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Erschienen in: International Journal of Data Science and Analytics 4/2021

Open Access 31.03.2020 | Regular Paper

An ethico-legal framework for social data science

verfasst von: Nikolaus Forgó, Stefanie Hänold, Jeroen van den Hoven, Tina Krügel, Iryna Lishchuk, René Mahieu, Anna Monreale, Dino Pedreschi, Francesca Pratesi, David van Putten

Erschienen in: International Journal of Data Science and Analytics | Ausgabe 4/2021

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Abstract

This paper presents a framework for research infrastructures enabling ethically sensitive and legally compliant data science in Europe. Our goal is to describe how to design and implement an open platform for big data social science, including, in particular, personal data. To this end, we discuss a number of infrastructural, organizational and methodological principles to be developed for a concrete implementation. These include not only systematically tools and methodologies that effectively enable both the empirical evaluation of the privacy risk and data transformations by using privacy-preserving approaches, but also the development of training materials (a massive open online course) and organizational instruments based on legal and ethical principles. This paper provides, by way of example, the implementation that was adopted within the context of the SoBigData Research Infrastructure.

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Fußnoten
1
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation).
 
2
Art. 1(2) GDPR.
 
3
Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.
 
4
Recitals 1–13 GDPR.
 
5
For example, Art. 89(2) and (3) GDPR and Art. 9(2)(j) GDPR.
 
6
Art. 2(1) GDPR.
 
7
Recital 26 GDPR.
 
8
Art. 4(1) GDPR.
 
9
Recital 26 GDPR.
 
10
Art. 3(2)(b) GDPR.
 
11
The tenet of accountability is explicitly mentioned in Art. 5(2) GDPR.
 
12
Art. 89(3) GDPR provides that the EU or Member States can enact exceptions from the rights granted in Arts. 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21 GDPR.
 
13
Arts. 13 and 14 GDPR.
 
14
Art. 15 GDPR.
 
15
Art. 29 Working Party, Opinion 1/2010 on the concepts of “controller” and “processor”.
 
16
Art. 82 GDPR.
 
17
Art. 29 Working Party, Opinion 1/2010 on the concepts of “controller” and “processor”.
 
18
See for a more detailed analysis of the assessment of who is acting as controller in complicated technical environments: Mahieu, R., van Hoboken, J., Asghari, H. (2019). Responsibility for Data Protection in a Networked World—On the Question of the Controller, Effective and Complete Protection and Its Application to Data Access Rights in Europe. JIPITEC, 10(1), 85–105. A critical analysis of Art. 26 GDPR is also provided by Kartheuser I. & Nabulsi S (2018). Abgrenzungsfragen bei gemeinsamen Verantwortlichen—Kritische Analyse der Voraussetzungen nach Art. 26 DS-GVO. MMR 21(11), 717–721
 
19
Ibid, p. 11.
 
20
Ibid, pp. 11–14.
 
21
Article 2 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works; Article 1 WIPO Copyright Treaty; Article 9 TRIPS Agreement.
 
22
Directive 2001/29/EC of 22 May 2001 on the harmonization of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society, OJ L 167 , 22/06/2001 P. 0010–0019.
 
23
According to the work-for-hire doctrine, copyright in computer programs developed in course of employment pass to the employer. See: Article 2(3) Directive 2009/24/EC of 23 April 2009 on the legal protection of computer programs.
 
25
Twitter Dataset 2013–2014: The data set was collected by the Archive team through the Twitter Streaming API which provides free access to 1% of public tweets. Available at https://​sobigdata.​d4science.​org/​group/​sobigdata-gateway/​data-catalogue.
 
26
Disease Twitter Dataset: This Twitter Dataset covers two recent outbreaks: Ebola and Zika. About 60 million tweets were collected through a query-based access to the Twitter Streaming API, covering the period of April 13th 2015 to August 2nd 2016. Available at https://​sobigdata.​d4science.​org/​group/​sobigdata-gateway/​data-catalogue.
 
27
Article 3 Twitter Terms of Service. Available at https://​twitter.​com/​en/​tos.
 
28
Paragraph I B i licence from Twitter, Twitter Developer Agreement, Effective: May 25, 2018. Available at https://​developer.​twitter.​com/​en/​developer-terms/​agreement-and-policy.​html.
 
29
Bygrave, L. A. (2017). Data Protection by Design and by Default: Deciphering the EU’s Legislative Requirements. Oslo Law Review, 4(02), 105–120. https://​doi.​org/​10.​18261/​issn.​2387-3299-2017-02-03. See also Mahieu, R., van Eck, N. J., van Putten, D., & van den Hoven, J. (2018). From dignity to security protocols: a scientometric analysis of digital ethics. Ethics and Information Technology, 20(3), 175–187. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s10676-018-9457-5 showing a divide between the work on digital ethics in the fields of ethics, law and computer science.
 
30
SoBigData Gateway Terms of Use. Available at https://​sobigdata.​d4science.​org/​terms-of-use.
 
31
Disease Twitter Dataset accessible via SoBigData Catalogue accessible at: https://​sobigdata.​d4science.​org/​catalogue.
 
32
Section I.F Be A Good Partner to Twitter, Twitter Developer Policy, Effective: November 3, 2017. Available at https://​developer.​twitter.​com/​en/​developer-terms/​policy.​html.
 
33
Art. 30 GDPR also requires that each controller shall maintain a record of certain information, e.g. the name and contact details of the controller, its representative and the data protection officer or the purpose of the processing.
 
34
This is to be distinguished from the data protection impact assessment according to Art. 35 GDPR.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
An ethico-legal framework for social data science
verfasst von
Nikolaus Forgó
Stefanie Hänold
Jeroen van den Hoven
Tina Krügel
Iryna Lishchuk
René Mahieu
Anna Monreale
Dino Pedreschi
Francesca Pratesi
David van Putten
Publikationsdatum
31.03.2020
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
International Journal of Data Science and Analytics / Ausgabe 4/2021
Print ISSN: 2364-415X
Elektronische ISSN: 2364-4168
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-020-00211-7

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