nach oben

Erschienen in:

2011 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Aqueous Solutions of Polyelectrolytes: Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium and Some Related Properties

verfasst von : G. Maurer, S. Lammertz, L. Ninni Schäfer

Erschienen in: Polymer Thermodynamics

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This chapter reviews the thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of polyelectrolytes, concentrating on properties that are related to phase equilibrium phenomena. The most essential phenomena as well as methods to describe such phenomena are discussed from an applied thermodynamics point of view. Therefore, the experimental findings concentrate on the vapor–liquid phase equilibrium phenomena, and the thermodynamic models are restricted to expressions for the Gibbs energy of aqueous solutions of polyelectrolytes.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Making Floryr–Huggins Practical: Thermodynamics of Polymer-Containing Mixtures

Nächstes Kapitel Gas–Polymer Interactions: Key Thermodynamic Data and Thermophysical Properties

Ohki A, Kawamoto K, Naka K, Maeda S (1992) Sensing of anionic polymers by an ion-selective electrode. Anal Sci 8:85–86CrossRef

Ishii T, Bowen HK (1988) Dispersion and pressureless sintering of Al₃O₃ – SiC whiskers. Ceram Trans I:452–458

Pai SA, Kamat VS (1982) New dispersion aids in the service of surface coatings industry. J Colour Soc 21:23–29

Buscall R, Corner T, McGowan IJ (1982) Micro-electrophoresis of polyelectrolyte-coated particles. In: Tadros TF (ed) The effect of polymers on dispersion properties. Academic, London, pp 379–395

Hettche A, Trieselt W, Diessel P (1986) Co-Builder: Carboxylgruppenhaltige Verbindungen als Co-Builder in Waschmittelformulierungen. Tenside Surfact Det 23:12–19

Horn D (1989) Preparation and characterization of microdisperse bioavailable carotenoid hydrosols. Angew Makromol Chem 166/167:139–153

Philipp B, Gohlke U, Jaeger W, Kötz J (1989) Polymere lösen Umweltprobleme in der Wasserwirtschaft. Wissenschaft und Fortschritt 39:137–140

Kulicke WM, Lenk S, Detzner HD, Weiss T (1993) Anwendung von Polyelektrolyten bei der mechanischen Fest/Flüssig-Trennung. Chem-Ing-Tech 65:541–552CrossRef

Westman L, Grundmark H, Petersson J (1989) Cationic polyelectrolytes as retention aids in newsprint production. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 4:113–116CrossRef

10.

Brouwer PH (1989) Kationische Kartoffelstärke und anionische Störsubstanzen. Wochenblatt für Papierfabrikation 117:881–889

11.

Kennedy JP, Phillips GO, Williams A (1990) Cellulose sources & exploitation. Horwood, Chichester

12.

Dautzenberg H, Jaeger W, Kötz J, Philipp B, Seidel C, Stscherbina D (1994) Polyelectrolytes: formation, characterization and application. Carl Hanser, München

13.

Alleavitch J, Turner WA, Finch CA (1989) Gelatin. In: Elvers B (ed) Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry, vol A12. VCH, Weinheim, pp 307–312

14.

Petrie EM (2006) Handbook of adhesives and sealants. McGraw-Hill, New York

15.

Putnam D, Kopeček J (1995) In Peppas NA, Langer RS (eds) Advances in polymer science, vol 122. Springer, Berlin, pp 55–123

16.

Scranton AB, Rangarajan B, Klier J (1995) Biomedical applications of polyelectrolytes. In: Peppas NA, Langer RS (eds) Advances in polymer science, vol 122. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–54

17.

Reddy M, Marinsky JA (1970) A further investigation of the osmotic properties of hydrogen and sodium polystyrenesulfonates. J Phys Chem 74:3884–3891CrossRef

18.

Chu P, Marinsky JA (1967) The osmotic properties of polystyrenesulfonates I. The osmotic coefficients. J Phys Chem 71:4352–4359CrossRef

19.

Oman S (1974) Osmotic coefficients of aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions at low concentrations, 1. Makromolekul Chem 175:2133–2140CrossRef

20.

Oman S (1974) Osmotic coefficients of aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions at low concentrations, 2. Makromolekul Chem 175:2141–2148CrossRef

21.

Oman S (1977) Osmotic coefficients of aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions at low concentrations, 3. Makromolekul Chem 178:475–485CrossRef

22.

Kozak D, Kristan J, Dolar D (1971) Osmotic coefficient of polyelectrolyte solutions 1. Polystyrenesulphonates with monovalent couterions. Z Phys Chem 76:85–92

23.

Kozak D, Kristan J, Dolar D (1971) Osmotic coefficient of polyelectrolyte solutions 2. Polystyrenesulphonates with divalent counterions. Z Phys Chem 76:93–97

24.

Ise N, Okubo T (1968) Mean activity coefficient of polyelectrolytes VIII. Osmotic and activity coefficients of polystyrenesulfonates of various gegenions. J Phys Chem 72:1361–1366CrossRef

25.

Kakehashi R, Yamazoe H, Maeda H (1998) Osmotic coefficients of vinylic polyelectrolyte solutions without added salt. Colloid Polym Sci 276:28–33CrossRef

26.

Takahashi A, Kato N, Nagasawa M (1970) The osmotic pressure of polyelectrolyte in neutral salt solutions. J Phys Chem 74:944–946CrossRef

27.

Boyd GE (1974) Thermodynamic properties of strong electrolyte-strong polyelectrolyte mixtures at 25°C. In: Sélégny E (ed) Polyelectrolytes. D. Reidel, Boston, pp 135–155

28.

Lammertz S, Pessôa Filho PA, Maurer G (2008) Thermodynamics of aqueous solutions of polyelectrolytes: experimental results for the activity of water in aqueous solutions of (a single synthetic polyelectrolyte and sodium chloride). J Chem Eng Data 53:1796–1802CrossRef

29.

Oman S, Dolar D (1967) Activity coefficients of counterions in solutions of polymethylstyrene-sulphonic acid and its salts 1. Monovalent counterions. Z Phys Chem 56:1–12

30.

Oman S, Dolar D (1967) Activity coefficients of counterions in solutions of polymethylstyrene-sulphonic acid and its salts 2. Divalent counterions. Z Phys Chem 56:13–19

31.

Ise N, Okubo T (1967) Mean activity coefficient of polyelectrolytes IV. Isopiestic measurements of sodium polyacrylates. J Phys Chem 71:1287–1290CrossRef

32.

Asai K, Takaya K, Ise N (1969) Mean activity coefficient of polyelectrolytes XI. Activity coefficients of various salts of polyacrylic acid and carboxymethylcellulose. J Phys Chem 73:4071–4076CrossRef

33.

Ise N, Okubo T (1965) Mean activity coefficients of polyelectrolytes I. Measurements of sodium polyacrylate. J Phys Chem 69:4102–4109CrossRef

34.

Okubo T, Nishizaki Y, Ise N (1965) Single-ion activity coefficient of gegenions in sodium polyacrylate. J Phys Chem 69:3690–3695CrossRef

35.

Ise N, Okubo T (1967) Mean activity coefficients of polyelectrolytes V. Measurements of polyvinyl sulfates of various gegenions. J Phys Chem 71:1886–1890CrossRef

36.

Ise N, Okubo T (1968) Mean activity coefficients of polyelectrolytes X. Measurements of polyphosphates of various gegenions. J Phys Chem 72:1370–1373CrossRef

37.

Ise N, Asai K (1968) Mean activity coefficients of polyelectrolytes IX. Measurements of polyethylene-sulfonates of various gegenions. J Phys Chem 72:1366–1369CrossRef

38.

Horváth J, Nagy M (2006) Role of linear charge density and counterion quality in thermodynamic properties of strong acid type polyelectrolytes: divalent transition metal cations. Langmuir 22:10963–10971CrossRef

39.

Nagy M (2004) Thermodynamic study of polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions without added salts: a transition from neutral to charged macromolecules. J Phys Chem B 108:8866–8875CrossRef

40.

Lipar I, Zalar P, Pohar C, Vlachy V (2007) Thermodynamic characterization of polyanetholesulfonic acid and its alkaline salts. J Phys Chem B 111:10130–10136CrossRef

41.

Lammertz S, Pessôa Filho PA, Maurer G (2008) Thermodynamics of aqueous solutions of polyelectrolytes: experimental results for the activity of water in aqueous solutions of some single synthetic polyelectrolytes. J Chem Eng Data 53:1564–1570CrossRef

42.

Koene RS, Nicolai T, Mandel M (1983) Scaling relations for aqueous polyelectrolyte-salt solutions 3. Osmotic pressure as a function of molar mass and ionic strength in the semidilute regime. Macromolecules 16:231–236CrossRef

43.

Dolar D, Bester M (1995) Activity coefficient of a polyelectrolyte from solubility measurements. J Phys Chem 99:4763–4767CrossRef

44.

Kakehashi R, Maeda H (1996) Donnan equilibria of simple electrolytes in polyelectrolyte solutions 2. Extension to polycation and the effect of charge densities. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 92:4441–4444CrossRef

45.

Kakehashi R, Maeda H (1996) Donnan equlibria of simple electrolytes in polyelectrolyte solutions. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 92:3117–3121CrossRef

46.

Nordmeier E, Dauwe W (1991) Studies of polyelectrolyte solutions I. Counterion condensation by polystyrenesulfonate. Polym J 23:1297–1305CrossRef

47.

Nordmeier E, Dauwe W (1992) Studies of polyelectrolyte solutions II. The second virial coefficient and the persistence length. Polym J 24:229–238CrossRef

48.

Okubo T, Ise N, Matsui F (1967) Mean activity coefficient of polyelectrolytes in the ternary system water-sodium polyacrylate-sodium chloride. J Am Chem Soc 89:3697–3703CrossRef

49.

Bloys van Treslong CJ, Moonen P (1978) Distribution of counterions in solution of weak polyelectrolytes. A study to the effects of neighbour interaction between charged sites and the structure of the macromolecule. Recueil J Roy Netherlands Chem Soc 97:22–27

50.

Alexandowicz Z (1960) Results of osmotic and of Donnan equilibria: measurements in polymethacrylic acid- sodium bromide solutions II. J Polym Sci 43:337–349CrossRef

51.

Bordi F, Cametti C, Biasio AD (1987) Osmotic pressure of aqueous rod-like polyelectrolyte solutions with mono- and divalent counterions. Ber Bunsen Gesell 91:737–740

52.

Joshi YM, Kwak JCT (1979) Mean and single ion activity coefficients in aqueous mixtures of sodium chloride and sodium pectate, sodium pectinate, and sodium CMC. J Phys Chem 83:1978–1983CrossRef

53.

Kowblansky M, Zema P (1981) Effect of polyelectrolyte charge density on calcium ion activity coefficients and additivity in aqueous solutions of calcium acrylamide-acrylic acid copolymers. Macromolecules 14:1448–1451CrossRef

54.

Kowblansky M, Zema P (1981) Interactions of sodium ions with the sodium salts of poly(acrylic acid/acrylamide) copolymers of varying charge density. Macromolecules 14:166–170CrossRef

55.

Nordmeier E (1994) Studies of polyelectrolyte solutions V. Effects of counterion binding by polyions of varying charge density and constant degree of polymerization. Polym J 26:539–550CrossRef

56.

Baré W, Nordmeier E (1996) Studies of polyelectrolyte solutions VI. Effects of counterion binding by dextran sulfate and dextran phosphate in aqueous/organic solvents. Polym J 28:712–726CrossRef

57.

Takahashi A, Kato T, Nagasawa M (1967) The second virial coefficient of polyelectrolytes. J Phys Chem 71:2001–2010CrossRef

58.

Nordmeier E (1993) Studies of polyelectrolyte solutions III. Correlations between the second and the third virial coefficient. Polym J 25:1–17CrossRef

59.

Orofino TA, Flory PJ (1959) The second virial coefficient for polyelectrolyte. Theory and experiment. J Phys Chem 63:283–290CrossRef

60.

Hara M, Nakajima A (1980) Anomalies in light scattering from polyelectrolyte in semi-dilute solution region. Polym J 12:711–718CrossRef

61.

Hara M, Nakajima A (1980) Characteristic behaviors of light scattering from polyelectrolyte in dilute solution region. Polym J 12:701–709CrossRef

62.

Trap HJL, Hermans JJ (1954) Light-scattering by polymethacrylic acid and carboxymethylcellulose in various solvents. J Phys Chem 58:757–761CrossRef

63.

Schneider NS, Doty P (1954) Macro-ions IV. The ionic strength dependence of the molecular properties of sodium carboxymethylcellulose. J Phys Chem 58:762–769CrossRef

64.

Fisher LW, Sochor AR, Tan JS (1977) Chain characteristics of poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate) polymers. 1. Light scattering and intrinsic-viscosity studies. Macromolecules 10:949–954CrossRef

65.

Griebel T, Kulicke WM, Hashemzadeh A (1991) Characterization of water-soluble, cationic polylectrolytes as exemplified by poly(acrylamido-co-trimethylammoniumethylmethacrylate) and the establishment of structure-property relationships. Colloid Polym Sci 269:113–120CrossRef

66.

Dautzenberg H, Rother G (1991) Light-scattering studies on supramolecular structures in polymer solutions. J Appl Polym Sci 48:351–369CrossRef

67.

Burkhardt CW, McCarthy KJ, Parazak DP (1987) Solution properties of poly(dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride). J Polym Sci Pol Lett 25:209–213CrossRef

68.

Ochiai H, Handa M, Matsumoto H, Moriga T, Murakami I (1985) Dilute solution properties of poly(allylammonium chloride) in aqueous sodium chloride solutions. Makromolekul Chem 186:2547–2556CrossRef

69.

Stickler M (1984) Molecular weight distribution and solution properties of poly(2-trimethyl-ammoniumethyl methacrylate chloride). In: Forschung d. Röhm GmbH. Hüthig & Wepf, Basel, pp. 85–117

70.

Hasse H, Kany HP, Tintinger R, Maurer G (1995) Osmotic virial coefficients of aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) from laser-light scattering and isopiestic measurements. Macromolecules 28:3540–3552CrossRef

71.

Kany HP, Hasse H, Maurer G (1999) Thermodynamic properties of aqueous dextran solutions from laser-light scattering, membrane osmometry and isopiestic measurements. J Chem Eng Data 44:230–242CrossRef

72.

Kany HP, Hasse H, Maurer G (2003) Thermodynamic properties of aqueous poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) solutions from laser-light scattering, membrane osmometry and isopiestic measurements. J Chem Eng Data 48:689–698CrossRef

73.

Katchalsky A, Lifson S, Mazur J (1953) The electrostatic free energy of polyelectrolyte solutions I. Randomly kinked macromolecules. J Polym Sci 11:409–423CrossRef

74.

Lifson S, Katchalsky A (1954) The electrostatic free energy of polyelectrolyte solutions II. Fully stretched macromolecules. J Polym Sci 13:43–55CrossRef

75.

Dolar D, Peterlin A (1969) Rodlike model for a polyelectrolyte solution with mono- and divalent counterions. J Chem Phys 50:3011–3015CrossRef

76.

Manning GS (1969) Limiting laws and counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions I. Colligative properties. J Chem Phys 51:924–933CrossRef

77.

Manning GS (1978) The molecular theory of polyelectrolyte solutions with applications to the electrostatic properties of polynucleotides. Q Rev Biophys 11:179–246CrossRef

78.

Manning GS (1984) Limiting laws and counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions 8. Mixtures of counterions, species selectivity and valence selectivity. J Phys Chem 88:6654–6661CrossRef

79.

Stevens MJ, Kremer K (1996) The nature of flexible linear polyelectrolytes in salt-free solution: a molecular dynamics study. J Chem Phys 103:1669–1690CrossRef

80.

Feng Z, Liu HL, Hu Y (1996) Study on thermodynamic properties of polyelectrolyte solutions. Acta Chim Sinica 54:1076–1083

81.

Ospeck M, Fraden S (1998) Solving the Poisson–Boltzmann equation to obtain interaction energies between confined, like-charged cylinders. J Chem Phys 109:9166–9171CrossRef

82.

Dähnert K, Huster D (1999) Comparison of the Poisson–Boltzmann model and the Donnan equilibrium of a polyelectrolyte in salt solution. J Colloid Interf Sci 215:131–139CrossRef

83.

Dähnert K, Huster D (2000) Thermodynamics of the laminar Donnan system. J Colloid Interf Sci 228:226–237CrossRef

84.

Rödenbeck M, Müller D, Huster D, Arnold K (2001) Counterion condensation as saturation effect under the influence of ion hydration. Biophys Chem 90:255–268CrossRef

85.

Jiang JW, Liu HL, Hu Y, Prausnitz JM (1998) A molecular-thermodynamic model for polyelectrolyte solutions. J Chem Phys 108:780–784CrossRef

86.

Jiang JW, Liu HL, Hu Y (1999) Polyelectrolyte solutions with stickiness between polyions and counterions. J Chem Phys 110:4952–4962CrossRef

87.

Blaul J, Wittemann M, Ballauff M, Rehahn M (2000) Osmotic coefficient of a synthetic rodlike polyelectrolyte in salt-free solution as a test of the Poisson-Boltzmann cell model. J Phys Chem B 104:255–268CrossRef

88.

Deserno M, Holm C, Blaul J, Ballauff M, Rehahn M (2001) The osmotic coefficient of rod-like polyelectrolytes: computer simulation, analytical theory, and experiment. Eur Phys J E 5:97–103CrossRef

89.

Colby RH, Boris DC, Krause WE, Tan JS (1997) Polyelectrolyte conductivity. J Polym Sci B 35:2951–2960CrossRef

90.

Diehl A, Carmona HA, Levin Y (2001) Counterion correlations and attraction between like-charged macromolecules. Phys Rev E 64:011804-1–011804-6CrossRef

91.

Chang R, Yethiraj A (2005) Osmotic pressure of salt-free polyelectrolyte solutions: a Monte Carlo simulation study. Macromolecules 38:607–616CrossRef

92.

Antypov D, Holm C (2007) Osmotic coefficient calculations for dilute solutions of short stiff-chain polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 40:731–738CrossRef

93.

Baeurle SA, Charlot M, Nogovitsin EA (2007) Grand canonical investigations of prototypical polyelectrolyte models beyond the mean field level of approximation. Phys Rev E 75:011804-1–011804-11CrossRef

94.

De Gennes PG, Pincus P, Velasco RM (1976) Remarks on polyelectrolyte conformation. J Phys (Paris) 37:1461–1473

95.

Odijk T (1977) Polyelectrolytes near the rod limit. J Polym Sci Pol Phys 15:477–483CrossRef

96.

Odijk T (1979) Possible scaling relations for semidilute polyelectrolyte solutions. Macromolecules 12:688–692CrossRef

97.

Odijk T (1983) On the limiting law solution of the cylindrical Poisson-Boltzmann equation for polyelectrolytes. Chem Phys Lett 100:145–150CrossRef

98.

Koene RS, Mandel M (1983) Scaling relations for aqueous polyelectrolyte-salt solutions. 1. Quasi-elastic light scattering as a function of polyelectrolyte concentration and molar mass. Macromolecules 16:220–227CrossRef

99.

Koene RS, Mandel M (1983) Scaling relations for aqueous polyelectrolyte-salt solutions. 2. Quasi-elastic light scattering as a function of polyelectrolyte concentration and salt concentration. Macromolecules 16:227–231CrossRef

100.

Mandel M (1993) Some properties of polyelectrolyte solutions and the scaling approach. In: Hara M (ed) Polyelectrolytes. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 1–76

101.

Nagvekar M, Danner RP (1989) An excess free energy model for polyelectrolyte solutions. Fluid Phase Equilibr 53:219–227CrossRef

102.

Nagvekar M, Tihminlioglu F, Danner RP (1998) Colligative properties of polyelectrolyte solutions. Fluid Phase Equilibr 145:15–41CrossRef

103.

Dolar D, Kozak D (1970) Osmotic coefficients of polyelectrolyte solutions with mono- and divalent counterions. Proc Leiden Symp 11:363–366

104.

Katchalsky A (1971) Polyelectrolytes. Pure Appl Chem 26:327–374CrossRef

105.

Pitzer KS (1973) Thermodynamics of electrolytes I. Theoretical basis and general equations. J Phys Chem 77:268–277CrossRef

106.

Manning GS (1974) Limiting laws for equilibrium and transport properties of polyelectrolyte solutions. In: Sélégny E (ed) Polyelectrolytes. D. Reidel, Boston, pp 9–37

107.

Nordmeier E (1995) Advances in polyelectrolyte research: counterion binding phenomena, dynamic processes and the helix coil transition of DNA. Macromol Chem Phys 196:1321–1374CrossRef

108.

Hao MH, Harvey SC (1992) A lattice theory for counterion binding on polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 25:2200–2208CrossRef

109.

Chen CC, Evans LB, Harvey C (1986) A local composition model for the excess Gibbs energy of aqueous electrolyte systems. AIChE J 32:444–454CrossRef

110.

Pessôa Filho PA, Maurer G (2008) An extension of the Pitzer equation to aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions. Fluid Phase Equilibr 269:25–35CrossRef

111.

Pitzer KS, Mayorga G (1973) Thermodynamics of electrolytes: IV. Activity and osmotic coefficients for strong electrolytes with one or both ions univalent. J Phys Chem 77:2300–2308CrossRef

112.

Großmann C, Tintinger R, Zhu J, Maurer G (1995) Aqueous two-phase systems of poly(ethylene glycol) and di-potassium hydrogen phosphate with and without partitioning biomolecules – experimental results and modeling of thermodynamic properties Ber. Bunsenges Phys Chem 99:700–712

113.

Großmann C, Tintinger R, Zhu J, Maurer G (1995) Aqueous two-phase systems of poly(ethylene glycol) and dextran: experimental results and modeling of thermodynamic properties. Fluid Phase Equilibr 106:111–138CrossRef

114.

Großmann C, Tintinger R, Zhu J, Maurer G (1997) Partitioning of some amino acids and low molecular peptides in aqueous two-phase systems of poly(ethylene glycol) and di-potassium hydrogen phosphate. Fluid Phase Equilibr 137:209–228CrossRef

115.

Grünfelder T, Pessôa Filho PA, Maurer G (2009) Liquid-liquid equilibrium data of aqueous two-phase systems containing some synthetic polyelectrolytes and polyethylene glycol. J Chem Eng Data 54:198–207

116.

Lammertz S, Grünfelder T, Ninni L, Maurer G (2009) Model for the Gibbs excess energy of aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions. Fluid Phase Equilibr 280:132–143CrossRef

117.

Abrams DS, Prausnitz JM (1975) Statistical thermodynamics of liquid mixtures: a new expression for the excess Gibbs energy of partly or completely miscible systems. AIChE J 21:116–128CrossRef

118.

Bondi A (1968) Physical properties of molecular crystals, liquids and glasses. Wiley, New York

Titel: Aqueous Solutions of Polyelectrolytes: Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium and Some Related Properties
verfasst von: G. Maurer
S. Lammertz
L. Ninni Schäfer
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Polymer Thermodynamics
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-17681-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-17682-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2010_93

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten

Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.

Zur Marktübersicht