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2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. “Big Food” Bigger Thanks to “Big Government”

verfasst von : Baylen J. Linnekin

Erschienen in: Biting the Hands that Feed Us

Verlag: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics

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Abstract

When it comes to consumers’ food-buying decisions today, perhaps no single symbol is more powerful and influential than a seal confirming a food meets the USDA’s definition of “organic.” To consumers, the symbol means an assurance that an agricultural product such as beef or celery has been produced using only naturally occurring fertilizers, pesticides, and other inputs.1 To producers, the USDA organic seal means higher costs, but also the opportunity to charge consumers more for that beef or celery.

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Fußnoten
1
Marion Burros, U.S. Imposes Standards for Organic-Food Labeling, New York Times, Dec. 21, 2000, www.​nytimes.​com/​2000/​12/​21/​us/​us-imposes-standards-for-organic-food-labeling.​html.
 
2
Molly O’Neill, Organic Industry Faces an Ethics Question, New York Times, May 17, 1995, www.​nytimes.​com/​1995/​05/​17/​garden/​organic-industry-faces-an-ethics-question.​html.
 
3
Peter Whoriskey, Sure, that food has the government’s organic label. But that doesn’t mean it was made without man-made chemicals, Washington Post’s Wonkblog, Apr. 28, 2015, www.​washingtonpost.​com/​news/​wonkblog/​wp/​2015/​04/​28/​sure-that-food-has-the-governments-organic-label-but-that-doesnt-mean-it-was-made-without-chemicals/​.
 
4
Amanda Onion, Dispute: What Makes Milk Organic?, ABC News, Mar. 14, 2005, abcnews.​go.​com/​Technology/​print?​id=​572069.
 
5
Kimberly Kindy & Lyndsey Layton, Integrity of Federal “Organic” Label Questioned, Washington Post, July 3, 2009, www.​washingtonpost.​com/​wp-dyn/​content/​article/​2009/​07/​02/​AR2009070203365.​html.
 
6
The Cornucopia Institute, FDA/USDA Collude to Eliminate True Or-ganic Egg Production, July 23, 2013, www.​cornucopia.​org/​2013/​07/​fdausda-collude-to-eliminate-true-organic-egg-production/​; About Us, Cornucopia Institute, www.​cornucopia.​org/​about-us/​.
 
7
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8
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9
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10
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11
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13
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14
Paul Krugman, True Blue Americans, New York Times, May 7, 2002, www.​nytimes.​com/​2002/​05/​07/​opinion/​true-blue-americans.​html.
 
15
Brian M. Reidl, How Farm Subsidies Harm Taxpayers, Consumers, and Farmers, Too, The Heritage Foundation, June 20, 2007, www.​heritage.​org/​research/​reports/​2007/​06/​how-farm-subsidies-harm-taxpayers-consumers-and-farmers-too.
 
16
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17
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18
Brian M. Riedl & John E. Frydenlund, At the Federal Trough: Farm Subsidies for the Rich and Famous, The Heritage Foundation, Nov. 26, 2001, www.​heritage.​org/​research/​reports/​2001/​11/​at-the-federal-trough-farm-subsidies-for-the-rich-and-famous.
 
19
Glenn Thrush, Anti-socialist Bachmann got $250K in federal farm subsidies, Politico, Dec. 22, 2009, www.​politico.​com/​blogs/​on-congress/​2009/​12/​anti-socialist-bachmann-got-250k-in-federal-farm-subsidies-023679.
 
20
Joan McCoy, Should Rich Farmers Get Subsidies?, Arkansas Leader, June 20, 2006, www.​arkansasleader.​com/​2006/​06/​top-story-should-rich-farmers-get.​html.
 
22
Editorial, Congress should rein in crop insurance, Minneapolis Star Tribune, May 8, 2012, www.​startribune.​com/​editorial-congress-should-rein-in-crop-insurance/​150245775/​.
 
23
Frank Morris, Most Agree “Welfare for Farmers” Has To Go, NPR, Sept. 23, 2013, www.​npr.​org/​2013/​09/​23/​225303958/​farmers-question-subsidies.
 
24
Lauren Servin, How Government Incentivizes the Overproduction of Junk Food, Roosevelt Institute, rooseveltinstitu​te.​org/​new-guardhow-our-government-incentivizes-overproduction-junk-food/​.
 
25
Ramsey Cox & Erik Wasson, Senate votes 75–22 to end debate on farm bill, The Hill’s Floor Action, June 6, 2013, www.​thehill.​com/​blogs/​floor-action/​senate/​303863-senate-votes-75-22-to-end-debate-on-farm-bill.
 
26
Press Release, Sen. Thad Cochran, Cochran, USDA Organize Farm Bill & Crop Insurance Listening Sessions, Oct. 15, 2014, www.​cochran.​senate.​gov/​public/​index.​cfm/​news-releases?​ID=​1122b007-e869-4a33-9848-37179fdaf410; Press Release, U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry, Cochran: Reach Farm Bill Agreement As Soon As Possible, Oct. 30, 2013, www.​cochran.​senate.​gov/​public/​index.​cfm/​news-releases?​ID=​f301fa86-8d27-474b-9efe-8338271202b2.
 
27
Ramsey Cox & Erik Wasson, Senate votes 75–22 to end debate on farm bill, The Hill’s Floor Action, June 6, 2013, www.​thehill.​com/​blogs/​floor-action/​senate/​303863-senate-votes-75-22-to-end-debate-on-farm-bill.
 
28
Baylen J. Linnekin, End Farm Subsidies and Make Agriculture Sustainable, Baltimore Sun, May 18, 2011, www.​baltimoresun.​com/​news/​opinion/​oped/​bs-ed-farm-subsidies-20110518-story.​html.
 
29
Anne Weir, Taxpayers’ Bill for Farm Subsidies: $30 Billion by 2018, EWG’s Agmag, July 10, 2015, www.​ewg.​org/​agmag/​2015/​07/​taxpayers-bill-farm-subsidies-30-billion-2018.
 
30
Baylen Linnekin, This Farm Bill Stinks, Reason.com, Feb. 1, 2014, https://​reason.​com/​archives/​2014/​02/​01/​this-farm-bill-stinks/​singlepage.
 
31
James McDonald, Cropland Consolidation and the Future of Family Farms, USDA Economic Research Service, Sept. 3, 2013, www.​ers.​usda.​gov/​amber-waves/​2013-september/​cropland-consolidation-and-the-future-of-family-farms.​aspx#.​Vfl1MLSZ570.
 
32
James M. McDonald, Why Are Farms Getting Larger? The Case of the U.S., USDA Economic Research Service, 2011, ageconsearch.​umn.​edu/​bitstream/​115361/​2/​MacDonald.​pdf.
 
33
Ferd Hoefner, The New Farm Bill: The Good, The Bad, and the Wait-and-See, Civil Eats, Jan. 31, 2014, www.​civileats.​com/​2014/​01/​31/​the-new-farm-bill-the-good-the-bad-and-the-wait-and-see/​.
 
34
USDA pulls plug on some farm subsidy data, The Center for Public In-tegrity, May 21, 2010, www.​publicintegrity.​org/​2010/​05/​21/​2668/​usda-pulls-plug-some-farm-subsidy-data.
 
35
Nancy Watzman, Farm bill allows Congress to keep crop subsidies secret, Sunlight Foundation, Feb. 7, 2014, https://​sunlightfoundati​on.​com/​blog/​2014/​02/​07/​farm-bill-allows-congress-to-keep-crop-subsidies-secret/​.
 
36
Jeffrey T. LaFrance, Jay P. Shimshack, & Steven Wu, The Environmental Impacts of Subsidized Crop Insurance: Crop Insurance & the Extensive Margin, 2001, econweb.​ucsd.​edu/​~carsonvs/​papers/​830.​pdf.
 
37
Ruben N. Lubowski et al., Environmental Effects of Policy-Induced Land-Use Changes, Environmental Effects of Agricultural Land-Use Changes, USDA Economic Research Service, Aug. 2006, www.​ers.​usda.​gov/​media/​469928/​err25_​1_​.​pdf.
 
38
Miguel A. Altieri, The Ecological Role of Biodiversity in Ecosystems, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 19, 1999, is.​muni.​cz/​el/​1423/​jaro2014/​HEN437/​um/​Altieri_​Ecological_​role.​pdf.
 
39
Suzy Friedman, Let’s Focus on a Farm’s Performance, Not Its Size, Environmental Defense Fund’s Growing Returns blog, Mar. 17, 2015, blogs.​edf.​org/​growingreturns/​2015/​03/​17/​lets-focus-on-a-farms-performance-not-its-size/​.
 
40
Mary Angelo, Jason Czarnezki, & Bill Eubanks, Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Law (2013).
 
41
Environmental Working Group, EWG Farm Subsidies, https://​farm.​ewg.​org/​.
 
42
Timothy A. Wise, Identifying the Real Winners from U.S. Agricultural Policies, Global Development & Environment Institute Working Paper No. 05–07, Dec. 2005, www.​ase.​tufts.​edu/​gdae/​Pubs/​wp/​05-07RealWinnersUSA​g.​pdf.
 
44
Dawn Brighid, High Fructose Corn Syrup: If This Doesn’t Convince You, Nothing Will, The Sustainable Table, www.​sustainabletable​.​org/​704/​high-fructose-corn-syrup-if-this-doesn-t-convince-you-nothing-wil.
 
45
Joel Salatin, email message to author, Apr. 30, 2012.
 
46
Veronique Dupont, GMO Corn, Soybeans Dominate US Market, Phys.org, June 4, 2013, www.​phys.​org/​news/​2013-06-gmo-corn-soybeans-dominate.​html.
 
48
Joel Salatin, email message to author, Apr. 30, 2012.
 
49
Editorial, For a Healthier Country, Overhaul Farm Subsidies, Scientific American, May 1, 2012, www.​scientificameric​an.​com/​article/​fresh-fruit-hold-the-insulin/​.
 
50
National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition, Most Want Real Farm Subsidy Reform, But Mega-Farms Want More Taxpayer Money, June 11, 2015,www.​sustainableagric​ulture.​net/​blog/​payment-limit-rule-comments/​.
 
51
Baylen J. Linnekin, End farm subsidies and make agriculture sustainable, Baltimore Sun, May 18, 2011, www.​baltimoresun.​com/​news/​opinion/​oped/​bs-ed-farm-subsidies-20110518-story.​html.
 
52
USDA Commodity Purchase Program for Raisin Processors/Packers, California Raisin Marketing Board, Jan. 22, 2015, www.​calraisins.​org/​about/​instructions-on-usda-commodity-purchase-program-for-raisin-processorspacker​s/​.
 
54
Confirmation of Regulations, California Raisin Marketing Order; Section 610 Review, Federal Register, Jan. 30, 2006, www.​federalregister.​gov/​articles/​2006/​01/​30/​06-821/​california-raisin-marketing-order-section-610-review#h-10.
 
56
Ibid.
 
57
David G. Savage, High court rules against raisin board in dispute over setting aside crops to prop up prices, Los Angeles Times, June 22, 2015, www.​latimes.​com/​business/​la-fi-court-california-raisins-20150623-story.​html.
 
58
Brief of Sun-Maid Growers of California and the Raisin Marketing Association as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondent, Horne v. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, April 8, 2015, No. 14–275, www.​americanbar.​org/​content/​dam/​aba/​publications/​supreme_​court_​preview/​BriefsV5/​14-275_​amicus_​resp_​sunmaidgrowers.​authcheckdam.​pdf.
 
60
Brief of Sun-Maid Growers of California and the Raisin Marketing Association as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondent, Horne v. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, April 8, 2015, No. 14–275, www.​americanbar.​org/​content/​dam/​aba/​publications/​supreme_​court_​preview/​BriefsV5/​14-275_​amicus_​resp_​sunmaidgrowers.​authcheckdam.​pdf.
 
61
Ibid.
 
62
Timothy Taylor, Raisins: When Insiders Set the Rules, Conversable Economist, June 24, 2015, www.​conversableecono​mist.​blogspot.​com/​2015/​06/​raisins-when-insiders-set-rules.​html.
 
63
Horne v. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 576 U. S. ____ (2015), www.​supremecourt.​gov/​opinions/​14pdf/​14-275_​c0n2.​pdf.
 
64
USDA, Marketing Order Regulating the Handling of Spearmint Oil Produced in the Far West; Revision of the Salable Quantity and Allotment Percentage for Class 3 (Native) Spearmint Oil for the 2014–2015 Marketing Year, Aug. 21, 2015, www.​ams.​usda.​gov/​rules-regulations/​marketing-order-regulating-handling-spearmint-oil-produced-far-west-revision.
 
65
Madilynne Clark, Big Picture — Marketing Orders Have Grower Support, Capital Press, May 28, 2015, www.​capitalpress.​com/​Opinion/​Columns/​20150528/​big-picture-x2014-marketing-orders-have-grower-support.
 
67
Bill Tomson, U.S. Makes Special Purchase of $40 Million of Chicken Products, Wall Street Journal, Aug. 15, 2011, www.​wsj.​com/​articles/​SB10001424053111​9033929045765108​63093422074.
 
68
Jeffrey Kluger, Pork Gets a Swine Flu Bailout, Time, Sept. 11, 2009, www.​content.​time.​com/​time/​health/​article/​0,8599,1921649,00.​html.
 
69
Brad Plumer, How the U.S. government spends millions to get people to eat more pizza, Washington Post’s Wonkblog, Feb. 10, 2014, www.​washingtonpost.​com/​news/​wonkblog/​wp/​2014/​02/​10/​13-percent-of-americans-are-eating-pizza-on-any-given-day/​.
 
70
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Government Support for Unhealthful Foods, https://​www.​pcrm.​org/​health/​reports/​agriculture-and-health-policies-unhealthful-foods.
 
71
Paul Shapiro, email message to author, June 17, 2015.
 
72
Parke Wilde, USDA reports on pizza consumption and on dairy checkoff program initiatives to increase pizza demand, US Food Policy blog, Feb. 7, 2014, usfoodpolicy.​blogspot.​com/​2014/​02/​usda-reports-on-pizza-consumption-and.​html.
 
73
John Newton & Todd Kuethe, Could the Bird Flu Become a 100-Million-Bushel Corn Problem?, AgWeb, June 18, 2015, www.​agweb.​com/​article/​could-the-bird-flu-become-a-100-million-bushel-corn-problem-NAA-university-news-release/​.
 
74
Morgan Brennan, Inside Sunrise Farms’ avian flu chicken slaughter, CNBC, Apr. 24, 2015, www.​cnbc.​com/​2015/​04/​24/​inside-sunrise-farms-avian-flu-chicken-slaughter.​html.
 
75
Don Carr, email message to author, July 14, 2015.
 
76
H.R. 933, Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Actof 2013, www.​gpo.​gov/​fdsys/​pkg/​BILLS-113hr933enr/​pdf/​BILLS-113hr933enr.​pdf.
 
77
H.R. 933, § 735, Farmer Assurance Provision, Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act of 2013.
 
78
78. Monsanto, Monsanto Statement Regarding Farmer Assurance Provision in H.R. 933, Mar. 28, 2013, www.​monsanto.​com/​newsviews/​pages/​statement-regarding-farmers-assurance-provisions.​aspx.
 
79
American Soybean Association, ASA Joins Fellow Ag Groups to Urge Practical Biotech Policy in FY2013 Appropriations Bill, June 14, 2012, https://​soygrowers.​com/​asa-joins-fellow-ag-groups-to-urge-practical-biotech-policy-in-fy2013-appropriations-bill/​.
 
80
H.R. 933, Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act of2013, www.​gpo.​gov/​fdsys/​pkg/​BILLS-113hr933enr/​pdf/​BILLS-113hr933enr.​pdf.
 
81
5 U.S. 137 (1803).
 
82
Baylen Linnekin, A Constitutional Argument Against the So-Called “Monsanto Protection Act,” Reason.com, Apr. 6, 2013, https://​reason.​com/​archives/​2013/​04/​06/​why-i-oppose-the-so-called-monsanto-prot/​singlepage.
 
83
David Rogers, Big Agriculture flexes its muscle, Politico, Mar. 25, 2013, www.​politico.​com/​story/​2013/​03/​big-agriculture-tom-vilsack-monsanto-089268.
 
85
9 C.F.R. § 319.180, Frankfurter, frank, furter, hotdog, weiner, vienna, bologna, garlic bologna, knockwurst, and similar products, https://​www.​gpo.​gov/​fdsys/​pkg/​CFR-2011-title9-vol2/​pdf/​CFR-2011-title9-vol2-sec319-180.​pdf.
 
86
National Milk Producers Federation, Imitation Dairy Products FAQ, www.​nmpf.​org/​washington_​watch/​standardsandsafe​ty/​imitation_​dairy/​FAQ.
 
89
Terence Chea, Food-tech firms use plant products to crack the egg market, NBC News, Dec. 8, 2013, www.​nbcnews.​com/​business/​food-tech-firms-use-plant-products-crack-egg-market-2D11708741.
 
90
Josh Tetrick, email message to author, May 29, 2015.
 
91
Stephanie Strom, Hellmann’s Maker Sues Company Over Its Just Mayo Substitute Mayonnaise, New York Times, Nov. 10, 2014, www.​nytimes.​com/​2014/​11/​11/​business/​unilever-sues-a-start-up-over-mayonnaise-like-product.​html?​_​r=​0.
 
92
Michele Simon, email message to author, Nov. 20, 2014.
 
94
Stephanie Strom, Hellmann’s Maker Sues Company Over Its Just Mayo Substitute Mayonnaise, New York Times, Nov. 10, 2014, www.​nytimes.​com/​2014/​11/​11/​business/​unilever-sues-a-start-up-over-mayonnaise-like-product.​html?​_​r=​0.
 
96
Stephanie Strom, Just Mayo Spread Violates Mayonnaise and Label Rules, F.D.A. Says, New York Times, Aug. 25, 2015, www.​nytimes.​com/​2015/​08/​26/​business/​fda-says-eggless-spread-violates-mayonnaise-and-label-rules.​html.
 
97
Anni Gasparro, Just Mayo Reaches Agreement with FDA to Keep Name, Change Label, Wall Street Journal, Dec. 17, 2015, www.​wsj.​com/​articles/​just-mayo-reaches-agreement-with-fda-to-keep-name-change-label-1450394163.
 
98
N.Y. A.G.M. Law § 50-g, NY Code, Section 50-G, Licenses to manufacturers of melloream.
 
99
Craig Claiborne, The 1960’s: Haute Cuisine in America, New York Times, Jan. 1, 1970, query.​nytimes.​com/​mem/​archive/​pdf?​res=​940CE7DE1739E63B​BC4953DFB766838B​669EDE.
 
101
N.Y. A.G.M. Law § 50-g, NY Code, Section 50-G, Licenses to manufacturers of melloream.
 
102
Greg Van Ullen, email message to author, Aug. 18, 2015.
 
103
Jason Foscolo, email message to author, July 30, 2015.
 
104
National Milk Producers Federation, NMPF Asks FDA to Restrict Soy Beverage Labeling, Feb. 14, 2000, www.​nmpf.​org/​washington_​watch/​standards/​soy.
 
105
Milk, 9 Webster’s Dictionary 754, 1999.
 
107
Michele Hatton, Local Spotlight—Ocheesee Creamery, New Leaf Market Co-Op’s Natural Times, Jan./Feb./Mar. 2012, www.​newleafmarket.​coop/​newsroom/​newsletter/​janfebmar-2012/​local-spotlight-ocheesee-creamery.
 
108
Kendra Smith-Howard, Pure & Modern Milk, Oxford University Press, 2013.
 
109
Kayla Stirzel, Supplementing Your Health, The Villages Daily Sun,Aug. 13, 2013, www.​health.​usf.​edu/​nocms/​villages/​articles/​Supplementing_​your_​Health_​081313.​pdf.
 
110
Justin Pearson, in discussion with the author, Aug. 25, 2015.
 
111
Press Release, Shira Rawlinson, Federal Court Keeps Florida Creamery Censored, Institute for Justice, Mar. 31, 2016, ij.​org/​press-release/​federal-court-keeps-florida-creamery-censored/​.
 
112
Justin Pearson, in discussion with the author, Apr. 7, 2016.
 
113
National Milk Producers Federation, NMPF Asks FDA to Restrict Soy Beverage Labeling, Feb. 14, 2000, www.​nmpf.​org/​washington_​watch/​standards/​soy.
 
114
572 U.S. ___ (2014).
 
115
Marian Burros, F.D.A. Imposing Stricter Rules on Food Labels, New York Times, May 5, 1994, www.​nytimes.​com/​1994/​05/​05/​us/​fda-imposing-stricter-rules-on-food-labels.​html.
 
118
Helena Bottemiller, USDA Bought 21 Million Pounds of Beef Last Year from Slaughterhouse Now Closed for Animal Abuse, Food Safety News, Aug. 22, 2012, www.​foodsafetynews.​com/​2012/​08/​usda-bought-21-million-pounds-of-beef-from-central-valley-meat-last-year/​#.​VfnCOrSZ573.
 
119
Robert Rodriguez, Hanford’s Valley Meat Co. reopens after fixing “unsanitary conditions,” The Fresno Bee, Feb. 19, 2014, www.​fresnobee.​com/​news/​business/​article19518639.​html.
 
120
Iowa H.F. 589, An Act Relating to An Offense Involving Agricultural Operations, and Providing Penalties, and Including Effective Date Provisions, Mar. 2, 2012, coolice.​legis.​iowa.​gov/​Cool-ICE/​default.​asp?​Category=​billinfo&​Service=​Billbook&​menu=​false&​ga=​84&​hbill=​HF589.
 
122
Lee Davidson, Animal rights groups seek veto of Utah’s “ag-gag” bill, The Salt Lake Tribune, Mar. 9, 2012, www.​sltrib.​com/​sltrib/​politics/​53684910-90/​activists-animal-bill-farm.​html.​csp.
 
123
Wes, Taking a Stand Against Silence, National Young Farmers Coalition, Apr. 8, 2013, www.​youngfarmers.​org/​taking-a-stand-against-silence/​.
 
124
Lake Runyon, Judge Strikes Down Idaho “Ag-Gag” Law, Raising Questions for Other States, NPR’s The Salt blog, Aug. 4, 2015, www.​npr.​org/​sections/​thesalt/​2015/​08/​04/​429345939/​idaho-strikes-down-ag-gag-law-raising-questions-for-other-states.
 
Metadaten
Titel
“Big Food” Bigger Thanks to “Big Government”
verfasst von
Baylen J. Linnekin
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Verlag
Island Press/Center for Resource Economics
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-676-9_3