nach oben

Erschienen in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Characterization of Electrocatalyst

verfasst von : Jayashree Swaminathan, Ashokkumar Meiyazhagan

Erschienen in: Methods for Electrocatalysis

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

In the process of developing a catalyst, understanding their structure and properties is considered essential as it is obligatory to improve their performance or to resolve a failure issue. Hence, the purpose of this invited chapter is to give a brief summary of various characterization tools specifically, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) technique, Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), UV-visible spectroscopy, Electron microscopy, and Electrochemical techniques, where we discussed the principle, application, and challenges associated with the catalyst characterization. Also, in this chapter, we illustrated the analysis and interpretation of characterization data with an example for better understanding. These perceptive investigations of different characterization tools lead to the establishment of empirical relationships between various factors that govern catalytic activity.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel History, Progress, and Development of Electrocatalysis

Nächstes Kapitel Interface Chemistry of Platinum-Based Materials for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Conditions

Acres BGJK (1980) The characterisation of catalysts. Platin Met Rev 24:14–25. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327647JCD0204_5CrossRef

Amakawa K, Sun L, Guo C et al (2013) How strain affects the reactivity of surface metal oxide catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:13553–13557. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201306620CrossRef

Austermann RL, Denley DR, Hart DW, Himelfarb PB, Irwin RM, Narayana M, Szentirmay R, Tang SC, Yeates RC (1987) Catalyst characterization. Anal Chem 59:68R–102R. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00139a005

Bae YS, Yazayd’n AÖ, Snurr RQ (2010) Evaluation of the BET method for determining surface areas of MOFs and zeolites that contain ultra-micropores. Langmuir 26:5475–5483. https://doi.org/10.1021/la100449zCrossRef

Bard AJ, Faulkner LR (2004) Electrochemical methods. Fundamentals and applications

Barsoukov E, Ross MJ (2005) Impedance spectroscopy—theory, experiment, and applications

Bradby JE, Williams JS, Wong-Leung J, Swain MV, Munroe P (2000) Transmission electron microscopy observation of deformation microstructure under spherical indentation in silicon. Appl Phys Lett 77:3749–3751. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1332110CrossRef

Brunauer S, Emmett PH, Teller E (1938) Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. J Am Chem Soc 60:309–319. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01269a023CrossRef

Choudhury B, Choudhury A (2013) Local structure modification and phase transformation of TiO₂ nanoparticles initiated by oxygen defects, grain size, and annealing temperature. Int Nano Lett 3:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2228-5326-3-55CrossRef

10.

Christy AA, Kvalheim OM, Velapoldi RA (1995) Quantitative analysis in diffuse reflectance spectrometry: a modified Kubelka-Munk equation. Vib Spectrosc 9:19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-2031(94)00065-OCrossRef

11.

Crocker M, Herold RHM, Wilson AE, et al (1996) H-1 NMR spectroscopy of titania—chemical shift assignments for hydroxy groups in crystalline and amorphous forms of TiO₂. J Chem Soc Trans 92:2791–2798

12.

Dyre JC (1988) The random free-energy barrier model for ac conduction in disordered solids. J Appl Phys 64:2456. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.341681CrossRef

13.

Ebraheem S, El-Saied A (2013) Band gap determination from diffuse reflectance measurements of irradiated lead borate glass system doped with TiO₂ by using diffuse reflectance technique. Mater Sci Appl 04:324–329. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2013.45042CrossRef

14.

El-Denglawey A (2011) Characterization of As-Se-Tl films near infrared region. J Non Cryst Solids 357:1757–1763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2011.01.026CrossRef

15.

Fujishima A, Zhang X, Tryk DA (2008) TiO₂ photocatalysis and related surface phenomena. Surf Sci Rep 63:515–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2008.10.001CrossRef

16.

Haram SK, Quinn BM, Bard AJ (2001) Electrochemistry of CdS nanoparticles: a correlation between optical and electrochemical band gaps. J Am Chem Soc 123:8860–8861. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0158206CrossRef

17.

Haram SK, Kshirsagar A, Gujarathi YD et al (2011) Quantum confinement in CdTe quantum dots: investigation through cyclic voltammetry supported by density functional theory (DFT). J Phys Chem C 115:6243–6249. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp111463fCrossRef

18.

Hernandes AC (2006) Thermoluminescence kinetic parameters of Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂ single crystals. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect B: Beam Interact Mater At 250:390–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2006.04.144

19.

Jonscher AK (1990) The “universal” dielectric response. III. IEEE Electr Insul Mag 6. https://doi.org/10.1109/57.63055

20.

Khan MAM, Kumar S, Ahamed M et al (2011) Structural and thermal studies of silver nanoparticles and electrical transport study of their thin films. Nanoscale Res Lett 6:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-6-434CrossRef

21.

Kim JS, Kim B, Kim H, Kang K (2018) Recent progress on multimetal oxide catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. Adv Energy Mater 8:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702774CrossRef

22.

Klotz D, Grave DA, Rothschild A (2017) Accurate determination of the charge transfer efficiency of photoanodes for solar water splitting. Phys Chem Chem Phys 19:20383–20392. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02419cCrossRef

23.

Leofanti G, Tozzola G, Padovan M, Petrini G, Bordiga S, Zecchina A (1997) Catalyst characterization: characterization techniques. Catal Today 34:307–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(96)00056-9

24.

Leonat L, Sbârcea G, Bran̂zoi IV (2013) Cyclic voltammetry for energy levels estimation of organic materials. UPB Sci Bull Ser B Chem Mater Sci 75:111–118

25.

Lin Y, Kapadia R, Yang J et al (2015) Role of TiO₂ surface passivation on improving the performance of P-InP photocathodes. J Phys Chem C 119:2308–2313. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp5107313CrossRef

26.

Liu L, Chen X (2014) Titanium dioxide nanomaterials: self-structural modifications. Chem Rev 114:9890–9918. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400624rCrossRef

27.

López R, Gómez R (2012) Band-gap energy estimation from diffuse reflectance measurements on sol-gel and commercial TiO₂: a comparative study. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 61:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-011-2582-9CrossRef

28.

McCrory CCL, Jung S, Peters JC, Jaramillo TF (2013) Benchmarking heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. J Am Chem Soc 135:16977–16987. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja407115pCrossRef

29.

Miklavcic SJ, Yang L (2004) Framework for homogeneous and inhomogeneous optical media. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 21:1942–1952

30.

Moulijn JA, Van Leeuwen PWNM, Van Santen RA (1993) Catalysis: an integrated approach to homogeneous, heterogeneous and industrial catalysis. Stud Surf Sci Catal 79:363–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2991(08)63814-8CrossRef

31.

Mozia S, Tomaszewska M, Kosowska B et al (2004) Decomposition of nonionic surfactant on a nitrogen-doped photocatalyst under visible-light irradiation. Appl Catal B Environ 55:195–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.09.019CrossRef

32.

Pu P, Cachet H, Laidani N, Sutter EMM (2012) Influence of pH on surface states behavior in TiO₂ nanotubes

33.

Sadan MB, Houben L, Enyashin AN et al (2008) Atom by atom: HRTEM insights into inorganic nanotubes and fullerene-like structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105:15643–15648. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805407105CrossRef

34.

Shah RS, Shah RR, Pawar RB, Gayakar PP (2015) UV-visible spectroscopy—a review. ISSN: 2249-6807

35.

Shin S, Han HS, Kim JS et al (2015) A tree-like nanoporous WO₃ photoanode with enhanced charge transport efficiency for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. J Mater Chem A 3:12920–12926. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ta00823aCrossRef

36.

Shinagawa T, Garcia-Esparza AT, Takanabe K (2015) Insight on Tafel slopes from a microkinetic analysis of aqueous electrocatalysis for energy conversion. Sci Rep 5:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13801CrossRef

37.

Subbaiah YPV, Prathap P, Reddy KTR (2006) Structural, electrical and optical properties of ZnS films deposited by close-spaced evaporation. Appl Surf Sci 253:2409–2415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.04.063CrossRef

38.

Suriye K, Lobo-Lapidus RJ, Yeagle GJ, et al (2008) Probing defect sites on TiO₂ with [Re₃(CO)₁₂H₃]: spectroscopic characterization of the surface species. Chem A Eur J 14:1402–1414. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200701514

39.

Szczepankiewicz SH, Colussi AJ, Hoffmann MR (2002) Infrared spectra of photoinduced species on hydroxylated titania surfaces. J Phys Chem B 104:9842–9850. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0007890CrossRef

40.

Thommes M, Kaneko K, Neimark AV et al (2015) Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC technical report). Pure Appl Chem 87:1051–1069. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-1117CrossRef

41.

Union I, Pure OF, Chemistry A (1985) Reporting physisorption data for. Area 57:603–619

42.

Usseglio S, Calza P, Damin A et al (2006) Tailoring the selectivity of Ti-based photocatalysts (TiO₂ and microporous ETS-10 and ETS-4) by playing with surface morphology and electronic structure. Chem Mater 18:3412–3424. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm052841gCrossRef

43.

Walton KS, Snurr RQ (2007) Applicability of the BET method for determining surface areas of microporous metal-organic frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 129:8552–8556. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja071174kCrossRef

44.

Wang ZL (2003) New developments in transmission electron microscopy for nanotechnology. Adv Mater 15:1497–1514. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200300384CrossRef

45.

Wang Z, Yang C, Lin T et al (2013) H-doped black titania with very high solar absorption and excellent photocatalysis enhanced by localized surface plasmon resonance. Adv Funct Mater 23:5444–5450. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201300486CrossRef

46.

Wang Y, Tang W, Zhang L (2015) Crystalline size effects on texture coefficient, electrical and optical properties of sputter-deposited Ga-doped ZnO thin films. J Mater Sci Technol 31:175–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2014.11.009CrossRef

47.

Williams DB (2009) Transmission electron microscopy: a textbook for materials science

48.

Williamson G, Hall W (1953) X-ray line broadening from filed aluminium and wolfram. Acta Metall 1:22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(53)90006-6CrossRef

49.

Yaghoubi H, Li Z, Chen Y et al (2015) Toward a visible light-driven photocatalyst: the effect of midgap-states-induced energy gap of undoped TiO₂ nanoparticles. ACS Catal 5:327–335. https://doi.org/10.1021/cs501539qCrossRef

50.

Yeh T-F, Teng H (2012) Graphite oxide with different oxygen contents as photocatalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution from water. ECS Trans 41:7–26. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3703509CrossRef

51.

Yong X, Schoonen MAA (2000) The absolute energy positions of conduction and valence bands of selected semiconducting minerals. Am Mineral 85:543–556. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2000-0416CrossRef

52.

Zecchina A, Petrini G, Padovan M et al (2002) Catalyst characterization: characterization techniques. Catal Today 34:307–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(96)00056-9CrossRef

53.

Zhang J (2008) PEM fuel cell, catalyst and catalyst layer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-936-3

54.

Zhou M, Dong J, Zhang L, Qin Q (2001) Reactions of group V metal atoms with water molecules. Matrix isolation FTIR and quantum chemical studies. J Am Chem Soc 123:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja003072zCrossRef

55.

Zou X, Zhang Y (2015) Noble metal-free hydrogen evolution catalysts for water splitting. Chem Soc Rev 44:5148–5180. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00448ECrossRef

Titel: Characterization of Electrocatalyst
verfasst von: Jayashree Swaminathan
Ashokkumar Meiyazhagan
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Methods for Electrocatalysis
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-27160-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-27161-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27161-9_17