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2023 | Buch

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Circular Economy in Emergency Housing: Eco-Efficient Prototype Design for Subaşi Refugee Camp in Turkey and Maicao Refugee Camp in Colombia

A Research Strategy of Climate Change

verfasst von: Pilar Mercader-Moyano, Paula Porras-Pereira

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

Buchreihe : SpringerBriefs in Climate Studies

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This investigation develops an eco-efficient design protocol that determines the basic premises in any emergency situation, therefore avoiding the precarious nature to which those in forced displacement are exposed. Moreover, the research investigates different constructive solutions that can respond to situations of natural catastrophes or humanitarian disasters where emergency housing is needed as well as the possible alternatives from the point of view of circular economy. Eco-efficient and environmentally correct solutions are sought, which can be adaptable to the different scenarios where emergency housing may be needed, thus creating a rapid, easy, functional, and environmentally correct architecture, adaptable to these types of situations.

The study shows that the factors that characterize emergency architecture can be an example of where the issues around the sustainability factor are applied in a practical way. The main objectives of this study are to develop an eco-efficient design protocol which determines the basic premises in any emergency situation and to find eco-efficient and environmentally correct solutions, adaptable to different scenarios, which have similar climatic characteristics, and where emergency housing may be needed, thus creating a type of ephemeral architecture but sensitive to the user to whom it is intended and in accordance with the optimal conditions of habitability.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction

Abstract

In recent years, there has been an upsurge in the number of forced displacements due to natural disasters, armed conflicts, and pandemics, which has favoured an increase in the number of temporary accommodations. Although the provision of shelter after an emergency situation is one of the priorities of humanitarian aid, the reality is that the conditions in which people in a situation of forced displacement live are absolutely precarious and overcrowded. Nowadays, this type of housing tends to have a short lifespan, deepening the environmental impact and the generation of waste. However, while trying to solve this great problem, there is another that could also be mitigated along with solving the lack of emergency housing, the preservation of the environment. Nowadays, the linear economic system implemented worldwide causes a high rate of waste, hence it is crucial to adapt the current economy system to an ecological future, focusing on design and production with the aim of implementing circular economy, thus ensuring that the resources used last in the economy for as long as possible.

Pilar Mercader-Moyano, Paula Porras-Pereira

Chapter 2. Materials and Methods

Abstract

The methodology proposed for this investigation will lead to the main objective of the research: to develop an eco-efficient and environmentally sustainable theoretical model that can respond to the needs of victims of natural disasters and conflicts, meeting the minimum standards of habitability. The step-to-step methodology followed to accomplish it is divided into five phases, each of which is essential to achieve this objective.

Pilar Mercader-Moyano, Paula Porras-Pereira

Chapter 3. Identification of the Problem

Abstract

As a result of persecutions, social conflicts, violence, human rights violations, natural disasters, and pandemics, the number of forced displacements has been increasing worldwide. According to the most recent data from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, at the end of June 2022, above 1% of the world’s population was forcibly displaced. The International Institute of Human Rights recognizes the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living, including decent housing, although a large number of people around the world who do not have decent housing far exceeds 1000 million.

The numerous forced population displacements around the world have favoured the creation of an infinity of settlements and refugee camps, with the main objective to provide protection and safe and decent living conditions for those fleeing their country. This research is based on two very contrasting scenarios: an unorganized settlement in Izmir, in Turkey and an UN organized settlement in Maicao, a Colombian municipality bordering Venezuela.

Likewise, added to this great problem is the linear economic system implemented worldwide, which also causes a high rate of waste. Moreover, the construction industry is considered one of the major sources of environmental damage in the world, hence the role of construction in addressing climate change issues becomes highly important at the global level.

Pilar Mercader-Moyano, Paula Porras-Pereira

Chapter 4. Identification of the Minimum Habitability Conditions

Abstract

As of today, there is no universal solution to give refuge to people in situations of forced displacement, but there are distinct methods that attempt to mitigate the damage to those who have lost everything. One such method that tries to improve the quality of its actions during disaster responses is the Sphere Project, created by a group of humanitarian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, in order to develop a set of universal minimum standards in essential areas of humanitarian responses.

The Humanitarian Charter and minimum standards will not certainly stop humanitarian crises from happening, nor they can prevent human suffering. What they offer, though, is an opportunity for the enhancement of assistance with the objective of making a difference to the lives of people affected by a disaster.

Pilar Mercader-Moyano, Paula Porras-Pereira

Chapter 5. Analysis of Contemporary Emergency Housing

Abstract

Refugee camps are not intended to be a long-term solution; the assistance provided in them is temporary, that is, until the circumstances are favourable for the refugees to be able to return to their countries of origin in dignified conditions. The type of accommodation available to displaced people who arrive searching for a safer place depends on the time that these people will be using it and on different environmental and anthropological factors. In these situations, the essential purpose is to cover the need of a shelter in a space that provides warmth, security, and comfort to its users, and where they can progressively resume their lives until they can return to their country of origin.

Already knowing the characteristics of the settlements in which this research is focused, an exhaustive analysis of different case studies already executed or recently designed was accomplished. Mainly, dwellings and prototypes that have already been used in a disaster or conflict situation have been selected to be able to compare their effectiveness. Furthermore, some of the prototypes selected have not yet been mass-produced, due to their academic nature or because they are still in an evaluation process, but which show some aspects of interest.

Pilar Mercader-Moyano, Paula Porras-Pereira

Chapter 6. Definition of the Sustainability Criteria in the Materials Used: Cradle-to-Cradle Certified Products

Abstract

In this situation of excessive consumption of natural resources and immoderate production of waste, the importance of establishing a new economic model of a cyclical nature, the circular economy, is evident. This system aims to optimize the life of each material by reducing the environmental impact that generates the production process, thus creating an economy that is both sustainable and profitable. Currently, there is a need to think of new ways of producing and consuming, valuing the components of the products, thus recovering, at the end of their life cycle, the raw materials with which they have been manufactured or reusing their components for new purposes. From this need, the Cradle-to-Cradle Products Innovation Institute was created, whose basic principles are ensuring that materials are safe for humans and the environment, allowing a circular economy through the design of products and processes, preserving the environment, and respecting human rights, thus contributing to a just and equitable society.

Considering all the points studied in the previous chapters, an action protocol has been executed for the design of emergencies housing. This design protocol for emergency housing is sectioned in two parts: functionality and materiality.

Pilar Mercader-Moyano, Paula Porras-Pereira

Chapter 7. Results and Discussion

Abstract

As previously mentioned, to verify the applicability of the developed protocol, a field work was executed in both an unorganized and an organized settlements that fulfil the characteristics of a refugee camp: Subaşi camp, located in the province of Izmir, in Turkey, and Maicao camp, located in the department of La Guajira, in Colombia.

Considering the action protocol executed for the design of emergencies housing, a prototype has been developed to apply the comprised guidelines and hence verify its viability. As a result of the restrictive peculiarities of emergency housing, the range of materials that would work correctly for the final prototype are few, as the materials used have to fit within a circular economy, and must be able to adapt to an ephemeral, flexible, architecture, removable, portable, and cooperative capacity of its users in the construction.

The prototype designed prioritises the inhabitants, maintaining human dignity, and sustaining family and community life.

Pilar Mercader-Moyano, Paula Porras-Pereira

Chapter 8. Conclusions

Abstract

The increase of forcibly displaced people in recent years due to natural disasters, armed conflicts, and pandemics has favoured a rise in the number of temporary accommodations. Nowadays, this type of housing tends to have a short lifespan, deepening the environmental impact and the generation of waste. Likewise, added to this great problematic is the linear economic system implemented worldwide, which also causes a high rate of waste. These two current concerns have been addressed in this investigation, reaching the conclusion that the factors that characterize emergency architecture make this an exemplification where concerns around the sustainability factor are applied in a practical way.

The study shows that the factors that characterize emergency architecture can be an excellent example where the issues around the sustainability factor are applied in a practical way. The proposed prototype becomes the starting point to continue with this line of work, implementing all the precepts previously seen in existing emergency housing prototypes or in new designs that may arise.

Pilar Mercader-Moyano, Paula Porras-Pereira

Backmatter

Titel: Circular Economy in Emergency Housing: Eco-Efficient Prototype Design for Subaşi Refugee Camp in Turkey and Maicao Refugee Camp in Colombia
verfasst von: Pilar Mercader-Moyano
Paula Porras-Pereira
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-32770-4
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-32772-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32770-4