nach oben

Erschienen in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Arctic Ice Fog: Its Microphysics and Prediction

verfasst von : Ismail Gultepe, Andrew J. Heymsfield, Martin Gallagher

Erschienen in: Physics and Chemistry of the Arctic Atmosphere

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Ice fog consists of suspended small ice crystals with maximum sizes less than about 200 μm, having similar fall velocities as fog droplets, and that often reduces visibility to less than 1 km. Its formation is strongly dependent on high number concentrations of available heterogeneous ice nuclei (IN) at temperatures (T) > −40 ºC, homogeneous nucleation below −40 ºC, and available moisture in the air. Radiative cooling, advective cooling, and cold air subsidence, particularly over the Polar region or high elevation mountainous geographical regions, play an important role in its formation and development. Ice fog crystals form at cold T when the relative humidity with respect to ice (RH_i) is ≥100%. Favorable ice nucleation conditions typically occur at T < −15 ºC and its microphysical characteristics and their evolution needs to be better understood for a physically based representation in numerical forecast models. This is likely to be of growing societal importance due to the known sensitivity of the Arctic environment to climate change. Accidents related to low visibility over the northern latitudes may increase tenfold over the Arctic regions because of increasing population and traffic. This suggests that ice fog conditions can have major impacts on aviation and ground/water-based transportation, as well as on climate change and ecosystem. These open issues, as well as challenges related to ice fog measurements and predictions, are discussed in detail, and its importance for evaluating weather and climate conditions over cold environments are emphasized.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel A Climatological Overview of Arctic Clouds

Nächstes Kapitel Polar Stratospheric Clouds in the Arctic

Anderson, R. J., Miller, R. C., Kassner, J. L., & Hagen, D. E. (1980). A study of homogeneous condensation-freezing nucleation of small water droplets in an expansion cloud chamber. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 37, 2508–2520.CrossRef

Ansmann, A., Tesche, M., Althausen, M., Müller, D., Freudenthaler, V., Heese, B., Wiegner, M., Pisani, G., Knippertz, P., & Dubovik, O. (2008). Influence of Saharan dust on cloud glaciation in southern Morocco during SAMUM. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(D04210), 25757–25761.

Atkinson, J. D., Murray, B. J., Woodhouse, M. T., Whale, T. F., Baustian, K. J., Carslaw, K. S., Dobbie, S., O’Sullivan, D., & Malkin, T. L. (2013). The importance of feldspar for ice nucleation by mineral dust in mixed-phase clouds. Nature, 498(7454), 355–358.CrossRef

Baker, B., & Lawson, R. P. (2006). Improvement in determination of ice water content from two-dimensional particle imagery. Part I: Image-to-mass relationships. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 45, 1282–1290.CrossRef

Bendix, J., Thies, B., Cermak, J., & Nauß, T. (2005). Ground fog detection from space based on MODIS daytime data—A feasibility study. Weather and Forecasting, 20, 989–1005.CrossRef

Benson, C. S. (1965). Ice fog: Low temperature air pollution defined with Fairbanks, Alaska, Geophysical Research Institute, UAG R-173. CRREL Research Report , 121 pp.

Benson, C. S., & Rogers, G. W. (1965). Alaskan air pollution-The nature of ice fog and its development and settlement implications. In Proceedings of the 16th AAAS Alaskan Science Conference, Juneau, AL, pp. 233–245.

Bergot, T., & Guedalia, D. (1994). Numerical forecasting of radiation fog. Part I: Numerical model and sensitivity tests. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 1218–1230.CrossRef

Bergot, T., Carrer, D., Noilhan, J., & Bougeault, P. (2005). Improved site specific numerical prediction of fog and low clouds: A feasibility study. Weather and Forecasting, 20, 627–646.CrossRef

Bergot, T., Terradellas, E., Cuxart, J., Mira, A., Liechti, O., Mueller, M., & Nielsen, N. W. (2007). Intercomparison of single-column numerical models for the prediction of radiation fog. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 46, 504–521.CrossRef

Bianco, L., Cimini, D., Marzano, F. S., & Ware, R. (2005). Combining microwave radiometer and wind profiler radar measurements for high-resolution atmospheric humidity profiling. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 22, 949–965.CrossRef

Blanchet, J.-P., & Girard, E. (1994). Arctic greenhouse cooling. Nature, 371, 383.CrossRef

Bloemink, H. I., & Lanzinger, E. (2005). Precipitation type from the Thies dis- drometer. TECO-2005 Meeting, Bucharest, Romania, 4–7 May 2005, IOM 82(TD 1265).

Boers, R., Baltink, H. K., Hemink, H. J., Bosveld, F. C., & Moerman, M. (2013). Ground-based observations and modeling of the visibility and radar reflectivity in a radiation fog layer. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 30, 288–300.CrossRef

Borys, R. D. (1989). Studies of ice nucleation by arctic aerosols on AGASP-II. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 9, 169–185.CrossRef

Bott, A., & Trautmann, T. (2002). PAFOG—A new efficient forecast model of radiation fog and low-level stratiform clouds. Atmospheric Research, 64, 191–203.CrossRef

Bott, A., Sievers, U., & Zdunkowski, W. (1990). A radiation fog model with a detailed treatment of the interaction between radiative transfer and fog microphysics. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 47, 2153–2166.CrossRef

Bowling, S. A., Ohtake, T., & Benson, C. S. (1968). Winter pressure systems and ice fog in Fairbanks, Alaska. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 7, 961–968.CrossRef

Broadley, S. L., Murray, B. J., Herbert, R. J., Atkinson, J. D., Dobbie, S., Malkin, T. L., Condliffe, E., & Neve, L. (2012). Immersion mode heterogeneous ice nucleation by al illite rich powder representative of atmospheric mineral dust. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 287–307.CrossRef

Bundke, U., Nillius, B., Jaenicke, R., Wetter, T., Klein, H., & Bingemer, H. (2008). The fast ice nucleus chamber FINCH. Atmospheric Research, 90, 180–186.CrossRef

Cadeddu, M., Turner, D., & Liljegren, J. (2009). A neural network for real-time retrievals of PWV and LWP from Arctic millimeter-wave ground-based observations. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 47, 1887–1900. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2009.2013205.CrossRef

Calvert, C., & Pavolonis, M. J. (2011). GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) algorithm theoretical basis document for fog and low cloud detection, Version 2.0., 67 pp.

Cermak, J., & Bendix, J. (2007). Dynamical nighttime fog/low stratus detection based on meteosat SEVIRI data – A feasibility study. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164, 1179–1192.CrossRef

Cermak, J., & Bendix, J. (2008). A novel approach to fog/low stratus detection using meteosat 8 data. Atmospheric Research, 87: 3–4, 279–292.

Cermak, J., & Bendix, J. (2011). Detecting ground fog from space-A microphysics-based approach. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 32(12), 3345–3371.CrossRef

Choularton, T. W., Bower, K. N., Weingartner, E., Crawford, I., Coe, H., Gallagher, M. W., Flynn, M., Crosier, J., Connolly, P., Targino, A., Alfarra, M. R., Baltensperger, U., Sjogren, S., Verheggen, B., Cozic, J., & Gysel, M. (2008). The influence of small aerosol particles on the properties of water and ice clouds. Faraday Discussions, 137, 205–222.CrossRef

Chung, D., & Matheou, G. (2014). Large-eddy simulation of stratified turbulence. Part I: A vortex-based subgrid-scale model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 71, 1863–1879. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0126.1.CrossRef

Cimini, D., Campos, E., Ware, R., Albers, S., Giuliani, G., Oreamuno, J., Joe, P., Koch, S. E., Cober, S., & Westwater, E. (2010). Thermodynamic atmospheric profiling during the 2010 winter Olympics using ground-based microwave radiometry. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 49(12), 4959–4969.CrossRef

Connolly, P. J., Möhler, O., Field, P. R., Saathoff, H., Burgess, R., Choularton, T., & Gallagher, M. (2009). Studies of the heterogenous freezing by three different desert dust samples. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 2805–2824.CrossRef

Cooper, W. A. (1986). Ice initiation in natural clouds. Precipitation enhancement—A scientific challenge (Meteor. Monogr., no. 43, Amer. Meteor. Soc. pp. 29–32).

Cooper, W. A., & Vali, G. (1981). The origin of ice in mountain cap clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 38, 1244–1259.CrossRef

Côté, J., Gravel, S., Méthot, A., Patoine, A., Roch, M., & Staniforth, A. (1998). The operational CMC-MRB global environmental multiscale (GEM) model. Part I: Design considerations and formulation. Monthly Weather Review, 126, 1373–1395.CrossRef

Curry, J. A., Meyers, F. G., Radke, L. F., Brock, C. A., & Ebert, E. E. (1990). Occurrence and characteristics of lower tropospheric ice crystals in the Arctic. International Journal of Climatology, 10, 749–764.CrossRef

DeMott, P. J., Meyers, M. P., & Cotton, W. R. (1994). Parameterization and impact of ice initiation processes relevant to numerical model simulations of cirrus clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 51, 77–90.CrossRef

DeMott, P. J., Rogers, D. C., & Kreidenweiss, S. M. (1997). The susceptibility of ice formation in upper tropospheric clouds to insoluble aerosol components. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 19575–19584.CrossRef

DeMott, P. J., Chen, Y., Kreidenweis, S. M., Rogers, D. C., & Sherman, D. E. (1999). Ice formation by black carbon particles. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 2429–2432.CrossRef

DeMott, P. J., Sassen, K., Poellot, M., Baumgardner, D., Rogers, D. C., Brooks, S., Prenni, A. J., & Kreidenweis, S. M. (2003). African dust aerosols as atmospheric ice nuclei. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 1732.CrossRef

DeMott, P. J., Prenni, A. J., Liu, X., Kreidenweis, S. M., Petters, M. D., Twohy, C. H., Richardson, M. S., Eidhammer, T., & Rogers, D. C. (2010). Predicting global atmospheric ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 11217–11222.CrossRef

DeMott, P. J., Hill, T. C. J., McCluskey, C. S., & Franc, G. D. (2015). Sea spray aerosol as a unique source of ice nucleating particles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514034112, 7 pp.CrossRef

Despres, V. R., Huffman, J. A., Burrows, S. M., Hoose, C., Safatov, A. S., Buryak, G., Frohlich-Nowoisky, J., Elbert, W., Andreae, M. O., Pöschl, U., & Jaenicke, R. (2012). Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: A review. Tellus Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 64, 1–58.CrossRef

Dunning, W. J. (1969). Nucleation and growth processes in the dehydration of salt hydrate crystals. In Proceedings of an International Symposium on Special Topics in Ceramics, held June 18–23, 1967, at Alfred University, Alfred, New York, pp. 132–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6461-8_7.CrossRef

Emersic, C., Connolly, P. J., Boult, S., Campana, M., & Li, Z. (2015). Investigating the discrepancy between wet-suspension- and dry-dispersion-derived ice nucleation efficiency of mineral particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 11311–11326.CrossRef

Fernando, H. J. S., & Co-authors. (2015). The MATERHORN: Unraveling the Intricacies of Mountain Weather. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00131.1.CrossRef

Ferrier, B. S. (1994). A double-moment multiple-phase fourclass bulk ice scheme. Part I: Description. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 51, 249–280. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051,0249:ADMMPF.2.0.CO;2.CrossRef

Ferrier, B. S., Jin, Y., Lin, Y., Black, T., Rogers, E., & DiMego, G. (2002). Implementation of a new grid-scale cloud and precipitation scheme in the NCEP eta model. Preprints, 15th Conference on numerical weather prediction, San Antonio, TX, American Meteor Society, 10.1.

Field, P. R., Heymsfield, A. J., & Bansemer, A. (2006). Shattering and particle interarrival times measured by optical array probes in ice clouds. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 23, 1357–1371.CrossRef

Fitzner, M., Sosso, G. C., Cox, S. J., & Michaelides, A. (2015). The many faces of heterogeneous ice nucleation: Interplay between surface morphology and hydrophobicity. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 137, 13658–13669.CrossRef

Fletcher, N. H. (1962). The physics of rainclouds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 386 pp.

Flynn, C. J., Mendoza, A., Zheng, Y., & Mathur, S. (2007). Novel polarization-sensitive micropulse LiDAR measurement technique. Optics Express, 15, 2785–2790.CrossRef

Fukuta, N., & Schaller, R. C. (1982). Ice nucleation by aerosol particles: Theory of condensation-freezing nucleation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 39, 648–655.CrossRef

Gabey, A. M., Gallagher, M. W., Whitehead, J., Dorsey, J. R., Kaye, P. H., & Stanley, W. R. (2010). Measurements and comparison of primary biological aerosol above and below a tropical forest canopy using a dual channel fluorescence spectrometer. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 4453–4466.CrossRef

Garrett, T. J., & Verzella, L. L. (2008). Looking back: An evolving history of Arctic aerosols. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 89, 299–302. https://doi.org/10.1175/ BAMS-89-3-299.CrossRef

Girard, E., & Blanchet, J. P. (2001). Microphysical parameterization of Arctic diamond dust, ice fog, and thin stratus for climate models. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 58, 1181–1198.CrossRef

Gosselin, M. I., Rathnayake, C. M., Crawford, I., Pöhlker, C., Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Schmer, B., Després, V. R., Engling, G., Gallagher, M., Stone, E., Pöschl, U., & Huffman, J. A. (2016). Fluorescent bioaerosol particle, molecular tracer, and fungal spore concentrations during dry and rainy periods in a semi-arid forest. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16, 15165–15184. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15165-2016.CrossRef

Gotaas, Y., & Benson, C. S. (1965). The effect of suspended ice crystals on radiative cooling. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 4, 446–453.CrossRef

Grenier, P., Blanchet, J. P., & Alpizar, R. M. (2009). Study of polar thin ice clouds and aerosols seen by CloudSat and CALIPSO during midwinter 2007. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, D09201. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010927.CrossRef

Gultepe, I. (2015). Mountain weather: Observations and Modeling. Advances in Geophysics, 56, 229–312.CrossRef

Gultepe, I., & Coauthors. (2007a). Fog research: A review of past achievements and future perspectives. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 164, 1121–1159.CrossRef

Gultepe, I., & Isaac, G. A. (2002). The effects of air-mass origin on Arctic cloud microphysical parameters during FIRE.ACE. Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans, 107(C10)., SHE 4-1 to 4-12.

Gultepe, I., O’C Starr, D., Heymsfield, A. J., Uttal, T., Ackerman, T. P., & Westphal, D. L. (1995). Dynamical characteristics of cirrus clouds from aircraft and radar observations in micro and meso-gamma scales. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 52, 4060–4078.CrossRef

Gultepe, I., Isaac, G. A., & Cober, S. G. (2001). Ice crystal number concentration versus temperature for climate studies. International Journal of Climatology, 21, 1281–1302.CrossRef

Gultepe, I., Isaac, G., Williams, A., Marcotte, D., & Strawbridge, K. (2003). Turbulent heat fluxes over leads and polynyas and their effect on Arctic clouds during FIRE-ACE: Aircraft observations for April 1998. Atmosphere-Ocean, 41, 15–34.CrossRef

Gultepe, I., Isaac, G. A., Key, J., Intrieri, J., O’C Starr, D., & Strawbridge, K. B. (2004). Dynamical and microphysical characteristics of the Arctic clouds using integrated observations collected over SHEBA during the April 1998 FIRE.ACE flights of the Canadian Convair. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 85, 235–263.CrossRef

Gultepe, I., Pagowski, M., & Reid, J. (2007b). Using surface data to validate a satellite based fog detection scheme. Weather and Forecasting, 22, 444–456.CrossRef

Gultepe, I., Minnis, P., Milbrandt, J., Cober, S. G., Nguyen, L., Flynn, C., & Hansen, B. (2008). The Fog Remote Sensing and Modeling (FRAM) field project: visibility analysis and remote sensing of fog. In W. F. Feltz & J. J. Murray (Eds.), Remote sensing applications for aviation weather hazard detection and decision support. ISBN: 9780819473080, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 7088-2, 12 pp.

Gultepe, I., Pearson, G., Milbrandt, J. A., Hansen, B., Platnick, S., Taylor, P., Gordon, M., Oakley, J. P., & Cober, S. G. (2009). The fog remote sensing and modeling (FRAM) field project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90, 341–359.CrossRef

Gultepe, I., Kuhn, T., Pavolonis, M., Calver, C., Gurka, J., Isaac, G. A., Heymsfield, A. J., Liu, P., Zhou, B., Ware, R., Sloan, J., Milbrandt, J., & Bernstein, B. (2012). Ice fog (pogonip) and frost in Arctic during FRAM-Ice Fog project: Aviation and nowcasting applications. The 16th International Conference on Clouds and Precipitation (ICCP), 30 July-3 August 2012, Leipzig, Germany. Extended abstract in CD.

Gultepe, I., Kuhn, T., Pavolonis, M., Calvert, C., Gurka, J., Heymsfield, A. J., Liu, P. S. K., Zhou, B., Ware, R., Ferrier, B., Milbrandt, J., & Bernstein, B. (2014). Ice fog in Artic during FRAM-ICE for project: Aviation and nowcasting applications. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 95, 211–226.CrossRef

Gultepe, I., Zhou, B., Milbrandt, J., Bott, A., Li, Y., Heymsfield, A. J., Ferrier, B., Ware, R., Pavolonis, M., Kuhn, T., Gurka, J., Liu, P., & Cermak, J. (2015). A review on ice fog measurements and Modeling. Atmospheric Research, 151, 2–19.CrossRef

Gultepe, I., Rabin, R., Ware, R., & Pavolonis, M. (2016a). Light Snow Precipitation and Effects on Weather and Climate. Advances in Geophysics, 57, 147–210.

Gultepe, I., Fernando, H. J. S., Pardyjak, E. R., Hoch, S. W., Silver, Z., Creegan, E., Leo, L. S., Pu, Z., De Wekker, S. F. J., & Hang, C. (2016b). An overview of the MATERHORN fog project: Observations and predictability. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 173, 2983–3010.CrossRef

Gultepe, I., Heymsfield, A. J., Field, P. R., & Axisa, D. (2017a). Ice-phase precipitation. Meteorological Monographs, 58, 6.1–6.36. https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS- D-16-0013.1.CrossRef

Gultepe, I., Heymsfield, A. J., Gallagher, M., Ickes, L., & Baumgardner, D. (2017b). Ice fog: The current state of knowledge and future challenges. Meteorological Monographs, 58, 4.1–4.24. https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-17-0002.1.CrossRef

Gultepe, I., Agelin-Chaab, M., Komar, J., Elfstrom, G., Boudala, F., & Zhou, B. (2019a). A meteorological supersite for aviation and cold weather applications. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 176(5), 1977–2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1880-3.CrossRef

Gultepe, I., Sharman, R., Williams, P. D., Zhou, B., Ellrod, G., Minnis, P., Trier, S., Griffin, S., Yum, S. S., Gharabaghi, B., Feltz, W., Temini, M., Pu, Z., Storer, L. N., Kneringer, P., Weston, M. J., Chuang, H. Y., Thobois, L., Dimri, A. P., Dietz, S. J., Gutenberg, M. V. A., & Neto, F. L. A. (2019b). A review of high impact weather for aviation meteorology. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 176(5), 1869–1923.CrossRef

Haeffelin, M., & Coauthors. (2010). PARISFOG: Shedding new light on fog physical processes. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 91, 767–783.CrossRef

Hallett, J., & Mossop, S. C. (1974). Production of secondary ice crystals during the riming process. Nature, 249, 26–28.CrossRef

Hamazu, K., Hashiguchi, H., Wakayama, T., Matsuda, T., Doviak, R. J., & Fukao, S. (2003). A 35-GHz scanning doppler radar for fog observations. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 20, 972–986.CrossRef

Hartmann, M. T., Blunier, S. O., Brügger, J., Schmale, M. S., Vogel, A., Wex, H., & Stratmann, F. (2019). Variation of Ice Nucleating Particles in the European Arctic Over the Last Centuries. GRL, 10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082311.CrossRef

Henneberger, J., Fugal, J. P., Stetzer, O., & Lohman, U. (2013). HOLIMO II, 2013: A digital holographic instrument for ground-based in situ observations of microphysical properties of mixed-phase clouds. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 6, 2975–2987.CrossRef

Heymsfield, A. (1972). Ice crystal terminal velocities. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 29, 1348–1357.CrossRef

Heymsfield, A. J., & Miloshevich, L. M. (1993). Homogenous ice nucleation and supercooled liquid water in orographic wave clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 50, 2335–2353.CrossRef

Heymsfield, A. J., & Platt, C. M. R. (1984). A parameterization of the particle size spectrum of ice clouds in terms of the ambient temperature and the ice water content. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 41, 846–855.CrossRef

Heymsfield, A. J., & Sabin, R. M. (1989). Cirrus crystal nucleation by homogeneous freezing of solution droplets. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 46, 2252–2264.CrossRef

Heymsfield, A. J., Krämer, M., Luebke, A., Brown, P., Cziczo, D. J., Franklin, C., Lawson, P., Lohmann, U., McFarquhar, G., Ulanowski, Z., & Van Tricht, K. (2017). Cirrus clouds. Meteorological Monographs, 58, 2.1–2.26. https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D- 16-0010.1.CrossRef

Hobbs, P. V. (1965). The aggregation of ice particles in clouds and fogs at low temperatures. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 22, 296–300.CrossRef

Hobbs, P. V., Chang, S., & Locatelli, J. D. (1974). The dimension and aggregation of ice crystals in natural clouds. Journal of Geophysical Research, 79, 2199–2206.CrossRef

Hoose, C., & Möhler, O. (2012). Heterogeneous ice nucleation on atmospheric aerosols: A review of results from laboratory experiments. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 9817–9854.CrossRef

Hoose, C., Kristjansson, J. E., Chen, J. P., & Hazra, A. (2010). A classical theory-based parameterization of heterogeneous ice nucleation by mineral dust, soot, and biological particles in a global climate model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 67, 2483–2503.CrossRef

Hoyle, C. R., Pinti, V., Welti, A., Zobrist, B., Marcolli, C., Luo, B., Höskuldsson, Á., Mattsson, H. B., Stetzer, O., Thorsteinsson, T., Larsen, G., & Peter, T. (2011). Ice nucleation properties of volcanic ash from Eyjafjallajokull. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 9911–9926.CrossRef

Huffman, P. J., & Vali, G. (1973). The effects of vapor depletion on ice nucleus measurements with membrane filters. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 12, 1018–1024.CrossRef

Huffman, J. A., et al. (2013). High concentrations of biological aerosol particles and ice nuclei during and after rain. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 13, 6151–6164.CrossRef

Hummel, M., Hoose, C., Gallagher, M., Healy, D. A., Huffman, J. A., O’Connor, D., Pöschl, U., Pöhlker, C., Robinson, N. H., Schnaiter, M., Sodeau, J. R., Stengel, M., Toprak, E., & Vogel, H. (2015). Regional-scale simulations of fungal spore aerosols using an emission parameterization adapted to local measurements of fluorescent biological aerosol particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 6127–6146. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6127-2015.CrossRef

Hunt, W. H., Winker, D. M., Vaughan, M. A., Powell, K. A., Lucker, P. L., & Weimer, C. (2009). CALIPSO lidar description and performance assessment. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 26, 1214–1228.CrossRef

Ickes, L., Welti, A., Hoose, C., & Lohmann, U. (2015). Classical nucleation theory of homogeneous freezing of water: Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 17, 5514–5537.CrossRef

Inoue, M., Matheou, G., & Teixeira, J. (2014). LES of a spatially developing atmospheric boundary layer: Application of a fringe method for the stratocumulus to shallow cumulus cloud transition. Monthly Weather Review, 142, 3418–3423.CrossRef

Jaecker-Voirol, A., & Mirabel, P. (1989). Heteromolecular nucleation in the sulfuric acid-water system. Atmospheric Environment, 23, 2053–2057.CrossRef

Kanji, Z. A., Ladino, L. A., Wex, H., Boose, Y., Burkert-Kohn, M., Cziczo, D. J., & Krämer, M. (2017). Overview of ice nucleating particles. Meteorological Monographs, 58, 1.1–1.33. https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0006.1.CrossRef

Kehler, S., Hanesiak, J., Curry, M., Sills, D., & Taylor, N. (2016). High Resolution Deterministic Prediction System (HRDPS) Simulations of Manitoba Lake Breezes. Atmosphere-Ocean. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2015.1137857.CrossRef

Khairoutdinov, M., & Kogan, Y. (2000). A new cloud physics parameterization in a large-eddy simulation model of marine stratocumulus. Monthly Weather Review, 128, 229–243.CrossRef

Khvorostyanov, V. I., Curry, J. A., Gultepe, I., & Strawbridge, K. (2003). A springtime cloud over the Beaufort Sea polynya: 3D simulation with explicit microphysics and comparison with observations. Journal of Geophysical Ressearch-Atmospheres, 108(D9), 4296. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001489.CrossRef

Khvorostyanov, V. I., & Curry, J. A. (2004). The theory of ice nucleation by heterogeneous freezing of deliquescent mixed CCN. Part I: Critical radius, energy, and nucleation rate. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 61, 2676–2691.CrossRef

Khvorostyanov, V. I., & Curry, J. A. (2005). The theory of ice nucleation by heterogeneous freezing of deliquescent mixed CCN. Part II: Parcel model simulation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62, 261–285.CrossRef

Kidder, S. Q., & Vonder Haar, T. H. (1990). On the use of satellites in Molniya orbits for meteorological observation of middle and high latitudes. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 7, 517–522.CrossRef

Kim, C. K., Stuefer, M., Schmitt, C. G., Heymsfield, A. J., & Thompson, G. (2014). A numerical modeling of ice fog in interior Alaska using weather research and forecasting model. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 171, 1963–1982.CrossRef

Klein, H., Haunold, W., Bundke, U., Nillius, B., Wetter, T., Schallenberg, S., & Bingemer, H. (2010a). A new method for sampling of atmospheric ice nuclei with subsequent analysis in a static diffusion chamber. Atmospheric Research, 96, 218–224.CrossRef

Klein, H., Nickovic, S., Haunold, W., Bundke, U., Nillius, B., Eber, M., Weinbruch, S., Schuetz, L., Levin, Z., Barrie, L. A., & Bingemer, H. (2010b). Saharan dust and ice nuclei over Central Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 10211–10221.CrossRef

Koenig, L. R. (1970). Numerical modeling of ice deposition. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 28, 226–237.CrossRef

Koenig, L. R., & Murray, F. W. (1976). Ice bearing cumulus cloud evolution: Numerical simulation and general comparison against observations. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 15, 747–761.CrossRef

Koop, T., Luo, B., Tsias, A., & Peter, T. (2000). Water activity as the determinant for homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solutions. Letters to Nature, 404, 611–614.CrossRef

Korolev, A. V., & Isaac, G. A. (2003). Roundness and aspect ratio of particles in ice clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 60, 1795–1808.CrossRef

Kumai, M, & O’Brien, H. W. (1964). A study of ice fog and ice-fog splintering nuclei at Fairbanks, Alaska. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab. (USA CRREL) research report, 150 pp.

Lanzinger, E., Theel, M., & Windolph, H. (2006). Rainfall amount and intensity measured by the Thies laser precipitation monitor. TECO-2006 Meeting, Geneva, Switzer- land, 4–6 December 2006, IOM94 (TD1354).

Lawson, R. P. (2011). Effects of ice particles shattering on optical cloud particle probes. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, 4, 939–968.CrossRef

Lawson, R. P., Baker, B. A., Zmarzly, P., O’Connor, D., Mo, Q., Gayet, J. F., & Schherbakov, V. (2006a). Microphysical and optical properties of atmospheric ice crystals at south pole station. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 45, 1505–1524.CrossRef

Lawson, R. P., O’Connor, D., Zmarzly, P., Weaver, K., Kaker, B., Mo, Q., & Jonsson, H. (2006b). The 2D-S (stereo) probe: Design and preliminary tests of a new airborne, high-speed, high-resolution particle imaging probe. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 23, 1462–1477.CrossRef

Lawson, R. P., Jensen, E., Mitchell, D., Baker, B., Mo, Q., & Pilson, B. (2010). Microphysical and radiative properties of tropical clouds investigated in TC4 and NAMM. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D00J08. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013017, 16 pp.CrossRef

Lee, T. F., Turk, F. J., & Richardson, K. (1997). Stratus and Fog Products Using GOES-8–9 3.9-μm Data. Weather and Forecasting, 12, 664–677.CrossRef

Lin, Y. L., Farley, R. D., & Orville, H. D. (1983). Bulk Parameterization of the Snow Field in a Cloud Model. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 22, 1065–1092.CrossRef

Lindeman, J., Boybeyi, Z., & Gultepe, I. (2011). The aerosol semi-direct effect during a polluted case of the ISDAC field campaign. The aerosol semi-direct effect during a polluted case of the ISDAC field campaign. Journal of Geophysical Research -Atmosphere, 116, D00T10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015649.CrossRef

Lloyd, G., Choularton, T. W., Bower, K. N., Gallagher, M. W., Connolly, P. J., Flynn, M., Farrington, R., Crosier, J., Schlenczek, O., Fugal, J., & Henneberger, J. (2015). The origins of ice crystals measured in mixed-phase clouds at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 12,953–12,969.CrossRef

Lohmann, U., & Diehl, K. (2006). Sensitivity studies of the importance of dust ice nuclei for the indirect aerosol effect on stratiform mixed-phase clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 63, 968–982.CrossRef

Lϋönd, F., Stetzer, O., Welti, A., & Lohmann, U. (2010). Experimental study on the ice nucleation ability of size-selected kaolinite particles in the immersion mode. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D14201. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012959. CrossRef

Mamouri, R. E., & Ansmann, A. (2015). Estimated desert-dust ice nuclei profiles from polarization LiDAR: methodology and case studies. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 3463–3477.CrossRef

Matrosov, S. Y. (2010). Synergetic use of millimeter- and centimeter-wavelength radars for retrievals of cloud and rainfall parameters. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 3321–3331.CrossRef

McFarquhar, G., & Heymsfield, A. J. (1997). Parameterization of tropical cirrus ice crystal size distributions and implications for radiative transfer: results from CEPEX. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 54, 2187–2200.CrossRef

McFarquhar, G. M., Baumgardner, D., Bansemer, A., Abel, S. J., Crosier, J., French, J., Rosenberg, P., Korolev, A., Schwarzoenboeck, A., Leroy, D., Um, J., Wu, W., Heymsfield, A. J., Twohy, C., Detwiler, A., Field, P., Neumann, A., Cotton, R., Axisa, D., & Dong, J. (2017). Processing of ice cloud in situ data collected by bulk water, scattering, and imaging probes: fundamentals, uncertainties, and efforts toward consistency. Meteorological Monographs, 58, 11.1–11.33. https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0007.1.CrossRef

Mead, J. B., McIntosh, R. E., Vandemark, D., & Swift, C. T. (1989). Remote Sensing of Clouds and Fog with a 1.4-mm Radar. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 6, 1090–1097.CrossRef

Meyers, M. P., DeMott, P. J., & Cotton, W. R. (1992). New primary ice-nucleation parameterizations in an explicit cloud model. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 31, 708–721.CrossRef

Milbrandt, J. A., & Yau, M. K. (2005a). A multi-moment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part I: Analysis of the role of the spectral shape parameter. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62, 3051–3064.CrossRef

Milbrandt, J. A., & Yau, M. K. (2005b). A multimoment bulk microphysics parameterization. Part II: A proposed three-moment closure and scheme description. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62, 3065–3081.CrossRef

Miloshevich, L. M., & Heymsfield, A. J. (1997). A balloon-borne continuous cloud particle replicator for measuring vertical profiles of cloud microphysical properties: Instrument design, performance, and collection efficiency analysis. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 14, 753–768.CrossRef

Minnis, P., Garber, D. P., Young, D. F., Arduini, R. F., & Takano, Y. (1998). Parameterization of reflectance and effective emittance for satellite remote sensing of cloud properties. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 55, 3313–3339.CrossRef

Minnis, P., Sun-Mack, S., Young, D. F., Heck, P. W., Garber, D. P., Chen, Y., Spangenberg, D. A., Arduini, R. F., Trepte, Q. Z., Smith, W. L., Jr., Ayers, J. K., Gibson, S. C., Miller, W. F., Chakrapani, V., Takano, Y., Liou, K.-N., Xie, Y., & Yang, P. (2011). CERES Edition-2 cloud property retrievals using TRMM VIRS and Terra and Aqua MODIS data, Part I: Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 49(11), 4374–4400. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2144601.CrossRef

Morrison, H., & Milbrandt, J. (2011). Comparison of two-moment bulk microphysics schemes in idealized supercell thunderstorm simulations. Monthly Weather Review, 139, 1103–1130.CrossRef

Morrison, H., Shupe, M. D., & Curry, J. A. (2003). Modeling clouds observed at SHEBA using a bulk parameterization implemented into a single-column model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 4255. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002229. CrossRef

Morrison, H., Curry, J. A., & Khvorostyanov, V. I. (2005). A new double-moment microphysics parameterization for application in cloud and climate models. Part I: Description. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 62, 1665–1677.CrossRef

Mueller, M. D., Masbou, M., & Bott, A. (2010). Three-dimensional fog forecasting in complex terrain. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 136, 2189–2202.CrossRef

Murray, S. L., Broadley, T. W., Wilson, J. D. A., & Wills, R. H. (2011). Heterogeneous freezing of water droplets containing kaolinite particles. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 4191–4207.CrossRef

Murray, B. J., O’Sullivan, D., Atkinson, J. D., & Webb, M. E. (2012). Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets. Chemical Society Reviews, 41, 6519–6554.CrossRef

Niedermeier, D., Hartmann, S., Shaw, R. A., Covert, D., Mentel, T. F., Schneider, J., Poulain, L., Reitz, P., Spindler, C., Clauss, T., Kiselev, A., Hallbauer, E., Wex, H. K., Mildenberger, K., & Stratmann, F. (2010). Heterogeneous freezing of droplets with immersed mineral dust particles – measurements and parameterization. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 3601–3614.CrossRef

Niemand, M., Möhler, O., Vogel, B., Vogel, H., Hoose, C., Connolly, P., Klein Bingemer, H., DeMott, P., Skrotzki, J., & Leisner, T. (2012). Parameterization of immersion freezing on mineral dust particles: an application in a regional scale model. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 69, 3077–3092.CrossRef

Nowak, D., Ruffieux, D., Agnew, J. L., & Vuilleumier, L. (2008). Detection of fog and low cloud boundaries with ground-based remote sensing systems. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 25, 1357–1368.CrossRef

Nygaard, K., Egil, B., Kristjánsson, J. E., & Makkonen, L. (2011a). Prediction of in-cloud icing conditions at ground level using the WRF model. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 50, 2445–2459.CrossRef

Nygaard, K., Kristjánsson, J. E., & Makkonen, L. (2011b). Relationships between road slipperiness, traffic accident risk and winter road activity. Climate Research, 15, 185–193.

Ohtake, T. (1967). Alaskan ice fog. In Proceedings of International Conference on Physics of Snow and Ice, Part I, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, pp. 105–118.

Ohtake, T., & Huffman, P. J. (1969). Visual range in ice fog. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 8, 499–501.CrossRef

Pagowski, M., Gultepe, I., & King, P. (2004). Analysis and modeling of an extremely dense fog event in southern Ontario. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 43, 3–16.CrossRef

Pavolonis, M. J. (2010a). Advances in extracting cloud composition information from spaceborne infrared radiances: A robust alternative to brightness temperatures Part I: Theory. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 49, 1992–2012.CrossRef

Pavolonis, M. J. (2010b) GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) algorithm theoretical basis document for cloud type and cloud phase, version 2.0. Available from NOAA, Madison, Wisconsin, 86 pp.

Phillips, V. T. J., & Coauthors. (2009). Potential impacts from biological aerosols on ensembles of continental clouds simulated numerically. Biogeosciences, 6, 987–1014.CrossRef

Phillips, V. T., Donner, L. J., & Garner, S. (2007). Nucleation processes in deep convection simulated by a cloud-system resolving model with double-moment bulk microphysics. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 64, 738–761.CrossRef

Phillips, V. T. J., DeMott, P. J., & Andronache, C. (2008). An empirical parameterization of heterogeneous ice nucleation for multiple chemical species of aerosol. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 65, 2757–2783.CrossRef

Pu, Z., Chachere, C., Pardyjak, E., Hoch, S., & Gultepe, I. (2016). Prediction of ice fog with WRF model: performance and early evaluation during MATERHORN-Fog. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 173, 3165–3186.CrossRef

Robinson, E., Thuman, W. C., & Wiggins, E. J. (1957). Ice fog as a problem of air pollution in the Arctic. Arctic, 10, 88–104.CrossRef

Rogers, D. C., & Vali, G. (1987). Ice crystal production by mountain surfaces. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 26, 1152–1168.CrossRef

Rogers E., DiMego, G., Black, T., Ek, M., Ferrier, B., Gayno, G., Janjic, Z., Lin, Y., Pyle, M., Wong, V., Wu, W.-S., & Carley, J. (2009). The NCEP North American Mesoscale Modeling System: Recent changes and future plans. In Proceedings of 23rd conference on weather analysis and forecasting/19th conference on numerical weather prediction, American Meteorological Society, Omaha, NE. Preprints 2A.4.

Sassen, K. (1991). The polarization LiDAR technique for cloud research: a review and current assessment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 72, 1848–1866.CrossRef

Sassen, K., & Zhu, J. (2009). A global survey of CALIPSO linear depolarization ratios in ice clouds: Initial findings. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, D00H07. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012279, 12 pp.CrossRef

Schmit, T. J., Gunshor, M. M., Menzel, W. P., Li, J., Bachmeier, S., & Gurka, J. J. (2005). Introducing the next-generation Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on GOES-R. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 86, 1079–1096.CrossRef

Schmit, T. J., Li, J., Gurka, J. J., Goldberg, M. D., Schrab, K. J., Li, J., & Feltz, W. F. (2008). The GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager and the continuation of current sounder products. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 47, 2696–2711.CrossRef

Sesartic, A., Lohmann, U., & Storelvmo, T. (2012). Bacteria in the ECHAM5-HAM Global climate model. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 8645–8661.CrossRef

Shantz, N., Gultepe, I., Liu, P., Earle, M., & Zelenyuk, A. (2012). Spatial and temporal variability of aerosol particles in Arctic spring. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 138(669), 2229–2240. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.1940.CrossRef

Solheim, F., Godwin, J., Westwater, E., Han, Y., Keihm, S., Marsh, K., & Ware, R. (1998). Radiometric profiling of temperature, water vapor, and liquid water using various inversion methods. Radio Science, 33, 393–404.CrossRef

Steinke, I., Hoose, C., Möhler, O., Connolly, P., & Leisner, T. (2015). A new temperature- and humidity-dependent surface site density approach for deposition ice nucleation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 3703–3717.CrossRef

Stoelinga, T. G., & Warner, T. T. (1999). Non-hydrostatic, mesobeta-scale model simulations of cloud ceiling and visibility for an east coast winter precipitation event. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 38, 385–404.CrossRef

Szyrmer, W., & Zawadzki, I. (1997). Biogenic and anthropogenic sources of ice forming-ice nuclei: A review. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78, 209–227.CrossRef

Targino, A. C., Coe, H., Cozic, J., Crosier, J., Crawford, I., Bower, K., Flynn, M., Gallagher, M., Allan, J., Verheggen, B., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., & Choularton, T. (2009). Influence of particle chemical composition on the phase of cold clouds at a high-alpine site in Switzerland. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, 1–20.CrossRef

Thompson, G., Rasmussen, R. M., & Manning, K. (2004). Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part I: Description and sensitivity analysis. Monthly Weather Review, 132, 519–542.CrossRef

Thompson, G., Field, P. R., Rasmussen, R. M., & Hall, W. D. (2008). Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme. Part II: Implementation of a new snow parameterization. Monthly Weather Review, 136, 5095–5115.CrossRef

Thuman, W. C., & Robinson, E. (1954). Studies of Alaskan ice-fog particles. Journal of Meteorology, 11, 151–156.CrossRef

Tobo, Y., DeMott, P. J., Raddatz, M., Niedermeier, D., Hartmann, S., Kreidenweis, S. M., Stratmann, F., & Wex, H. (2012). Impacts of chemical reactivity on ice nucleation of kaolinite particles: a case study of levoglucosan and sulfuric acid. Geophysical Research Letters, 39, L19803. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053007.CrossRef

Tobo, Y., Prenni, A. J., DeMott, P. J., Huffman, J. A., McCluskey, C. S., Tian, G., Pöhlker, C., Pöschl, U., & Kreidenweis, S. M. (2013). Biological aerosol particles as a key determinant of 5 ice nuclei populations in a forest ecosystem. Journal of Geophysical Research, 118, 10,100–10,110.

Twohy, C. H., McMeeking, G. R., DeMott, P. J., McCluskey, C. S., Hill, T. C. J., Burrows, S. M., Kulkarni, G. R., Tanarhte, M., Kafle, D. N., & Toohey, D. W. (2016). Abundance of fluorescent biological aerosol particles at temperatures conducive to the formation of mixed-phase and cirrus clouds. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16, 8205–8225. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8205-2016.CrossRef

Uematsu, A., Hashiguchi, H., Teshiba, M., Tanaka, H., Hirashima, K., & Fukao, S. (2005). Moving cellular structure of fog echoes obtained with a millimeter-wave scanning doppler radar at Kushiro, Japan. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 44, 1260–1273.CrossRef

Vali, G. (1994). Freezing rate due to heterogeneous nucleation. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 51, 1843–1856.CrossRef

Velde, D. V. I. R., Steeneveld, G. J., Schreur, B. G. J. W., & Holtslag, A. M. (2010). Modeling and Forecasting the onset and duration of severe radiation fog under frost conditions. Monthly Weather Review, 138, 4237–4253.CrossRef

Vochezer, P., Järvinen, E., Wagner, R., Kupiszewski, P., Leisner, T., & Schnaiter, M. (2016). In situ characterization of mixed phase clouds using the small ice detector and the particle phase discriminator. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 9, 159–177.CrossRef

Ware, R., Carpenter, R., Guldner, J., Liljegren, J., Nehrkorn, T., Solheim, F., & Vandenberghe, F. (2003). A multichannel radiometric profiler of temperature, humidity, and cloud liquid. Radio Science, 38(4), 8079. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002RS002856.CrossRef

Ware, R., Cimini, D., Campos, E., Giuliani, G., Albers, S., Nelson, M., Koch, S. E., Joe, P., & Cober, S. (2013). Thermodynamic and liquid profiling during the 2010 Winter Olympics. Atmospheric Research, 278–290.

Welti, A., Lüönd, F., Kanji, Z. A., Stetzer, O., & Lohmann, U. (2012). Time dependence of immersion freezing. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 9893–9907.CrossRef

Wendler, G. (1969). Heat balance studies an ice fog period in Fairbanks, Alaska. Monthly Weather Review, 7, 512–520.CrossRef

Wetzel, M. A., Borys, R. D., & Xu, L. E. (1996). Satellite microphysical retrievals for land-based fog with validation by balloon profiling. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 35, 810–829.CrossRef

Wex, H., DeMott, P. J., Tobo, Y., Hartmann, S., Rösch, M., Clauss, T., Tomsche, L., Niedermeier, D., & Stratmann, F. (2014). Kaolinite particles as ice nuclei: Learning from the use of different kaolinite samples and different coatings. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14, 5529–5546.CrossRef

Wex, H., Huang, L., Zhang, W., Hung, H., Traversi, R., Becagli, S., et al. (2019). Annual variability of ice nucleating particle concentrations at different Arctic locations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 5293–5311. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5293-2019.CrossRef

Wexler, H. (1936). Cooling in the lower atmosphere and structure of polar continental air. Monthly Weather Review, 64, 122–136.CrossRef

Wexler, H. (1949). Observations of nocturnal radiation at Fairbanks, Alaska, and Fargo, North Dakota. Monthly Weather Review, 6, 368–369.

Winker, D. M., Hunt, W. H., & McGill, M. J. (2007). Initial performance assessment of CALIOP. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L19803. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030135.CrossRef

Young, C. K. (1974). The role of contact nucleation in ice phase initiation in clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 31, 768–776.CrossRef

Zelenyuk, A., & Imre, D. G. (2005). Single particle laser ablation time-of-flight mass spectrometer: An introduction to SPLAT. Aerosol Science and Technology, 39, 554–568.CrossRef

Zhao, B., Wang, Y., Gu, Y., Liou, K. N., Jonathan, H., Jiang, J. H., Fan, J., Liu, X., Huang, L., & Yung, Y. L. (2019). Ice nucleation by aerosols from anthropogenic pollution. Nature Geoscience, 12, 602–607.CrossRef

Zhou, B. (2011). Introduction to a new fog diagnostic scheme (NCEP Office Technical Note 466) (p. 32). U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather Service, NCEP.

Zhou, B., & Du, J. (2010). Fog prediction from a multi-model mesoscale ensemble prediction system. Weather and Forecasting, 25, 303–322.CrossRef

Zhou, B., & Ferrier, B. S. (2008). Asymptotic analysis of equilibrium in radiation fog. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 47, 1704–1722.CrossRef

Titel: Arctic Ice Fog: Its Microphysics and Prediction
verfasst von: Ismail Gultepe
Andrew J. Heymsfield
Martin Gallagher
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Physics and Chemistry of the Arctic Atmosphere
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-33565-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-33566-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33566-3_6