Attached Types and Their Application to Three Open Problems of Object-Oriented Programming

The three problems of the title — the first two widely discussed in the literature, the third less well known but just as important for further development of object technology — are:

– Eradicating the risk of

void calls

:

x.f

with, at run time, the target x not denoting any object, leading to an exception and usually a crash.

– Eradicating the risk of “

catcalls

”: erroneous run-time situations, almost inevitably leading to crashes, resulting from the use of covariant argument typing.

– Providing a simple way, in concurrent object-oriented programming, to

lock

an object handled by a remote processor or thread of control, or to access it

without

locking it, as needed by the context and in a safe way.

A language mechanism provides a combined solution to all three issues.

This mechanism also allows new solutions to two known problems: how to check that a certain object has a certain type, and then use it accordingly (“Run-Time Type Identification” or “downcasting”), for which it may provide a small improvement over previously proposed techniques; and how to provide a “once per object” facility, permitting just-in-time evaluation of certain object properties.

The solution relies on a small extension to the type system involving a single symbol, the question mark. The idea is to declare certain types as “attached” (not permitting void values), enforce some new validity rules that rule out void calls, and validate a number of common programming schemes as “Certified Attachment Patterns” guaranteed to rule out void calls. (In addition, the design replaced an existing type-querying construct by a simpler one.)

The mechanism is completely static: all checks can be performed by compilers as part of normal type system enforcement. It places no undue burden on these compilers — in particular, does not require dataflow analysis — and can be fairly quickly explained to programmers. Existing code, if reasonably well-written, will usually continue to work without change; for exceptions to this rule, often reflecting real risks of run-time crashes, backward-compatible options and a clear transition path are available.