AC converter is proposed for single-phase wind energy system application. The proposed converter consists of two arms with three switches in each, where the top layer switches are used for the rectification mode and lower layer switches are used for the inversion mode of operation. The middle layer switches are shared by the both rectification and inversion mode operation based on the modified PWM scheme. A small rated DC link capacitor is chosen by providing suitable coordination control and EX-OR gate logic between the rectification and inversion mode of operation. The proposed single-phase six-switch converter has the advantage of both reduced number of switches and small DC link capacitor size. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed converter, simulation results are presented for 1 kW wind system.

A comparative analysis of different types pitch angle controller is designed in this paper to achieve a steady output torque for stable wind turbine operation. The control techniques are implemented and developed to provide a uniform constant torque to the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The wind system consists of a wind turbine, a pitch actuator and PMSG. The control strategy used are proportional-integral (PI) and fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The performance of the control strategies is investigated in terms of aerodynamic torque, generator speed and the generator power. The complete wind energy conversion system (WECS) is developed and tested using MATLAB/Simulink. The performance of the control strategies is evaluated under varying wind-speed condition. The performance of the pitch angle controllers is found satisfactory, but the strategy with fuzzy logic-based controller shows better performance as compared to PI controller.

In this proposed paper, the experimental results on variable frequency drives (VFDs)-fed pumps are taken out into considerations that are obtained from the laboratory set-up and the modelling done by the author. The simulation study of induction machine using the speed control technique V/F for pumping application is made. To survey the drive performance, VFDs manufactured by Danfoss, with their own control system is used as a special planned simulator. The aim of this paper is to compare and evaluate the results taken out in laboratory and MATLAB/Simulink for an effective pumping system. The simulation and experimental results shown in the article are used to determine the performance of pumping system.

In this paper, a novel fuzzy logic-based control (FLC) strategy is developed to perform multi-function strategy for smooth and controlled operation of three-phase renewable energy system (RES)-based wind energy conversion system (WECS) with grid integration. The inverter acts as an converter to infuse the power obtained from the wind energy and as a active power filter to compensate reactive power demand and load current harmonics. The control strategies in accordance with 3-phase 4-wire unbalanced load tend to appear as a balanced linear load system at grid. The control strategy is developed and validated using MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed controller is compared with PI-based controller and validate that the proposed FLC provide better efficiency by reducing harmonics.

This paper presents different controlling techniques of the converter used for the solar photovoltaic water pumping system (SPVWPS) driven by permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor. The direct-coupled PMDC motor-driven solar water pumping systems have many advantages like high efficiency, longer life cycle and less cost due to the absence of energy storage element such as batteries. This direct coupled PMDC-driven SPVWPS is easy to control when we compare with inverter circuit-fed AC motor-driven water pumping systems (WPS). In this literature review, DC–DC converter controlling techniques and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods adopted in direct coupled PMDC motor-driven SPVWPS have been discussed. This literature review will serve as a complete reference to identify the advantages and the scope for future work in direct-coupled PMDC motor-driven solar PV water pumping systems.

In a conventional solar power plant, DC input voltage to the inverter is fed from the multiple solar panels with series parallel combination. So the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is possible only on the series parallel combination of all the arrays together, which is not so efficient. Independent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is needed to improve the system efficiency. Independent control of the voltage is possible through the cascaded inverters. Hence, independent MPPT control can be obtained by using cascaded H-Bridge-based inverters for PV applications. In this paper, decoupled control of active and reactive powers for a CHB inverter in PV applications is explained and the simulation results are presented. System operation with equal and unequal irradiances on PV arrays is also explained.

This paper demonstrates a novel method to integrate and control PV source and Battery storage in to a microgrid system to attain reduction in total harmonic distortion at the output. The closed-loop control of inverter has been achieved through using proportional integral controller (PI) and fuzzy logic controller. The results of output harmonics contents are compared for simple open-loop control and proposed closed-loop controls, and it clearly indicates that the closed-loop results far superior in terms of harmonic contents at the inverter output voltage. The control of battery energy storage system (BESS) has been presented, with the aid of a DC–DC bidirectional buck–boost converter for the different modes of operation, such as hold state, charging state and discharging state. With the intention of tracking the maximum power point from PV array, P&O MPPT technique has been used by which duty cycle of converter is controlled. Various operating conditions, such as photovoltaic source alone supplying to the entire load requirement and supplying to battery for its charging, PV source supplying to load requirement only, battery storage unit supplying to load requirement and lastly PV source and battery storage unit jointly supplying to the load requirement, have been analyzed extensively. Detailed analysis has been carried out on the output voltage, output current and output power waveforms for different operating conditions as discussed above, and the output results are analyzed for achieving more beneficial performance of the system. The suggested microgrid energy management system has been modeled and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink tool.

Wind power integration in the electric grid causes power quality (PQ) disturbances. This would result in system instability and other related issues. This work tries to emulate different power quality (PQ) disturbances on a grid-connected DFIG and assess them according to their severity. This is done in order to assess the different generator operating variables for the PQ disturbances at their instant of occurrence.

A wireless remote monitoring system for solar photovoltaic (PV) plant is proposed in this paper. It is an Internet of Things (IoT) application implemented with an objective to offer a cost-effective solution of monitoring system, which continuously presents remote energy yields and its performance either on computer or on handheld gadgets such as smart phones. A system for proof of concept is developed with eight solar panels to monitor string voltage, string current, temperature and humidity. System is controlled by CC3200 microcontroller with ARM Cortex-M4 as core. On board Wi-Fi, wireless communication enhances the system performance with reduced area and facilitates to monitor system parameters after every 30 s.

In the recent scenario, monitoring the greenhouse automatically with solar energy is the need of the hour due to power constraints and climatic change. The proposed system introduces a new technique for monitoring and controlling the greenhouse environment. This paper focuses on low-cost sensor modules for Arduino microcontroller. We are measuring three sensing parameters like humidity, temperature and soil moisture and displaying the current environment scenario on the LCD screen. These physical parameters are continuously monitored, based on the requirement the actuators are controlled like natural heating unit, cooler and sprinkler. These actuators are driven by microcontrollers through a relay. We have implemented an effective power management unit which is driven by solar power. Proposed system has an extra feature of detecting animal intrusion system, and its implementation is done in small scale.

The study explores the current trends of organic farming in the Sikkim where almost 80% people still depend upon agriculture and allied activities. State has become the first organic state with adoption of 100% organic farming by preserving its rich natural resources with abundant flora and fauna, vibrant ecosystem and soil fertility with high organic matter content. It has become the major exporter for fruits, flowers, spices and vegetable in recent years. This case study illustrates the various phases of organic farming in Sikkim, India, associated stakeholders and constraints in terms of infrastructure particularly irrigation, transportation and electricity, and financial and marketing constraints for higher output and income realization.

This paper demonstrates a novel method to establish robust control and stability of microgrid connected with photovoltaic (PV) grid tie inverter, battery storage with bidirectional inverter, and diesel generator. The proposed control scheme enables optimum power sharing among the sources based on the changes in generation due to intermittent nature of PV source and level of energy stored in battery. Power flow control has been achieved by varying the active power generated by the PV inverter as a function of the system frequency in the islanded mode of operation. Detailed analysis has been carried out in MATLAB/Simulink tool and the captured results are found to effective and same has been confirmed with hardware prototype setup with PV inverter and bidirectional battery charger.

In this paper, a 8-kW off-grid photovoltaic system is presented for Korba Collectorate Office which is situated in mid-Korba District, Chhattisgarh. This off-grid system comprises 30 solar photovoltaic panels, battery bank, solar power conditioning unit, lightning arrestor, distribution panels and important electrical components such as MCCB and conductors. The rating of all these equipments is mathematically calculated and presented. The expected energy of this system is obtained by the System Advisor Model (SAM) Software designed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Finally, the simulation result of the system is presented and compared with the actual output measured from the system. This off-grid system reduces the dependency on grid and promotes power system security, and it also offers financial saving up to 16,000 rupees every month.

Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the emerging trends and has great potential to bring advances in electrical engineering and renewable energy. It is estimated that by 2020, IoT will be a $20 trillion industry. Hence, this paper proposes the method of incorporating IoT in solar energy and photovoltaic research at the laboratory level. The proposed method includes IoT’s divine application in (a) MPPT tracking; (b) partial shading; (c) security switch for turning ON Arduino’s serial monitor; and finally, (d) building up the direct communication between professor (sitting in the cabin) and the research scholar performing experiment (in the laboratory which is at some particular distance from the professor’s cabin). The whole setup is based on the newly developed Indian microcontroller-BOLT (An Internet of Things platform) launched on 21 February 2016.

A simple model for high penetration wind and solar for the MISO region of North America is used to study the effects of geographical diversity, source diversity, and over-generation on storage capacity requirements. Combining wind and solar generation over a wide geographical region significantly reduces the storage requirements. Further substantial reduction occurs using over-generation of wind and solar and allowing a modest energy deficit to be made up by dispatchable sources. Based on a simple model we found that for 95% of the load energy supplied by wind and solar (with the other 5% supplied by other dispatchable sources) with approximately 10% over-generation approximately 1 day of storage of the average load energy per year of storage is required for energy balance. A simple model to estimate total capital costs is minimized for approximately 15–20% over-generation.

India is owing to the substantial gaps amongst the established energy demand and mounted power capacity, with the conclusion that the per capita energy consumption in India is one of the lowermost in the world. The opportunity for development in India’s energy system is huge. Renewable energy presently makes up a slight share (0.36%) of total main commercial energy supply, whereas 96.9% of such supplies come from fossil energies and 2.76% from hydro and atomic resources in India. The present research paper primarily proposed the renewable energy potential scenario in each and every state of India by taking different aspects with the clarification to the developed energy demand in future of India. Secondly, it has also developed the renewable energy potential geospatial database in India with the help of open-source GIS software further implementation in cloud SDI (Spatial Data Infrastructure) Model for better visualization and mapping of potential sites. Present paper has used Quantum GIS 2.14.3 open-source GIS software for the geospatial database creation. The developed geospatial database has been successfully viewed and implemented with Quantum GIS 2.14.3 as thick client environment for sharing of various factors, i.e. wind, small hydropower, biomass power and solar which are associated with the renewable energy potential scenario in India.

Microgrid is one of the popular architectures to accommodate renewable-based distributed energy resources (DER’s). A microgrid may be operating in grid-tied mode or it may be in standalone mode feeding local loads of different natures. In this paper, design of a robust controller is presented for a standalone microgrid system which is feeding a composite load consisting of a linear load and a constant power-type load. Performance of standalone microgrid system with and without controller has been compared. Results are indicative that microgrid has stable operation with controller while feeding composite loads.

This chapter describes the variable speed stand-alone wind power supply system that incorporates permanent magnet synchronous generator, three-phase diode rectifier, and improved dc–dc boost converter with resistive load. Improved dc–dc boost converter controls to concentrate the most extreme power from the accessible wind. In the wind generation system, the power converter efficiency is one of the important considerations realizing the system performance. In those systems, dc-dc step-up converter is broadly utilized for high-conversion system. Considering the converter’s expense and efficiency, this chapter mostly concentrates on the outline of an enhanced topology of the boost converter received for high-power stand-alone wind power system. It describes the perturbation and observation maximum power point tracking algorithm. The MPPT algorithm in addition to the dc–dc step-up converter is simulated by MATLAB/Simulink software. The outcomes demonstrate that the dc–dc converter topology can understand the most extreme power point tracking control of the wind turbine.

A model is an input–output mapping that suitably explains the behavior of a system. Model helps to analyze the functionality of the system and to design suitable controllers. System identification builds model from experimental data obtained by exciting the process with an input and observing its response at regular interval (Wibowo et al. in System identification of an interacting series process for real-time model predictive control, American Control Conference, pp. 4384–4389, 2009). Fuel cells (FC) systems are a potentially good clean energy conversion technology, and they have wide range of power generation applications. Classification of fuel cells is based on the fuel and the electrolyte type used. The proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are portable devices with superior performance and longer life. They act as a good source for ground vehicle applications. They also possess high power density and fast start-up time. In this work, mathematical model of a real-time PEMFC is obtained and its quality is assessed using various validation techniques. The model is obtained using system identification tool in MATLAB, and validation procedures like recursive least square algorithm, ARX and ARMAX were employed to assess the model. Controllers such as PI and PID were employed in order to achieve the desired load current by controlling the hydrogen flow rate. The values of the gain constant, integral time and derivative time were obtained using Cohen-Coon method. PI and PID control schemes were implemented using SIMULINK in MATLAB environment, and the system response was observed.

The present investigation demonstrates the microwave absorption property of magnetic alloy nanoparticle-coated solid industrial waste fly ash cenosphere (FAC). Here, cobalt iron (CoFe) alloy nanoparticles were chemically coated over FAC, and a composite matrix was made from these particles using epoxy resin. Surface morphology of both CoFe-FAC and epoxy/CoFe-FAC composites was studied. The dielectric loss and reflection loss (RL) of this polymer composite were studied by rectangular waveguide transmission line method. A 10 wt% CoFe-FAC-loaded epoxy composite shows an excellent microwave absorption property in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz). The most effective RL value −29 dB was obtained for epoxy/CoFe-FAC composite, whereas a pristine epoxy/FAC composite combination exhibits −12 dB RL under same condition. The thickness dependency of RL was also studied, and it indicates that the standard −10 dB RL can be obtained for epoxy/CoFe-FAC composite at a minimum thickness of 2 mm. The enhancement of dielectric loss, EM attenuation constant and loss factor with frequency was found to be responsible for the obtained RL.

Concrete solar collector is an attempt to create an effective alternative for conventional solar collectors. Concrete has high heat storage capacity. Also, the problem of corrosion automatically gets eliminated due to the alkaline characteristic of cement. Cement concrete plays the role of heat absorber while the flow tubes are made up of copper. For the enhancement of heat transfer, dimpled surface copper flow tubes are used. Dimples improve the heat transfer rate with very little pressure drop. The project consists of a 2 m × 1 m setup and it deals with analyzing its performance under various conditions. For testing, we use pyranometer for measuring solar radiation, thermocouples for measuring the temperature of inlet and outlet water and digital temperature indicator for temperature indication.

Due to increasing power demand and environmental aspects, power generation from renewable energy sources that have been assumed to be a different source of energy can bring new challenges. Globally, an increasing number of wind energy generation systems are integrated into the electrical power network. In the wind turbine the reduction of various negative impacts of power quality issues such as voltage sag, swell, power variation, voltage and current harmonics are noticeable. In this paper, permanent magnet synchronous generator is operated as a parallel connection of reactive power compensator. Also, the cascaded controller technique is analyzed with the performance of compensator. The whole system is simulated through the MATLAB/SIMULINK using Simpower system library. The simulations give the improvement of inverter phase and load voltage profile, reduce the voltage harmonics in the inverter voltage control and compensate the current-injected active/reactive power operation in grid-connected wind energy system.

In the present day scenario, the non-renewable source of energy is the matter of serious concern either in terms of availability or in terms of cost concern. Considering the future prospective, there is a serious need for the alternate energy which has the ability of satisfying the need for energy quest. Energy is vital to living beings as well as nature. Everything that happens is the result of flow of energy in its different forms. With increased use, depletion of fossil fuel and its negative impact of conventional fuel on environment, alternative fuel will become more common in the coming decades. The objective of this paper is to analyze composition of the biogas obtained from the combined mixture of waste from kitchen (uncooked vegetable waste and food) and cow dung in self-fabricated 200 l biogas digester which is portable and economical.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are getting more and more widespread due to the recent price reduction in modules and technological developments of power electronics devices to be used in designing power conditioning unit. Generally, a strong affinity in grid-connected PV inverter topology is to use transformer in the grid interface. However, due to transformer, systems become bulky and involve additional losses. The elimination of the transformer abolishes galvanic isolation between the PV system and the utility grid, thus treating from the danger of direct current (dc) injection into the grid. Therefore, the choice of a proper topology for transformerless grid-connected application is crucial to avoid undesirable operational effects. This paper provides a detailed performance study of an IGBT-based modified full-bridge inverter topology from the aspect of single-phase transformerless grid-connected PV system application. Detailed simulation results under different environmental conditions are presented to validate suitability in the transformerless grid-connected application.

In this report, nanoparticles of Mo–W–sulfide compound, confirmed by XRD, SEM and EDX spectra, have been successfully synthesized using solid-state reactions. The as-synthesized material is found to be an efficient photocatalyst that can utilize a broad range of the solar spectra due to the presence of multiple optical band gaps (BG) that have been observed by analyzing UV–Visible spectra. The compound semiconductor nanoparticles show better photocatalytic activity than MoS₂ nanoparticles because of the combined effect of Mo and W leading to greater exciton pair generation. It is observed that the as-synthesized compound nanoparticles degrade dye methyl orange and rhodamine B very efficiently with 97% degradation in just 90 min. The as-synthesized compound can be a promising material to control dye-pollution through photocatalysis using the higher-intensity part of the solar spectrum, and thus providing an advantageous, eco-friendly and low-cost process.

Porous silica frustules of diatoms are naturally occurring microcellular, solar light harvesting hierarchical structures. In this work, titania-deposited diatom frustule is presented as a heterogeneous catalyst having high efficiency for photodegradation of major pollutants under visible light irradiation. The heterogeneous catalyst is synthesized by depositing titania nanoparticles in the pores and surface of diatom frustules by solgel method and is characterized by XRD, UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM. Increase in crystallite size with the transformation of titania phase at high-temperature synthesis is confirmed by XRD. UV–visible spectra reveal that synthesized catalysts exhibit absorption in the visible light range and are able to perform catalytic activity for the degradation of azo-dyes. The effect of photocatalyst on dye concentration in aqueous solution and presence of anatase–rutile titania phases are also presented. As-prepared catalysts responsive to visible light could be a promising candidate in application of environment remediation by harvesting solar energy with the use of the morphology of diatom frustules and presence of nano titania phases in it.

Nowadays, electrical energy has become one of the important daily needs in human life. It is not only used in the household appliances but it is also used in the industrial applications such as transportation purposes, industries. Now, the total entire world power sale corporations look at the free cost of fuel power like wind energy which is available at all the times comparatively with all the remaining sources. The conversion of wind energy into electrical energy has instable voltage due to short distortions and long distortions in the availability of winds which addresses the increasing of the demand of reactive power to the power grid. This paper presents a Grid code that decides cheap cost of coordinated reactive power management scheme with TCR+FC-based excitation framework for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) utilized as a part of wind energy. The grid converter (GSC), the rotor converter (RSC), the DC link capacitor and TCR+FC devices which can deal with the dynamic currents exchange with the rotor of DFIG and the voltage network freely. Using the normal for high-productive vitality stockpiling and speedy reaction of dynamic VAR devices can be used to level the wind power variance, mitigate the impact on voltage quality and enhance fault ride-through capability and current issues in the reactive power management.

In order to analyze, model, and control of power generation, precise models of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are very important. As we know, there has been a lot of research on nanofluid coolants and how they improve the heat transfer properties of the base fluid. Hence, a PEM fuel cell modeling using genetic algorithm (GA) is presented in this paper that exactly tries to estimate the output of the fuel cell performance when Al₂O₃ nanofluid coolant is used. In this paper, we determine the thermal conductivity of Al₂O₃ nanofluid coolant with different concentrations of ethylene glycol and water and simulate the PEMFC performance by means of the data generated using GA.

Rapid industrialization, change in lifestyle, population growth, etc., influence the demand for energy exponentially. Till date, fossil fuel constitutes the major component of energy mix of developing countries. The declined availability of fossil fuel is a cause of concern for developing countries like India. In this paper, the probable future energy demand trend has been depicted based on the combination of k-means clustering, and the two-factor and three-order fuzzy time series techniques considering the three decade energy scenario of India in particular. Further, the paper has outlined the need and significance of renewable energy as it compensates the energy deficit in a comparative cost-effective and environmental friendly manner.

The demand for the energy and power has shown stunning growth in the past decade costing drastic increase in pollution and other environmental hazards. Biogas, a new renewable source of energy has been emerged as new confidence in dealing with such problems. In this paper, an experimental investigation on the performance of combined Biogas-Diesel run Dual-fuel engine is prosecuted through several experiments conducted in a modified engine. The performance was evaluated for an equal power output of both diesel and dual-fuel engine. This type of evaluation approach can decide the feasibility of a dual-fuel engine run by using both biogas and diesel.

The multicarrier modulation strategy seems to be the most common thread for multilevel topologies. The harmonic observations for phase-shifted and phase disposition multicarrier strategy are different for cascaded and neutral-point-clamped topologies. The novel application of the photovoltaic implementation of self-boost capable of Marx multilevel inverter with an added feature of capacitor voltage balancing is proposed in this paper. The comparison of harmonic performance with fundamental and total harmonic distortion is shown to verify the claim. The analysis and implementation of the proposed hybrid carrier-based control strategy technique show superiority over harmonic performance on different techniques for the aforementioned topology. The exemplification of mathematical analysis and control modulation of Marx multilevel inverter for photovoltaic application are presented and discussed.

The thermal performance of a box-type solar cooker with finned cooking pot has been investigated experimentally under local climate conditions at Talcher, Odisha, India. Box-type solar cooker with finned and un-finned cooking pots of same sizes have been used for this experimental study. Fins can be thought of as an extension of the surface which enables additional heat flow from cooker cavity to pot. The performance of the constructed solar cooker was tested using the standard procedure for testing. Testing was performed over 3-month period between May and July 2016, with 1 L water load. Furthermore, various factors affecting the cooking performance like pot type, the solar intensity, and the local time were examined. The maximum temperature in the un-finned and finned pot reached 93 and 102 °C, respectively in the clear weather condition and 70 and 76 °C in cloudy weather condition. The cooker efficiency can reach 53% for finned pot and 50% for un-finned pot in cloudy weather and 72 and 54% respectively in clear weather. The cooker temperature found to depend on the solar radiation intensity and the type of cooking pot. The present solar cooker is of low cost, fabricated locally and simple in use.

This paper presents the design of a voltage multiplier circuit for RF energy harvesting at 2.4 GHz. The voltage multiplier circuit designed converts the RF energy signal into DC and hence can be used to provide power to electronic devices. A voltage tripler and voltage quadrupler circuit using Schottky diode have been designed and simulated on Multisim. Simulation results reveal that the proposed passive voltage tripler circuit uses an ac input signal of 4 V_rms to produce a DC output voltage of 14.481 V, whereas voltage quadrupler circuit produced an output voltage of 19.369 V. The proposed design is applicable for commercial frequency band of 2.4 GHz.

Hybrid renewable energy system consists of two or more renewable energy sources combined together allowing improved system efficiency and reliability. Integrating this source creates a stand-alone energy source, i.e., both dependent and consistent. In this paper, an attempt has been made to integrate the power generated by renewable energy sources using programmable logic controller (PLC). Here PLC decides which source is to be connected for the given load according to the designed ladder logic program that was developed in PLC using Rx logic software. Finally, a prototype model of integrated renewable sources has been successfully implemented using PLC kit which can feed AC as well as DC load.

The amount of electrical energy generation from solar photovoltaic (SPV) module depends on the range of incoming solar radiation. Generated current (as well as output power) is proportional to the amount of solar irradiance received by module. SPV module typically consists of 36 or 72 solar cells of specific area interconnected in series or parallel network to achieve required power output and in order to generate rated power, all cells should be exposed to same irradiance. In this paper, partial shading assessment on 40 W module connected in distributed network is carried out. Individual module is connected with solar parameter data logger to measure accurate instantaneous data. The data logger is based on INC MPPT method. Cell level modeling is carried out to understand the effect on module output power when individual solar cells are exposed to different irradiance levels. Experimental results show that short circuit current reduces by nearly 60% when even single solar cell in module gets partially shaded.

The wind farm layout optimization (WFLO) is a problem that helps to alter the position of wind turbines and arrange in such a way that the assembly of the turbines has reduced wake effect which improves the power output and overall efficiency of a wind farm. In the present study, a novel optimization tool, Teacher-ABC (T-ABC) algorithm has been developed using the prior knowledge of artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm and teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO). The newly developed algorithm has been used to determine the optimized position of turbines in a wind farm to obtain maximum possible power output and improved overall efficiency for a given set of turbines. The present study considers the unrestricted placement of the turbines in a wind farm. The paper discusses the results of the algorithm for two cases; in the first case, for a given wind velocity the directions are assumed to be identical while in the second case for a given wind velocity the wind directions are assumed to be erratic. The results suggest an improved performance in view of reduced wake effect that has increased the wind velocity and thereby the power output of the wind farm. The present approach is seen to better alternative for the positioning of turbines in a farm compared to the conventional grid-based approach.

Power quality and reliability of electric power supply have become indispensable in today’s digital world. Advanced measurement, sensing and communications are available in smart grid environment. Using advanced infrastructure, tools and techniques, modern researchers are trying to device sophisticated methods for fault diagnosis. This paper proposes a technique using nonconventional symlet mother wavelet function to carry out fault diagnosis process. The technique is discussed for extracting entropy of fault transient signal and is used for pattern recognition. The algorithm is presented which is developed using MATLAB software for fault identification, classification and location tasks. The method is implemented on a 9-bus system model, and the results are discussed. The results show effectiveness of symlet nonconventional wavelet function for feature extraction task. The performance indicates the applicability of the method to fault identification, classification and location tasks. The result proves superiority of the method over other methods of feature selection. The method is useful for real-time monitoring and automation purpose of power system if developed further.

The sustainable energy resources, namely PV, wind, fuel chambers or vitality stowage strategies like ultra-capacitors or battery management, produce output voltage at the limit of about 12–70 VDC. The grid can be connected to the energy sources whose voltage level can be altered depending on the electrical standards. As the first step, AC mains voltage requirement should be fulfilled, to attain this boost-up of voltage up to adequate level where the DC to AC conversion is attained to balance the utility rating. The another challenge in this energy generation is maintaining efficiency, and this efficiency is affected at the step-up process of DC to DC conversion. This manuscript is intensive on high efficiency and advanced topologies of boost-up mode DC to DC converters with increased voltage ratio. The difference depends on the existence or absence of transformer nodes. And also a new topology of DC to DC converter is implemented, and it is designed using MATLAB/Simulink. A droop control strategy is used to parallel two converters in load-sharing point.

Streaming instabilities in quantum dusty plasmas composed of multi-ionic species are investigated by applying quantum hydrodynamic model. The growth characteristics in two separate cases of ion streaming and dust streaming are discussed. Implications and applications are highlighted.

In this work, a basic and low-cost microstrip antenna array with reduced size has been designed and tested. In the implementation level, a microstrip array antenna was realized to obtain the desired gain and directivity at a preferred frequency of 5.8 GHz. The compact antenna array consists of 2 × 2 elements microstrip patch antenna. Using simple and manual tuning method in electromagnetic full-wave momentum by Agilent Advanced Design Software, a direct control of the antenna’s resonant frequency was obtained.

Smart grid is the most ingenious and experimental technology in the present era. Assimilation of information and communication technologies with electrical infrastructure is the fundamental part of smart grid deployment. Smart grid communication architecture is a methodical framework of networks incorporating varied set of communication standards. Microgrid is the significant component of smart grid as it facilitates and expedites the usage of renewable energy assets. It can resolve the critical problems like unelectrified villages, electricity theft, depletion of fossil fuels, GHG emissions and greenhouse effect. Smart microgrid can function in two modes, namely grid-connected and island mode. It also encompasses hierarchical communication networks for automation of entire system. This paper describes the design and implementation of data acquisition and control system for smart microgrid prototype using IEEE 802.3 and IEEE 802.11 standards.

The eco-friendly solution to the ever expanding demands of the energy supplies has seen a substantial growth of installed renewable energy integration to the grid in the last decade. The major portion of the installed capacity is from the photovoltaic system due to several factors like reduction in capital investment, an increase in efficiency of modules and converters, favorable government policies. The maximum power point tracking enables the maximum utilization of the available power with a constant change in environmental conditions. These techniques are judged on accuracy, speed, efficiency and fewer oscillations. Several strategies have been proposed in the last decade to maximize the power output. The article provides an overview of the operational principle of such techniques. The simulation and real-time hardware implementation have been done using Atmega328 microcontroller to verify the several performance features.

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is recognized a potential monitoring, controlling and communication tool for future power grid, the smart grid. Particularly for wind-based power generation application, the multifunctional wireless sensor nodes are positioned at the possible locations of the wind mill for monitoring. Each wind turbine is said to be a sub-network, where the sensor nodes are deployed at the potential data points to accomplish coverage. Connectivity is then a critical issue because the adjacent wind turbines are very far from each other. Hence, the sensor nodes between adjacent turbines will not be within the communication range. Relay nodes are employed between the turbines to bring up connectivity. We propose a Deterministic Relay node deployment algorithm based on Fermat point and Convex hull (DRFC) to find optimal number of relay nodes. DRFC finds the convex hull and Fermat points recursively until it reaches the centre of target region. The relay nodes are deployed in the Fermat points and also between the Fermat points and the segments to establish connectivity. The DRFC algorithm is analysed mathematically with respect to optimum number of relay node and connectivity.

Kinetic instability of the ion acoustic mode is observed in permeating plasma of electron, positron, and ion in a similar background plasma system. The linear growth of the wave is excited only when the streaming speed of the flowing plasma reaches a critical speed for all temperature ratios. Presence of positron, however, only shows a quantitative modification in the critical speed of the flowing plasma.

Water is necessary for all living beings. It is particular the most important factor for the sustenance of mankind. More than 66% of the earth is covered with water in which 97% of available water from various sources stands brackish which includes some harmful microbes, and 2% water is frozen in the form of icy masses and freezing tops. Solar still (SS) is a device used to convert brackish water into distilled water, but it has very limited productivity which is the major concern. To improve the yield of simple solar still (SS) in this work, black paint is mixed with Al₂O₃ + water to make it nano-paint and it is coated outside the glass cover of solar still. Al₂O₃ can be placed inside water sink to increase the vaporization rate, and due to this, yield productivity increases. Experiments were conducted from 25 June to 27 June for common depth of 0.01 m for simple solar still and nano-fluid in water basin of solar still and nano-paint with nano-fluid both combined for SS in climatic conditions of Jaipur, India. The theoretical performance of the passive solar still and nano-paint and nano-fluid in solar still is compared with effectiveness and yield productivity. Simple solar still gives the water output of 4.47 L for 0.01 m water depth whereas simple SS with Nano fluid give output of give output of 5.25 L and SS with Nano fluid in water basin and Nano paint on glass cover of SS give yield of 5.56 L for all three cases for same water depth.