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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Application of China’s Accession Protocol in WTO Dispute Settlement Practice

verfasst von : Bing Xiao, Yue Peng, Wenjie Yu

Erschienen in: The Practice of WTO Dispute Settlement

Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

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Abstract

After China's accession to the WTO, disputes over its Protocol of Accession have arisen frequently. Echoing the fact of China's status as a special acceding party to the WTO and the special accession obligations it undertakes accordingly, the disputes arising from China’s Accession Protocol also demonstrate the Chinese characteristics in the WTO dispute settlement practice.

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Vorheriges Kapitel China’s Member Status in WTO Dispute Settlement Practices

Nächstes Kapitel Evaluation and Re-evaluation of the WTO Dispute Settlement Practices in China

According to the statistics on the official website of the WTO, the number of disputes involving the Protocol of Accession is 40. This table does not adopt this data, but rather adopts the test of whether the “request for consultations” formally submitted by the complainant explicitly invokes the Protocol of Accession and/or its specific provisions for the purpose of deciding whether the dispute is “involving the Protocol” or not. Accordingly, two disputes should be included in the total number of disputes involved: (1) China—Value-Added Tax on Integrated Circuits (DS309): invokes China’s Accession Protocol generally with no reference to specific provisions as the ground for consultations; (2) China—Measures Affecting Financial Information Services and Foreign Financial Information suppliers (DS372): although no specific provisions of China’s Accession Protocol are invoked in the request for consultations, on the one hand, this dispute, together with DS373 and DS378, point to the same regulatory measures of China, and thus are in fact same disputes only with different parties; on the other hand, the request for consultations in this dispute explicitly points out that the dispute involves China's obligations under Paragraph 309 of the WPR of China, which constitutes an integral part of China’s Accession Protocol. Therefore both disputes should be counted in the total number of disputes involved.

See https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_agreements_index_e.htm?id=A30, at 31st December 2022.

3 disputes left are DS525, DS532 and DS608, in which China did not participate.

See https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispustats_e.htm, at 31st December 2022.

Not inclusive of general invocation of the Accession Protocol and the invocation of Paragraph 1.2 only as reference to incorporate paragraph of the WPR.

See for details US—Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) (DS379), WT/DS379/R, para. 10.10.

See for details China—Measures Affecting Imports of Automobile Parts, WT/DS339/R, paras. 7.760, 7.762, and 7.763.

See Panel Report, US—Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), WT/DS379/R, paras. 14.121, 14.178.

See Panel Report, European Communities—Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China, WT/DS397/R, p. 74, footnote 306.

WPR, Paragraph 40: … The representative of China also confirmed that measures taken for BOPs reasons would only be applied to control the general level of imports and not to protect specific sectors, industries or products, except as noted in Paragraph 38; Paragraph 210: … He also confirmed that information on state trading enterprises, as required by the Draft Protocol, would be supplied, consistent with the requirements of Paragraph 333 of this Report.

See Panel Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/R, adopted 12 August 2009, para. 7.914. It is worth noting that applying the rule of “judicial economy” by the Panel in this dispute to avoid the issue of applicability of Article XX of GATT 1994 to other agreements under the WTO is not unique to disputes which China participates. The Appellate Body adopted this approach as early as in US—Shrimp (Thailand)/US—Customs Bond Directive, see WT/DS343/AB/R.

See Appellate Body Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/AB/R, adopted 21 December 2009, para. 213.

See Appellate Body Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/AB/R, adopted 21 December 2009, para. 222: “We read the phrase ‘in a manner consistent with the WTO Agreement’ as referring to the WTO Agreement as a whole, including its Annexes”.

See Appellate Body Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/AB/R, adopted 21 December 2009, para. 222.

See Appellate Body Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/AB/R, adopted 21 December 2009, para. 226: “We see the obligations assumed by China in respect of trading rights, which relate to traders, and the obligations imposed on all WTO Members in respect of their regulation of trade in goods, as closely intertwined. This is particularly true of China's trading rights commitments, on the one hand, and the obligations imposed on all WTO Members under Articles III and XI of the GATT 1994, on the other hand, as certain WTO Members expressly recognized during the negotiations on China's accession to the WTO”.

See Panel Report, China—Raw Materials, WT/DS394/R, WT/DS395/R, WT/DS398/R, adopted 5 July 2011, para. 7.150.

See Panel Report, China—Raw Materials, WT/DS394/R, WT/DS395/R, WT/DS398/R, adopted 5 July 2011, para. 7.153.

See Panel Report, China—Raw Materials, WT/DS394/R, WT/DS395/R, WT/DS398/R, adopted 5 July 2011, paras. 7.153, 7.154.

See Panel Report, China—Raw Materials, WT/DS394/R, WT/DS395/R, WT/DS398/R, adopted 5 July 2011, para. 7.129.

See Panel Report, China—Raw Materials, WT/DS394/R, WT/DS395/R, WT/DS398/R, adopted 5 July 2011, para. 7.138.

See Panel Report, China—Raw Materials, WT/DS394/R, WT/DS395/R, WT/DS398/R, adopted 5 July 2011, para. 7.129.

See Panel Report, China—Raw Materials, WT/DS394/R, WT/DS395/R, WT/DS398/R, adopted 5 July 2011, para. 7.150.

See Panel Report, China—Raw Materials, WT/DS394/R, WT/DS395/R, WT/DS398/R, adopted 5 July 2011 para. 7.153.

See Appellate Body Report, US—Carbon Steel, WT/DS213/AB/R, para. 65.

See China’s First Written Submission, China—Rare Earths, para. 411.

See China’s First Written Submission, China—Rare Earths, Section V.C, paras. 422–435. See also China’s Rebuttal Submission on the Availability of Article XX of the GATT 1994, Section III, paras. 13–34.

See China’s First Written Submission, China—Rare Earths, Section V.D, paras. 436–444.

See China’s First Written Submission, China—Rare Earths, Section V.E, paras. 445–458.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, para. 7.52.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, para. 7.61.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, paras. 7.72.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, paras. 7.82–7.89.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, paras. 7.91.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, paras. 7.92.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, paras. 7.118–7.138.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, paras. 7.121.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, paras. 7.128–7.131.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, paras. 7.136.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, paras. 7.137.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, paras. 7.137–7.138.

See Appellate Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/AB/R, WT/DS432/AB/R, WT/DS433/AB/R, para. 5.34.

See Appellate Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/AB/R, WT/DS432/AB/R, WT/DS433/AB/R, para. 5.48–5.50.

See Appellate Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/AB/R, WT/DS432/AB/R, WT/DS433/AB/R, para. 5.55, 5.62.

In United States—Countervailing Measures (China) (DS437), although China invoked Paragraph 15 of China’s Accession Protocol as the legal basis for its complaint during the consultation, the Paragraph is not included in the basis of China's claims at the panel phase, and therefore is not applied and/or interpreted in either the Panel Report or the Appellate Body Report.

Note: As some of the disputes involving China’s Accession Protocol are resolved through consultations or settlements and do not result in a panel report, in which scenario there is no application/interpretation of provisions at all, only the interpretations of the specific provisions of China’s Accession Protocol in the panel and Appellate Body reports are set out in this table.

See Panel Report, China—Auto Parts, WT/DS339/R, WT/DS340/R, WT/DS342/R, adopted 18 July 2008, para. 7.652, 7.740–7.741.

See Panel Report, China—Auto Parts, WT/DS339/R, WT/DS340/R, WT/DS342/R, adopted 18 July 2008, para. 7.756.

See Panel Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/R, adopted 12 August 2009, paras. 7.246–7.252.

See Panel Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/R, adopted 12 August 2009, paras. 7.253–7.255.

See Panel Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/R, adopted 12 August 2009, paras. 7.256–7.281.

See Panel Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/R, adopted 12 August 2009, paras. 7.551–7.555; see Appellate Body Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/AB/R, paras. 196–198.

See Panel Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/R, adopted 12 August 2009, paras. 7.286–7.299.

See Panel Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/R, adopted 12 August 2009, paras. 7.300–7.306.

See Panel Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/R, adopted 12 August 2009, paras. 7.310, 7.313–7.315, 7.318–7.319.

See Panel Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/R, adopted 12 August 2009, paras. 7.320–7.324.

See Panel Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/R, adopted 12 August 2009, paras. 7.743–7.745; see Appellate Body Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/AB/R, paras. 205, 213–230.

See Panel Report, US—Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), WT/DS379/R, paras. 14.121, 14.129; see Appellate Body Report, US—Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), WT/DS379/AB/R, footnote 559, at p. 217.

See Panel Report, China—Raw Materials, WT/DS394/R, WT/DS395/R, WT/DS398/R, paras. 7.110–7.160; see Appellate Body Report, China—Raw Materials, WT/DS394/AB/R, WT/DS395/AB/R, WT/DS398/AB/R, paras. 279–307.

See Panel Report, China—Raw Materials, WT/DS394/R, WT/DS395/R, WT/DS398/R, paras. 7.854–7.861.

See Panel Body Report, EC—Fasteners (China), WT/DS397/R, footnote 306.

See Appellate Body Report, EC—Fasteners (China), WT/DS397/AB/R, paras. 283–291.

See Panel Report, US—Tyres (China), WT/DS399/R, paras. 7.33–7.37.

See Panel Report, US—Tyres (China), WT/DS399/R, paras. 7.82–7.110; Appellate Body Report, US—Tyres (China), WT/DS399/AB/R, paras. 127–140.

See Panel Report, US—Tyres (China), WT/DS399/R, paras. 7.136–7.153, 7.158–7.160, 7.169–7.170, 7.174–7.178; Appellate Body Report, US—Tyres (China), WT/DS399/AB/R, paras. 173–201.

See Panel Report, US—Tyres (China), WT/DS399/R, paras. 7.390–7.399, 7.412–7.415.

See Panel Report, EU—Footwear (China), WT/DS405/R, paras. 7.194–7.205.

See Panel Report, EU—Footwear (China), WT/DS405/R, paras. 7.557–7.560.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, paras. 7.63–7.72.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, paras. 7.73–7.99; Appellate Body Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/AB/R, WT/DS432/AB/R, WT/DS433/AB/R, paras. 5.18–5.74.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, paras. 7.1006–7.1012.

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, paras. 7.1016–7.1033.

See Panel Report, China—TRQs, WT/DS517/R. paras. 7.3–7.9.

Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its fiftieth session (1998) Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-third session, Supplement No. 10 (A/53/ 10) (“ILC Report 1998”), para. 495.

There is also disagreement in the academic community as to whether the Accession Protocol is a bilateral or multilateral treaty.

See Wang (2015).

See Qin (2015), See Han (2014).

See Han (2014), p. 23.

Tyagi (2012).

Article XIII:1, This Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements in Annexes 1 and 2 shall not apply as between any Member and any other Member if either of the Members, at the time either becomes a Member, does not consent to such application.

See Han (2014), pp. 21–29, Liu (2016).

See Liu (2014).

Parenti (2000).

Janow et al. (2008).

Li (2003).

Article X:2, the WTO Agreement.

Article X:6, the WTO Agreement.

Article X:3, the WTO Agreement.

Article X:3–X:4, the WTO Agreement.

Hu (2014).

Li (2003), p. 3.

Liu (2014), p. 13.

Liu (2014), p. 11.

Li (2003), p. 23.

Article 3, the Vienna Convention.

Li (2003), p. 13.

Shaw (2017).

Li (2003), p. 31.

Paragraph 17, Part I, China’s Accession Protocol.

See AB Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/AB/R, WT/DS432/AB/R, WT/DS433/AB/R, para 5.68.

100

In DS 379, the United States, in its response to China’s claims under Articles 1.1(a)(1) and 14(d) of the SCM Agreement at the panel stage, invokes Paragraph 15(b) of China’s Accession Protocol and Paragraph 150 of the WPR as the ground for its argument that there is a correspondence between Article 14(d) of the SCM Agreement and Paragraph 150 of the WPR as to whether external benchmark could be applied. See Panel Report, US—Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), WT/DS379/R, paras. 8.23, 1026, 1070, 10.97, 14.58, 14.87, 14.89, 14.94, 14.161. The same understanding is reflected in the third-party submissions of the European Union, Turkey and other third parties in this dispute.

101

Kennedy (2013).

102

Article 9.2, The WTO Agreement.

103

Article 3.2, DSU.

104

See Panel Report, US—Gasoline, WT/DS2/R, para. 6.7.

105

See Panel Report, China—Auto Parts, WT/DS339/R, Paras 7.740 and 7.741.

106

See Jackson (2009).

107

Jackson (2009), p. 188.

108

Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties with Commentaries (1966), Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1966, Vol. II, p. 219–220.

109

Fang (2011).

110

See Isabelle Van Damme, Treaty Interpretation by the WTO Appellate Body, 21(3) The European Journal of International Law, 621.

111

See Lauterpacht (1949).

112

Richard K. Gardiner, Treaty Interpretation (Second Edition), Oxford University Press, p. 90.

113

Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties with Commentaries, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1966, Vol. II, p. 219, para. 6.

114

Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties with Commentaries, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1966, vol. II, p. 219, para. 6. For detail, see Bjorge (2014).

115

See Appellate Body Report, US—Gasoline, WT/DS2/AB/R, p. 23.

116

See Appellate Body Report, Japan—Alcoholic Beverages II, WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R, WT/DS11/AB/R, p. 12.

117

See Appellate Body Report, Canada—Dairy, WT/DS103/AB/R, WT/DS113/AB/R, para. 133.

118

See Appellate Body Report, EC—Bananas III, DS27/AB/RW2/ECU, DS27/AB/RWR/USA, para. 422.

119

See Appellate Body Report, Korea—Dairy, WT/DS98/AB/ R, paras. 80–81.

120

See Appellate Body Report, Argentina—Footwear (EC), WT/DS121/AB/R, para. 81.

121

Dispute regarding Navigational, etc. (Costa Rica v Nicaragua) [2009] ICJ Reports 214, at 243, para 66.

122

Richard K. Gardiner, Treaty Interpretation (Second Edition), Oxford University Press, p. 413.

123

See Legal consequences for States of the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa), notwithstanding Security Council resolution 276 (1970) [1971] ICJ Reports 16, at 31, para 53.

124

Aegean Sea Continental Shelf, ICJ Reports 1978, p. 3, para. 77.

125

Gabcikovo—Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia), Judgement of 25 September 1997, ICJ Report (1997) at 78, para. 140.

126

Dispute regarding Navigational, etc. (Costa Rica v Nicaragua) [2009] ICJ Reports 214.

127

See Appellate Body Report, US—Shrimp, WT/DS58/AB/R, paras. 128–130.

128

Appellate Body Report, US—Shrimp, WT/DS58/AB/R, paras. 129.

129

See Appellate Body Report, US—Shrimp, WT/DS58/AB/R, para. 130.

130

See Appellate Body Report, US—Shrimp, WT/DS58/AB/R, para. 130.

131

See Appellate Body Report, US—Shrimp, WT/DS58/AB/R, para. 128.

132

Dispute regarding Navigational, etc. (Costa Rica v Nicaragua) [2009] ICJ Reports 214.

133

Panel Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/R, paras. 7. 1164.

134

See Panel Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/R, paras. 7. 1172–7.1181.

135

See Panel Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/R, paras. 7.1235, 7.1245–7.1247.

136

See Appellate Body Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/RDS363/AB/R, para. 47.

137

Appellate Body Report, US—Gambling, WT/DS285/AB/R, para. 159.

138

See Appellate Body Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/DS363/AB/R, para. 405.

139

See Appellate Body Report, China—Publications and Audiovisual Products, WT/RDS363/AB/R, para. 396.

140

Wu (2012).

141

See Jackson (2009).

142

See Appellate Body Report, China—Raw Materials, WT/DS394/AB/R, WT/DS395/AB/R, WT/DS398/AB/R, para. 284.

143

See Appellate Body Report, China—Raw Materials, WT/DS394/AB/R, WT/DS395/AB/R, WT/DS398/AB/R, para. 303–306.

144

See Appellate Body Report, China—Raw Materials, WT/DS394/AB/R, WT/DS395/AB/R, WT/DS398/AB/R, para. 299.

145

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, para. 7.93.

146

Gu (2015).

147

See Panel Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/R, WT/DS432/R, WT/DS433/R, para. 7.91.

148

See Appellate Body Report, China—Rare Earths, WT/DS431/AB/R, WT/DS432/AB/R, WT/DS433/AB/R, paras. 5.71, 5.28–5.29, 5.32.

149

Jin (2017), p. 5.

150

Gu (2015), p. 86.

151

Policy on Development of Automotive Industry [Order of the National Development and Reform Commission (No. 8)] (“Policy Order 8”), which entered into force on 21 May 2004; Administrative Rules on Importation of Automobile Parts Characterized as Complete Vehicles (Decree of the People's Republic of China, No. 125) (“Decree 125”), which entered into force on 1 April 2005; and Rules on Verification of Imported Automobile Parts Characterized as Complete Vehicles (Public Announcement of the Customs General Administration of the People's Republic of China, No. 4 of 2005) (“Announcement 4”), which entered into force on 1 April 2005.

152

See Panel Report, India—Autos, WT/DS146/R, WT/DS175/R, para. 7.222. At Panel Report, China—Auto Parts, WT/DS339/R, WT/DS340/R, WT/DS342/R, para. 7.121.

153

Panel Report, China—Auto Parts, WT/DS339/R, WT/DS340/R, WT/DS342/R, para. 7.756.

154

See Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, para. 2, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 229.

155

See Panel Report, China—Auto Parts, WT/DS339/R, WT/DS340/R, WT/DS342/R, para. 7.756.

156

See Liu (2015).

157

Liu (2015), p. 142.

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Jackson JH (2009) Sovereignty, the WTO, and changing fundamentals of international law. Cambridge University Press, p 187

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Jin YL (2017) Logic. Beijing Institute of Technology Press, Beijing, p 5

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Lauterpacht H (1949) Restrictive interpretation and the principle of effectiveness in the interpretation of treaties. XXVI BYBIL 48:68

Li HP (2003) Introduction to the law of treaties. Law Press, Beijing, p 378

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Titel: Application of China’s Accession Protocol in WTO Dispute Settlement Practice
verfasst von: Bing Xiao
Yue Peng
Wenjie Yu
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Buch: The Practice of WTO Dispute Settlement
Print ISBN: 978-981-9701-84-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-9701-85-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0185-8_4

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