Introduction
Methods
The Orinoco River Basin
Ecosystem Accounting Units
Assessing the Capacity of Ecosystems to Supply Ecosystem Services
Net primary productivity as an indicator of ecosystem capacities
MODIS as a data source to derive NPP
The capacity of ecosystems to supply ecosystem services
Ecosystem service | The capacity of ecosystems to supply ecosystem services | ||
---|---|---|---|
Aboveground biomass (γ) | Aboveground biomass that is used to supply ecosystem services (β) | References | |
Pastures for grazing cattle | For grassland and savannah the γ is 0.5 | For grassland the β is 0.33 | Sarmiento and Pinillos (2001) |
For woody savannah the γ is 0.6 | For savannah the β is 0.30 | Hui and Jackson (2006) | |
For natural mixed the γ is 0.7 | For woody savannah the β is 0.25 | Scurlock et al. (2002) | |
For natural mixed the β is 0.10 | |||
Timber | For tropical forests the γ is 0.8 | For tropical forests the β is 0.20 | Aragão et al. (2009) |
Malhi et al. (2011) | |||
Oil palm FFB | For oil palm the γ is 0.96 | For oil palm FFB the β is 0.45 | Corley and Tinker (2008) |
Kotowska et al. (2015) | |||
Carbon sequestration | All biomass is relevant for carbon sequestration |
\(x{\mathrm{NEP}}_{i,y} = x{\mathrm{NPP}}_{i,y} - x{\mathrm{Hr}}_{i,y}\)
a
| Ott et al. (2015) |
Comparing ecosystem capacity and ecosystem services supply
Results
Ecosystems Supply of Aboveground Biomass
Ecosystems Capacity to Sequester Carbon, to Supply Pastures for Grazing Cattle, Timber and Oil Palm FFB
Carbon sequestration
Pastures for grazing cattle
Ecosystem | Primary productivity and aboveground biomass | Capacity | |
---|---|---|---|
NPP | ANPP | FANPP | |
Natural mixed | 10.8 ± 2.6 | 7.6 ± 1.8 | 0.8 ± 0.2 |
Grassland | 9.0 ± 2.5 | 4.5 ± 1.3 | 1.4 ± 0.4 |
Savannah | 5.3 ± 1.9 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 0.9 ± 0.03 |
Woody savannah | 9.3 ± 3.0 | 5.6 ± 1.8 | 1.4 ± 0.05 |
Timber
Oil Palm FFB
Comparing ecosystems’ capacities to ecosystem services supply
Carbon sequestration
Ecosystem | Ecosystem service | Capacity | Ecosystem services use | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (in ha) | Service | Unit | Ton/year | Ton/ha/year | Ton/year | Ton/ha/yeara | |
Forest | |||||||
Upland | 2,124,561 | Timber harvesting | Ton of timber | 6,232,000 | 2.93 | 58,000 | 0.03 |
Lowland | 13,050,873 | 54,140,000 | 4.15 | 5,492,000 | 0.43 | ||
Natural mixed | 2,319,961 | Pasture grazing | Ton of pasture in dry matter | 5,598,000 | 2.41 | 2,289,000 | 1.01 |
Grassland | 6,792,129 | 26,468,000 | 3.90 | 10,644,000 | 1.60 | ||
Savannah | 8,654,258 | 19,842,000 | 2.29 | 4,422,000 | 0.52 | ||
Woody Savannah | 835,576 | 13,234,000 | 15.84 | 829,000 | 1.01 | ||
Oil palm | 107,154 | FFB harvesting | Ton FFB in dry matter | 1,704,000 | 15.90 | 954,000 | 9.07 |