nach oben

Journal of Nonverbal Behavior

Erschienen in:

01.03.2009 | Original Paper

Anti-Semitism and Identification of Jewish Group Membership from Photographs

verfasst von: Susan A. Andrzejewski, Judith A. Hall, Elizabeth R. Salib

Erschienen in: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior | Ausgabe 1/2009

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Early literature found that holding more anti-Semitic attitudes positively predicted ability to discern whether a photograph was of a Jewish or non-Jewish person. This contradicts the well established finding that interpersonal sensitivity is generally associated with healthy psychological characteristics. In five new, previously unpublished studies we found that this relation was negative, such that more prejudiced individuals were now less accurate than less prejudiced individuals at a similar task, consistent with the general finding. A meta-analysis of all the studies showed that time was a significant moderator of the relation. Possible reasons for the temporal change are discussed.

Vorheriger Artikel Comparison of Deliberate and Spontaneous Facial Movement in Smiles and Eyebrow Raises

Nächster Artikel Detecting Deception from Emotional and Unemotional Cues

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

While all of the new studies specifically measured anti-Semitic attitudes, some of the earlier studies utilized prejudice measures that combined anti-Semitism with other prejudicial attitudes. Allport and Kramer (1946), Elliott and Wittenberg (1955), and Lindzey and Rogolsky (1950) specifically looked at anti-Semitism while Himmelfarb (1966) and Dorfman et al. (1971) looked at a combination of prejudice toward Jews, African-Americans, and Catholics. Scodel and Austrin (1957) used the California F scale and Quanty et al. (1975) used the Allport-Vernon prejudice scale.

In order to save space in the text we provide the methodology only for the new studies. The original articles may be consulted to ascertain the slight differences in methodology among the original studies.

The formula for A′ was taken from Quanty et al. (1975): \( A^{\prime} = .5 + \frac{\left( {\text {Hits}} - {\text {False}}\;{\text {Alarms}} \right)\left( 1 + {\text {Hits}} - {\text {False}}\;{\text {Alarms}} \right)}{4{\text {Hits}}\left( 1 - {\text {False}}\;{\text {Alarms}} \right)} \)

Analyses to detect curvilinear trends were conducted in all five studies, but there was never any such evidence. Also, although in general across the five studies, the relation between accuracy and prejudice was more negative for women than for men, this difference was not statistically significant across all of the studies.

It is not unheard of for the personal characteristics associated with social attitudes to change over time. As Frank (2004) showed in his book What’s the Matter With Kansas?, liberal political values used to prevail among the working class while conservatism was the creed of the upper class, but in very recent history this association has reversed itself. It is possible that there has been a corresponding shift in the psychological characteristics associated with prejudice.

Since the submission of this article the first author has continued to explore the relation between prejudice towards different outgroups and other types of interpersonal sensitivity tasks (e.g., judging emotion). This research found a similar relationship between accuracy at judging emotion and a decoding deficit for highly prejudiced persons. The similar relation of both types of accuracy with prejudice suggests that prejudiced attitudes are negatively related to several different types of nonverbal decoding skills and not just one specific type of interpersonal sensitivity.

Allport, G. W., & Kramer, B. M. (1946). Some roots of prejudice. Journal of Psychology, 22, 9–39.

Andrzejewski, S. A. (2008). Interpersonal sensitivity and prejudice: A meta-analysis (manuscript submitted for publication).

Beal, D. J., O’Neal, E. C., Ong, J., & Ruscher, J. B. (2000). The ways and means of interracial aggression: Modern racists’ use of covert retaliation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1225–1238.CrossRef

Bernieri, F. J. (2001). Toward a taxonomy of interpersonal sensitivity. In J. A. Hall & F. J. Bernieri (Eds.), Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement (pp. 3–20). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Bernieri, F. J., Gillis, J. S., Davis, J. M., & Grahe, J. E. (1996). Dyad rapport and the accuracy of its judgment across situations: A lens model analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 110–129.CrossRef

Borman, W. C. (1979). Individual differences correlates of accuracy in evaluating others’ performance effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychological Measurement, 3, 103–115.CrossRef

Bushman, K. W., & Bonacci, A. M. (2004). You’ve got mail: Using e-mail to examine the effect of prejudiced attitudes on discrimination against Arabs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 753–759.CrossRef

Carter, J. D., & Hall, J. A. (2008). Individual differences in the accuracy of detecting social covariations: Ecological sensitivity. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 439–455.

Carter, J. D., Hall, J. A., Carney, D. R., & Rosip, J. C. (2006). Individual differences in the acceptance of stereotyping. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 1103–1118.CrossRef

Carter, L. F. (1948). The identification of “racial” membership. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, 279–286.CrossRef

Christiansen, N. D., Wolcott-Burnam, S., Janovics, J. E., Burns, G. N., & Quirk, S. W. (2005). The good judge revisited: Individual differences in the accuracy of personality judgments. Journal of Human Performance, 18, 123–149.CrossRef

Cline, V. B. (1955). Ability to judge personality assessed with a stress interview and sound-film technique. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 50, 183–187.CrossRef

Devine, P. G., Monteith, M. J., Zuwerink, J. R., & Elliot, A. J. (1991). Prejudice with and without compunction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 817–830.CrossRef

Dorfman, D. D., Keeve, S., & Saslow, C. (1971). Ethnic identification: A signal detection analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18, 373–379.CrossRef

Dovidio, J. F. (2001). On the nature of contemporary prejudice: The third wave. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 829–849.CrossRef

Elliott, D. N., & Wittenberg, B. H. (1955). Accuracy of identification of Jewish and non-Jewish photographs. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57, 339–341.

Frank, T. (2004). What’s the matter with Kansas? How conservatives won the heart of America. New York: Holt.

Funder, D. C., & Harris, M. J. (1986). On the several facets of personality assessment: The case of social acuity. Journal of Personality, 54, 528–550.PubMedCrossRef

Gangestad, S. W., & Snyder, M. (2000). Self-monitoring: Appraisal and reappraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 530–555.PubMedCrossRef

Gifford, R. (1994). A lens-mapping framework for understanding the encoding and decoding of interpersonal dispositions in nonverbal behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 398–412.CrossRef

Grier, J. B. (1971). Nonparametric indices for sensitivity and bias: Computing formulas. Psychological Bulletin, 75, 424–429.PubMedCrossRef

Hall, J. A., & Andrzejewski, S. A. (2008). Who draws accurate first impressions? Personal correlates of sensitivity to nonverbal cues. In J. J. Skowronski & N. Ambady (Eds.), First impressions. New York: Guilford.

Hall, J. A., Andrzejewski, S. A., Yopchick, J. E. (2008). Psychosocial correlates of interpersonal sensitivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior (in press).

Hall, J. A., & Carter, J. D. (1999). Gender-stereotype accuracy as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 350–359.CrossRef

Hightower, E. (1997). Psychosocial characteristics of subtle and blatant racists as compared to tolerant individuals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 369–374.PubMedCrossRef

Himmelfarb, S. (1966). Studies in the perception of ethnic group members: Accuracy, response bias, and anti-Semitism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 347–355.PubMedCrossRef

Karabel, J. (2005). The chosen: The hidden history of admission and exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Kawakami, K., Dion, K. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1998). Racial prejudice and stereotype activation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 407–416.CrossRef

Lindzey, G., & Rogolsky, S. (1950). Prejudice and identification of minority group membership. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 45, 37–53.CrossRef

Lund, F. H., & Berg, W. C. (1946). Identifiability of nationality characteristics. Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 77–83.

Matsumoto, D., LeRoux, J., Wilson-Cohn, C., Raroque, J., Kooken, K., Ekman, P., et al. (2000). A new test to measure emotion recognition ability: Matsumoto and Ekman’s Japanese and Caucasian Brief Affect Recognition Test (JACBART). Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24, 179–209.CrossRef

Murphy, N. A., Hall, J. A., & Colvin, C. R. (2003). Accurate intelligence assessments in social interactions: Mediators and gender effects. Journal of Personality, 71, 465–493.PubMed

Nowicki, S., Jr., & Duke, M. (1994). Individual differences in the nonverbal communication of affect: The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy Scale. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 18, 9–35.CrossRef

Pettigrew, T. F. (1981). The mental health impact. In B. P. Bowser & R. G. Hunt (Eds.), Impacts of racism on white Americans (pp. 97–118). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Pulos, L., & Spilka, B. (1961). Perceptual selectivity, memory, and anti-Semitism. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 690–692.PubMedCrossRef

Quanty, M. B., Keats, J. A., & Harkins, S. G. (1975). Prejudice and criteria for identification of ethnic photographs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 449–454.CrossRef

Realo, A., Allik, J., Nõlvak, A., Valk, R., Ruus, T., Schmidt, M., et al. (2003). Mind-reading ability: Beliefs and performance. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 420–445.CrossRef

Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (rev. ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Rosenthal, R., Hall, J. A., DiMatteo, M. R., Rogers, P. L., & Archer, D. (1979). Sensitivity to nonverbal communication: The PONS test. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Scodel, A., & Austrin, H. (1957). The perception of Jewish photographs by non-Jews and Jews. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 54, 278–280.CrossRef

Smith, T. W. (1990). GSS Topical Report No. 19: Ethnic images. Chicago, IL: National Opinion Research Center.

Sprinthall, R. C., Lambert, M., & Sturm, M. (1971). Anti-Semitism: Some perceptual correlates among Jews and non-Jews. The Journal of Social Psychology, 84, 57–63.

Titel: Anti-Semitism and Identification of Jewish Group Membership from Photographs
verfasst von: Susan A. Andrzejewski
Judith A. Hall
Elizabeth R. Salib
Publikationsdatum: 01.03.2009
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior / Ausgabe 1/2009
Print ISSN: 0191-5886
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3653
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-008-0060-z

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2009

All Smiles are Not Created Equal: Morphology and Timing of Smiles Perceived as Amused, Polite, and Embarrassed/Nervous

Comparison of Deliberate and Spontaneous Facial Movement in Smiles and Eyebrow Raises

Ad-Hoc Reviewers from 2008

Detecting Deception from Emotional and Unemotional Cues

Effects of Dynamic Attributes of Smiles in Human and Synthetic Faces: A Simulated Job Interview Setting