Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Basic Concepts of Cellular Automata Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2012 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Artificial Life

verfasst von : Wolfgang Banzhaf, Barry McMullin

Erschienen in: Handbook of Natural Computing

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Artificial life has now become a mature inter-discipline. In this contribution, its roots are traced, its key questions are raised, its main methodological tools are discussed, and finally its applications are reviewed. As part of the growing body of knowledge at the intersection between the life sciences and computing, artificial life will continue to thrive and benefit from further scientific and technical progress on both sides, the biological and the computational. It is expected to take center stage in natural computing.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Vorheriges Kapitel Selected Aspects of Natural Computing
Nächstes Kapitel Algorithmic Systems Biology — Computer Science Propels Systems Biology
Literatur
Adami C, Brown CT (1994) Evolutionary learning in the 2D artificial life system “Avida.” In: Brooks RA, Maes P (eds) Artificial life IV: Proceedings of fourth international workshop on the synthesis and simulation of living systems. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 377–381, http://​citeseer.​ist.​psu.​edu/​101182.​html
Argyris J, Faust G, Haase M (1994) An exploration of chaos. North-Holland, New YorkMATH
Arthur W (2006) Out-of-equilibrium economics and agent-based modeling. In: Handbook of computational economics, vol 2. North-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands pp 1551–1564CrossRef
Asada M, Hallam J, Meyer J, Tani J (eds) (2008) From animals to animats: Proceedings of the tenth international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior, Osaka, Japan, July 2008. Springer, Berlin
Axelrod R (1984) The evolution of cooperation. Basic Books, New York
Axelrod R (1987) The evolution of strategies in the iterated prisoner's dilemma. In: Davis L (ed) Genetic algorithms and simulating annealing. Pitman, London
Aylett R, Luck M (2000) Applying artificial intelligence to virtual reality: intelligent virtual environments. Appl Artif Intell 14(1):3–32CrossRef
Baas N (1994) Hyperstructures. In: Artificial life III, proceedings of the second workshop on artificial life. Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA, Santa Fe, NM, June, 1992
Baljko M, Tenhaaf N (2006) Different experiences, different types of emergence: A-life sculpture designer, interactant, observer. In: Proceedings of AAAI fall 2006 symposium on interaction and emergent phenomenon in societies of agents. Arlington, VA, October 2006, pp 104–110
Banzhaf W, Nordin P, Keller R, Francone F (1998) Genetic programming – An introduction. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CAMATH
Barendegt H (1984) The lambda calculus, its syntax and semantics. Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Barricelli N (1957) Symbiogenetic evolution processes realized by artificial methods. Methodos 9(35–36):143–182
Barricelli N (1963) Numerical testing of evolution theories. Acta Biotheor 16(3):99–126CrossRef
Bedau M (2003) Artificial life: organization, adaptation and complexity from the bottom up. Trends Cogn Sci 7(11):505–512CrossRef
Bedau MA et al. (February 2001) Open problems in artificial life. Artif Life 6(4):363–376CrossRef
Bentley P, Corne D (eds) (2002) Creative evolutionary systems. Academic Press, San Diego, CA
Berlekamp ER, Conway JH, Guy RK (1982) What is life? In: Winning ways for your mathematical plays, vol 2. Academic Press, London, chap 25, pp 817–850
Berry R, Dahlstedt P (2003) Artificial life: Why should musicians bother? Contemp Music Rev 22(3):57–67CrossRef
Bertalanffy LV (1976) General system theory: foundations, development, applications. George Braziller, New York
Bilotta E, Pantano P (2002) Synthetic harmonies: Recent results. Leonardo 35:35–42CrossRef
Bonabeau E, Dorigo M, Theraulaz G (1999) Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems. Oxford University Press, New YorkMATH
Bratley P, Millo J (1972) Computer recreations; self-reproducing automata. Software Pract Experience 2:397–400CrossRef
Brooks R (1990) Elephants don't play chess. Robot Autonomous Syst 6:3–15CrossRef
Brooks R (1991) Intelligence without representation. Artif Intell 47:139–159CrossRef
Burks AW (ed) (1966) Theory of self-reproducing automata [by] John von Neumann. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL
Cariani P (1992) Some epistemological implications of devices which construct their own sensors and effectors. In: Toward a practice of autonomous systems-proceedings of the first European conference on artificial life Paris, France, December 1991. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 484–493
Centler F, Dittrich P, Ku L, Matsumaru N, Pfaffmann J, Zauner K (2003) Artificial life as an aid to astrobiology: testing life seeking techniques. In: Banzhaf W, Christaller T, Dittrich P, Kim J, Ziegler J (eds) Advances in artificial life. Proceedings of ECAL 2003, Dortmund, Germany, September 2003. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2801. Springer, Berlin, pp 31–40
Codd EF (1968) Cellular automata. ACM Monograph Series. Academic Press, New York
Coffey D (1998) Self-organization, complexity and chaos: the new biology for medicine. Nat Med 4(8):882–885CrossRef
Conde T, Thalmann D (2004) An artificial life environment for autonomous virtual agents with multi-sensorial and multi-perceptive features. Comput Anim Virtual Worlds 15:311–318CrossRef
Deneubourg J, Clip P, Camazine S (1994) Ants, buses and robots-self-organization of transportation systems. In: Proceedings of the From Perception to Action Conference, PerAc-94, IEEE Press, New York, pp 12–23CrossRef
Dershowitz N, Jouannaud J (1990) Rewrite systems. In: Handbook of theoretical computer science. Volume B, Formal Methods and Semantics. North-Holland, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, pp 243–320
Dewdney AK (1984) Computer recreations: in a game called Core War hostile programs engage in a battle of bits. Sci Am 250:14–22CrossRef
Dewdney AK (1987) Computer recreations: a program called mice nibbles its way to victory at the first Core Wars tournament. Sci Am 256(1):8–11CrossRef
Dewdney AK (1989) Computer recreations: of worms, viruses and Core War. Sci Am 260(3):90–93CrossRef
Dittrich P, Ziegler J, Banzhaf W (2001) Artificial chemistries – a review. Artif Life 7(3):225–275CrossRef
Dorogovtsev S, Mendes J (2003) Evolution of networks: from biological nets to the Internet and WWW. Oxford University Press, OxfordMATH
Downing K (2000) Exploring Gaia theory: artificial life on a planetary scale. In: Artificial life VII: proceedings of the seventh international conference on artificial life. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, p 90
Dyson GB (1998) Darwin among the machines: the evolution of global intelligence. Basic Books, New York
Eaton M, Collins J (2009) Artificial life and embodied robotics: current issues and future challenges. Artif Life Robot 13(2):406–409CrossRef
Edelman G (1987) Neural Darwinism: the theory of neuronal group selection. Basic Books, New York
Eigen M (1971) Self-organization of matter and the evolution of biological macro-molecules. Naturwissenschaften 58:465–523CrossRef
Epstein J (2007) Generative social science: studies in agent-based computational modeling. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
Epstein J, Axtell R (1996) Growing artificial societies: social science from the bottom up. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Farmer JD, d'A Belin A (1992) Artificial life: the coming evolution. In: Langton CG, Taylor C, Farmer JD, Rasmussen S (eds) Artificial Life II. Santa Fe Institute studies in the sciences of complexity, vol X. Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA, pp 815–838. Proceedings of the workshop on artificial life, Santa Fe, NM, February 1990
Ferber D (2004) Synthetic biology: microbes made to order. Science 303:158–161CrossRef
Fogel LJ, Owens AJ, Walsh MJ (1966) Artificial intelligence through simulated evolution. Wiley, New YorkMATH
Fong T, Nourbakhsh I, Dautenhahn K (2003) A survey of socially interactive robots. Robot Autonomous Syst 42(3–4):143–166MATHCrossRef
Fontana W, Buss L (1994) The arrival of the fittest: toward a theory of biological organization. Bull Math Biol 56:1–64MATH
Gardner M (1970) Mathematical games: The fantastic combinations of John Conway's new solitaire game “Life.” Sci Am 223(4):120–123CrossRef
Gardner M (1971) Mathematical games: on cellular automata, self-reproduction, the garden of Eden and the game “Life.” Sci Am 224(2):112–117CrossRef
Giavitto J, Malcolm G, Michel O (2004) Rewriting systems and the modeling of biological systems. Comparative Funct Genomic 5:95–99CrossRef
Gilbert G, Troitzsch K (2005) Simulation for the social scientist. Open University Press, London
Gilbert N, den Besten M, Bontovics A, Craenen B, Divina F et al. (2006) Emerging artificial societies through learning. J Artif Soc Soc Simulation 9(2)
Gintis H (2009) Game theory evolving: a problem-centered introduction to modeling strategic interaction, 2nd edn. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
Goldspink C, Kay R (2007) Social emergence: distinguishing reflexive and non-reflexive modes. In: AAAI fall symposium: emergent agents and socialities: social and organizational aspects of intelligence. Washington, DC, November 2007
Gracias N, Pereira H, Lima J, Rosa A (1997) Gaia: An artificial life environment for ecological systems simulation. In: Artificial life V: proceedings of the fifth international workshop on the synthesis and simulation of living systems. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 124–134
Grand S (2001) Creation: life and how to make it. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
Grand S, Cliff D, Malhotra A (1996) Creatures: artificial life autonomous software agents for home entertainment. In: Proceedings of the first international conference on autonomous agents, Marina del Rey, CA, February 1997. ACM Press, New York
Graubard SR (ed) (1988) Daedalus, Winter 1988: Artificial intelligence. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, issued as Proc Am Acad Arts Sci 117(1)
Gross D, McMullin B (2001) Is it the right ansatz? Artif Life 7(4):355–365CrossRef
Groß R, Bonani M, Mondada F, Dorigo M (2006) Autonomous self-assembly in swarm-bots. IEEE Trans Robot 22(6):1115–1130CrossRef
Hamarneh G, McIntosh C, McInerney T, Terzopoulos D (2009) Deformable organisms: an artificial life framework for automated medical image analysis. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL, p 433
Harvey I, Paolo E, Wood R, Quinn M, Tuci E (2005) Evolutionary robotics: a new scientific tool for studying cognition. Artif Life 11(1–2):79–98CrossRef
Haugeland J (1989) Artificial intelligence: the very idea. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Herman G, Lindenmayer A, Rozenberg G (1975) Description of developmental languages using recurrence systems. Math Syst Theory 8:316–341MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
Hillis W (1989) The connection machine. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Hofstadter DR (1979) Gödel, Escher, Bach: An eternal golden braid. Penguin Books, London. First published in Great Britain by The Harvester Press Ltd 1979. Published in Penguin Books 1980
Holland JH (1975) Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor MI
Holland JH (1976) Studies of the spontaneous emergence of self-replicating systems using cellular automata and formal grammars. In: Lindenmayer A, Rozenberg G (eds) Automata, languages, development. North-Holland, New York, pp 385–404. Proceedings of a conference held in Noordwijkerhout, Holland, 31 March–6 April 1975
Jain S, Krishna S (2001) A model for the emergence of cooperation, interdependence and structure in evolving networks. PNAS 98:543–547
Kampis G (1991) Self-modifying systems in biology and cognitive science. IFSR international series on systems science and engineering, vol 6. Pergamon Press, Oxford, NY. Editor-in-Chief: George J. Klir
Kato N, Okuno T, Okano A, Kanoh H, Nishihara S (1998) An ALife approach to modelling virtual cities. In: IEEE Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, vol 2, San Diego, CA, October 1998. IEEE Press, New York, vol 2, pp 1168–1173
Kauffman SA (1993) The origins of order: self-organization and selection in evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Kim K, Cho S (2006) A comprehensive overview of the applications of artificial life. Artif Life 12(1):153–182CrossRef
Kitano H (2002) Systems biology: a brief overview. Science 295:1662–1664CrossRef
Klein J (2002) Breve: a 3D environment for the simulation of decentralized systems and artificial life. In: Proceedings of artificial life VIII, the eighth international conference on the simulation and synthesis of living systems, Sydney, Australia, December 2002. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 329–334
Koza J (1992) Genetic programming. MIT Press, Cambridge, MAMATH
Kvasnicka V, Pospíchal J, Kaláb T (2001) A study of replicators and hypercycles by typogenetics. In: ECAL 2001: Proceedings of the sixth European conference on advances in artificial life, Prague, Czech Republic, September 2001. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 37–54
Langton CG (1984a) Self-reproduction in cellular automata. Physica D 10:135–144CrossRef
Langton CG (1992a) Life at the edge of chaos. In: Langton C, Taylor C, Farmer J, Rasmussen S (eds) Artificial life II: Proceedings of the second workshop on artificial life. Addison-Wesley, Redwood, CA
Langton CG (1997) Artificial life: an overview. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Langton CG (1984b) Self-reproduction in cellular automata. Physica 10D:135–144
Langton CG (1986) Studying artificial life with cellular automata. Physica 22D:120–149MathSciNet
Langton CG (ed) (1989) Artificial Life. Sante Fe Institute studies in the sciences of complexity, vol VI. Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA. Proceedings of an interdisciplinary workshop on the synthesis and simulation of living systems, Los Alamos, NM, September 1987
Langton CG (1992b) Preface. In: Langton CG, Taylor C, Farmer JD, Rasmussen S (eds) Artificial life II. Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, vol X. Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA. Proceedings of the workshop on artificial life, Sante Fe, NM, February 1990
Langton CG, Taylor C, Farmer JD, Rasmussen S (eds) (1992) Artificial life II. Sante Fe Institute Studies in the sciences of complexity, vol X. Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA. Proceedings of the workshop on artificial life Sante Fe, NM, February 1990
Lee K, Choi M, Hong Q, Lee J (2007) Group behavior from video: a data-driven approach to crowd simulation. In: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on computer animation. San Diego, CA, August 2007, pp 109–118
Lenton T (2002) Gaia as a complex adaptive system. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 357(1421):683–695CrossRef
Levy S (1993) Artificial life: a report from the frontier where computers meet biology. Vintage, New York
Lindenmayer A (1968) Mathematical models for cellular interaction in development, parts I and II. J Theor Biol 18:280–315CrossRef
Lindenmayer A, Rozenberg G (eds) (1976) Automata, languages, development. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsMATH
Lindgren K, Nordahl M (1994) Cooperation and community structure in artificial ecosystems. Artif Life 1:15–37CrossRef
Lovelock J (1989) Geophysiology, the science of Gaia. Rev Geophys 27(2):215–222CrossRef
Lucic P, Teodorovic D (2002) Transportation modeling: an artificial life approach. In: ICTAI 2002: Proceedings of the 14th IEEE international conference on tools with artificial intelligence. Washington, DC, November 2002, pp 216–223
Luisi PL, Varela F (1989) Self replicating micelles: a minimal version of a chemical autopoietic system. Orig Life Evol Biosph 19:633–643CrossRef
Maes P (1995) Artificial life meets entertainment: lifelike autonomous agents. Commun ACM 38(11):108–114CrossRef
Magnenat-Thalmann N, Thalmann D (eds) (1994) Artificial life and virtual reality. Wiley, Chichester, UK
Magnoli G, Bonanni L, Khalaf R (2002) Designing a DNA for adaptive architecture: a new built environment for social sustainability. In: Brebbia C, Sucharov L, Pascolo P (eds) Design and nature: comparing design in nature with science and engineering. WIT, Southampton, UK, pp 203–213
Maturana HR, Varela FJ (1973) Autopoiesis: the organization of the living. In: Autopoiesis and cognition: the realization of the living. Boston studies in the philosophy of science, vol 42. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, pp 59–138. First published 1972 in Chile under the title De Maquinas y Seres Vivos, Editorial Universitaria S.A
Maynard Smith J, Szathmáry E (1997) The major transitions in evolution. Oxford University Press, New York
McMullin B (1992) The Holland α-universes revisited. In: Varela FJ, Bourgine P (eds) Toward a practice of autonomous systems: proceedings of the first European conference on artificial life. Complex Adaptive Systems. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 317–326. series Advisors: John H. Holland, Christopher Langton and Stewart W. Wilson
McMullin B, Varela FJ (1997) Rediscovering computational autopoiesis. In: Husbands P, Harvey I (eds) ECAL-97: Proceedings of the fourth European conference on artificial life, Brighton, UK, July 1997. Complex adaptive systems. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. http://​www.​eeng.​dcu.​ie/​~alife/​bmcm-ecal97/​
Meinhardt H (2003) The algorithmic beauty of sea shells. Springer, Heidelberg
Meyer J, Wilson S (eds) (1991) From animals to animats: Proceedings of the first international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior, London, 1990. MIT Press Cambridge, MA
Miranda F, Kögler J, Del Moral Hernandez E, Lobo Netto M (2001) An artificial life approach for the animation of cognitive characters. Comput Graph 25(6):955–964CrossRef
Mondada F, Pettinaro G, Guignard A, Kwee I, Floreano D, Deneubourg J, Nolfi S, Gambardella L, Dorigo M (2004) SWARM-BOT: a new distributed robotic concept. Autonomous Robot 17(2):193–221CrossRef
Moura L (2004) Man + robots: symbiotic art. Institut d'Art Contemporain, Villeurbanne, France
Okuhara K, Domoto E, Ueno N, Fujita H (2003) Recycling design using the artificial life technology to optimize evaluation function. In: ECO Design'03: 2003 third international symposium on environmentally conscious design and inverse manufacturing. Tokyo, Japan, December 2003, pp 662–665
Pattee H (ed) (1973) Hierarchy theory. The challenge of complex systems. Georges Braziller, New York
Paun G (1998) Computing with membranes. Technical Report, Turku Center for Computer Science, TUCS Report 208
Pesavento U (1995) An implementation of von Neumann's self-reproducing machine. Artif Life 2(4):337–354CrossRef
Pfeifer R, Iida F, Bongard J (2005) New robotics: design principles for intelligent systems. Artif Life 11(1–2):99–120CrossRef
Plsek P, Greenhalgh T (2001) The challenge of complexity in health care. Br Med J 323(7313):625–628CrossRef
Pollack J, Blair A, Land M (1997) Coevolution of a backgammon player. In: Artificial life V: Proceedings of the fifth international workshop on the synthesis and simulation of living systems. Nara, Japan, May 1996, pp 92–98
Popper KR, Eccles JC (1977) The self and its brain: an argument for interactionism. Routledge & Kegan Paul plc, London. First published 1977, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. This edition first published 1983CrossRef
Prokopenko M, Wang P, Valencia P, Price D, Foreman M, Farmer A (2005) Self-organizing hierarchies in sensor and communication networks. Artif Life 11(4):407–426CrossRef
Prusinkiewicz P, Lindenmayer A (1990) The algorithmic beauty of plants. Springer, New YorkMATHCrossRef
Rabin S (2002) AI game programming wisdom. Charles River Media, Hingham, MA
Rashevsky N (1940) Advances and applications of mathematical biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
Rasmussen S (2008) Protocells. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Rasmussen S, Knudsen C, Feldberg R, Hindsholm M (1990) The Coreworld: emergence and evolution of cooperative structures in a computational chemistry. Physica 42D:111–134
Rasmussen S, Baas NA, Mayer B, Nilsson M (2001a) Defense of the ansatz for dynamical hierarchies. Artif Life 7(4):367–373CrossRef
Rasmussen S, Baas NA, Mayer B, Nilsson M, Olesen MW (2001b) Ansatz for dynamical hierarchies. Artif Life 7(4):329–353CrossRef
Rasmussen S, Bedau MA, Chen L, Deamer D, Krakauer DC, Packard NH, Stadler PF (eds) (2008) Protocells: bridging nonliving and living matter. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Ratze C, Gillet F, Mueller J, Stoffel K (2007) Simulation modelling of ecological hierarchies in constructive dynamical systems. Ecol Complexity 4:13–25CrossRef
Ray T (1994) An evolutionary approach to synthetic biology. Artif Life 1(1/2):179–209
Ray T (1998) Selecting naturally for differentiation: preliminary evolutionary results. Complexity 3(5):25–33CrossRef
Ray TS (1992) An approach to the synthesis of life. In: Langton CG, Taylor C, Farmer JD, Rasmussen S (eds) Artificial life II. Santa Fe Institute studies in the sciences of complexity, vol X. Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA, pp 371–408
Rechenberg I (1975) Evolution strategies (in German). Holzmann-Froboog, Stuttgart, Germany
Reeke GN Jr, Edelman GM (1988) Daedalus, Winter 1998: Real brains and artificial intelligence. Proc Am Acad Arts Sci 117(1):143–173
Regis E (2008) What is life? Investigating the nature of life in the age of synthetic biology. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York
Reynolds C (1987) Flocks, herds and schools: a distributed behavioral model. In: Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques, July 1987. ACM, New York, Anaheim, CA, July 1987, pp 25–34
Reynolds C (1999) Steering behaviors for autonomous characters. In: Game developers conference, vol 1999, San Jose, CA, 1999, pp 763–782
Rinaldo K (1998) Artificial life art, introduction to the special section of Leonardo. Leonardo 31:370
Rocha LM (ed) (2000) The physics and evolution of symbols and codes: reflections on the work of Howard Pattee. BioSystems (special issue) 60(1–3) 149–157. Elsevier
Romero J, Machado P (2007) The art of artificial evolution: a handbook of evolutionary art and music. Springer, Berlin
Ronald E, Sipper M (2000) Engineering, emergent engineering, and artificial life: unsurprise, unsurprising surprise, and surprising surprise. In: Artificial life VII: Proceedings of the seventh international conference on artificial life. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 523–528
Rosen R (1959) On a logical paradox implicit in the notion of a self-reproducing automaton. Bull Math Biophys 21:387–394MathSciNetCrossRef
Rosen R (1972) Some relational cell models: the metabolism-repair systems. In: Rosen R (ed) Foundations of mathematical biology, vol II. Academic, New York
Rosen R (1985) Organisms as causal systems which are not mechanisms: an essay into the nature of complexity. In: Rosen R (ed) Theoretical biology and complexity. Academic, Orlando, FL, Chap 3, pp 165–203
Rosen R (1991) Life itself. Columbia University Press, New York
Rumelhart DE, McClelland JL, the PDP Research Group (1986) Parallel distributed processing, vol 1: Foundations. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Salomaa A (1973) Formal languages. Academic Press, New YorkMATH
Searle JR (1980) Minds, brains, and programs. Behav Brain Sci 3:417–457, includes peer commentaries. Also reprinted (without commentaries) as Haugeland J (ed) (1981) Mild design. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, Chap 10, pp 282–305 and Boden MA (ed) (1990) The philosophy of artificial intelligence. Oxford readings in philosophy. Oxford University Press, Oxford, Chap 3, pp 67–88CrossRef
Semple J, Woolridge N, Lumsden C (2005) Review: in vitro, in vivo, in silico: computational systems in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Tissue Eng 11(3–4):341–356CrossRef
Shao W, Terzopoulos D (2007) Autonomous pedestrians. Graph Model 69(5–6):246–274CrossRef
Sims K (1994) Evolving 3D morphology and behavior by competition. In: Artificial life IV: Proceedings of the fourth international workshop on the synthesis and simulation of living systems. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 28–39
Sipper M (1998) Fifty years of research on self-replication: an overview. Artif Life 4(3):237–257CrossRef
Smith HO, Hutchison CA, Pfannkoch C, Venter JC (2003) Generating a synthetic genome by whole genome assembly: ϕx174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(26):15440–15445CrossRef
Spafford E (1994) Computer viruses as artif life. Artif Life 1(3):249–265CrossRef
Spector L, Klein J, Perry C, Feinstein M (2005) Emergence of collective behavior in evolving populations of flying agents. Genet Programming Evolvable Mach 6(1):111–125CrossRef
Steels L, Brooks R (1995) The artificial life route to artificial intelligence. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Haven, CT
Straatman B, White R, Banzhaf W (2008) An artificial chemistry-based model of economies. In: Artificial Life XI: Proceedings of the eleventh international conference on simulation and synthesis of living systems. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 592–602
Strand E, Huse G, Giske J (2002) Artificial evolution of life history and behaviour. Am Nat 159:624–644CrossRef
Sugiura K, Suzuki H, Shiose T, Kawakami H, Katai O (2003) Evolution of rewriting rule sets using string-based tierra. In: Banzhaf W et al. (eds) Advances in artificial life - Proceedings ECAL 2003, Budapest, Hungary, April 2003. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2801. Springer, Berlin, pp 69–77
Tanner H, Jadbabaie A, Pappas G (2005) Flocking in fixed and switching networks. In: IEEE conference on decision and control, vol 1, Seville, Spain, December 2005. p 2
Taylor C, Jefferson D (1994) Artificial life as a tool for biological inquiry. Artif Life 1(1–2):1–13
Terzopoulos D (1999) Artificial life for computer graphics. Commu of the ACM 42(8):32–42CrossRef
Terzopoulos D, Tu X, Grzeszczuk R (1994) Artificial fishes with autonomous locomotion, perception, behavior, and learning in a simulated physical world. In: Artificial life IV: Proceedings of the fourth international workshop on the synthesis and simulation of living systems. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 17–27
Thatcher JW (1970) Universality in the von Neumann cellular model. In: Burks AW (ed) Essays on cellular automata. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL, pp 132–186 (Essay Five)
Theraulaz G, Bonabeau E (1999) A brief history of stigmergy. Artif Life 5(2):97–116CrossRef
Todd S, Latham W (1992) Artificial life or surreal art. In: Toward a practice of autonomous systems: Proceedings of the first European conference on artificial life. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, p 504
Todd S, Latham W (1994) Evolutionary art and computers. Academic London
Toffoli T, Margolus N (1987) Cellular automata machines. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Turing A (1936) On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proc London Math Soc Ser 2 42:230–265CrossRef
Turing AM (1950) Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind LIX(236):433–460, also reprinted as, Boden MA (ed) (1990) The philosophy of artificial intelligence. Oxford readings in philosophy. Oxford University Press, Oxford, Chap 2, pp 40–66MathSciNetCrossRef
Turing AM (1952) The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc B 237:37–72CrossRef
Varela FJ, Maturana HR, Uribe R (1974) Autopoiesis: the organization of living systems, its characterization and a model. BioSystems 5:187–196CrossRef
Varela FJ, Thompson ET, Rosch E (1992) The embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
von Neumann J (1945) First draft of a report on the EDVAC. (A corrected version was formally published in the IEEE Ann Hist Comput 15(4):27–75 1993.)MathSciNet
von Neumann J (1949) Theory and organization of complicated automata. In: Burks AW (ed) (1966) Theory of self-reproducing automata [by] John von Neumann. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL, pp 27– (Part One), based on transcripts of lectures delivered at the University of Illinois, in December 1949. Edited for publication by A.W. Burks
von Neumann J (1951) The general and logical theory of automata. In: Taub AH (ed) John von Neumann: collected works. Volume V: Design of computers, theory of automata and numerical analysis. Pergamon Press, Oxford, chap 9, pp 288–328. First published Jeffress LAA (ed) (1951) Cerebral mechanisms in behavior—the Hixon symposium. Wiley, New York, pp 1–41
von Neumann J (1966) The theory of automata: Construction, reproduction, homogeneity. In: Burks AW (ed) (1966) Theory of self reproducing automata [by] John von Neumann. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL, pp 89–250. Based on an unfinished manuscript by von Neumann. Edited for publication by A.W. Burks
Waddington CH (ed) (1969) Towards a theoretical biology. 2: Sketches. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, UK
Wang F, Tang S (2004) Artificial societies for integrated and sustainable development of metropolitan systems. IEEE Intell Syst 19(4):82–87CrossRef
Watts D (1999) Small worlds: the dynamics of networks between order and randomness. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
White R, Engelen G (1993) Cellular automata and fractal urban form: a cellular modelling approach to the evolution of urban land-use patterns. Environ Plan A 25:1175–1199CrossRef
Whitelaw M (2004) Metacreation: art and artificial life. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Wiener N (1965) Cybernetics, 2nd edn: or the control and communication in the animal and the machine. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Wilkinson D (2003) The fundamental processes in ecology: a thought experiment on extraterrestrial biospheres. Biol Rev 78:171–179CrossRef
Willis M, Hiden H, Marenbach P, McKay B, Montague GA (1997) Genetic programming: an introduction and survey of applications. In: Zalzala A (ed) GALESIA'97: Second international conference on genetic algorithms in engineering systems: innovations and applications, Glasgow, UK, September 1997. Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE), Savoy Place, London, UK, pp 314–319, http://​ieeexplore.​ieee.​org/​stamp/​stamp.​jsp?​arnumber=​00681044
Wolfram S (1986) Theory and applications of cellular automata. Advanced Series on Complex Systems. World Scientific Publication, SingaporeMATH
Wolfram S (1994) Cellular automata and complexity: collected papers. Perseus Books Group, Reading, MAMATH
Wolkenhauer O (2007) Why systems biology is (not) systems biology. BIOforum Europe 2007, vol 4, pp 2–3
Yovits MC, Cameron S (eds) (1960) Self-organizing systems. Pergamon Press, Oxford. Proceedings of an interdisciplinary conference, 5 and 6 May, 1959MATH
Zenobia B, Weber C, Daim T (2008) Artificial markets: a review and assessment of a new venue for innovation research. Technovation. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2008.09.002
Metadaten
Titel
Artificial Life
verfasst von
Wolfgang Banzhaf
Barry McMullin
Copyright-Jahr
2012
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch
Handbook of Natural Computing

Print ISBN: 978-3-540-92909-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-540-92910-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2012

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92910-9_53