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Erschienen in:
The Paradoxical Place of Territory in International Law Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

10. Citizenship at Home and Across Borders

verfasst von : Ernst M.H. Hirsch Ballin

Erschienen in: Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 2016

Verlag: T.M.C. Asser Press

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Abstract

This chapter focuses on citizenship as an increasingly important aspect of the relationship between international law and the delineation of territories. Traditionally, nation-states are tilted towards an identification of their established population with its nationality. In times of rapidly growing migration and border-crossing relations, this identification is under pressure and requires additional—often contested—rules about acquisition and loss of citizenship. At first sight, increasing hyper-connectivity on a global scale would seem to diminish the importance of territoriality for citizenship. However, a re-assessment of the importance of citizenship for the realization of fundamental rights supports paradoxically a connection of citizenship with the territoriality of a democratic society. The notion of citizenship has to be reconnected to that of territory, but in a different manner than in the past. The territorial state provides the constitutional setting for citizenship free from ethnic privileges and prejudices. This means that the state should constitute the democratic home for people who participate in its social, economic and cultural life.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Extraterritorial Obligations and the Obligation to Protect
Nächstes Kapitel Territoriality and Asylum Law: The Use of Territorial Jurisdiction to Circumvent Legal Obligations and Human Rights Law Responses
Fußnoten
1
According to Article 1 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, 165 LNTS 19, signed 26 December 1933, ‘[t]he state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states’.
 
2
Rubenstein and Lenagh-Maguire 2011.
 
3
Hirsch Ballin 2014, at 71.
 
4
Hirsch Ballin 1995.
 
5
Koskenniemi 2012, at 58.
 
6
MacCormick 1999, at 17.
 
7
Troper 2012.
 
8
Crawford and Koskenniemi 2012, at 9.
 
9
Halberstam 2012, at 589 and 591.
 
10
Simma and Müller 2012.
 
11
Koja 1993, at 17.
 
12
Simma and Müller 2012, at 141–142.
 
13
Lesaffer 2009, at 382.
 
14
Ibid., at 233. Serfs who sheltered for a year and a day in a medieval city became free citizens (‘Stadtluft macht frei’); see Hirsch Ballin 2014, at 4.
 
15
Ibid., at 383.
 
16
McMeekin 2013.
 
17
Crosby 1997; Branch 2014.
 
18
Glenn 2013, at 63.
 
19
Ibid., at 93.
 
20
Judson and Rozenbilt 2005.
 
21
Branch 2014, at 19.
 
22
According to the Oxford English Dictionary (see Glenn 2013, at 92) for the first time in 1918.
 
23
Branch 2014, at 96.
 
24
Leerssen 2010; Leerssen 2011.
 
25
MacCormick 1999, at 182.
 
26
de Groot 1989.
 
27
de Jong 2010.
 
28
See the overview in Bauböck et al. 2006.
 
29
Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v Guatemala), ICJ, Second Phase, Judgement, 6 April 1955, at 4.
 
30
1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UNGA Resolution 217 A (III), UN Doc A/810 91 (UDHR).
 
31
1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 999 UNTS 171 (ICCPR), Article 23(4).
 
32
Article 12(4) ICCPR, which relates to nationality, as this is a right that is generally associated with this status. This right  recognizes the special relationship of a person to that country, see also UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 27, Article 12 (Freedom of Movement), UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.9, 2 November 1999.
 
33
1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 1989 UNTS 175.
 
34
1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1577 UNTS 3.
 
35
1969 American Convention on Human Rights, 1144 UNTS 123.
 
36
To some extent, one can see similar developments in the context of the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, ETS 5 (ECHR) when looking at the case law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding Article 8 ECHR (cf. Karassev v Finland, ECtHR, Decision on Admissibility, No 31414/96, 12 January 1999, and ensuing case law).
 
37
1997 European Convention on Nationality, ETS 166 (ECN), Article 7.
 
38
Case C-135/08 (Janko Rottmann v Freistaat Bayern) ECJ Grand chamber, Judgement, ECLI:EU:C:2010:104, 2 March 2010.
 
39
Shachar 2009.
 
40
The Dutch Senate [Eerste Kamer] is currently considering this proposal, see Kamerstuk, Wijziging van de Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap in verband met het intrekken van het Nederlanderschap in het belang van de nationale veiligheid. Kamerstukken I 2015-16 34356-(R2064) No. A.
 
41
van Waas 2016.
 
42
Ibid., at 481–482.
 
43
See also Soysal 1994.
 
44
1952 Protocol 1 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, ETS 9.
 
45
1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1249 UNTS 13.
 
46
Pildes 2012.
 
47
Aleinikoff and Klusmeyer 2001 at 87.
 
48
Hirsch Ballin 2014; Adviescommissie voor Vreemdelingenzaken (Advisory Committee on Migration Affairs, ACVZ) (2008), Nederlanderschap in een Onbegrensde Wereld. Advies over het Nederlandse Beleid Inzake Meervoudige Nationaliteit (Dutch Citizenship in a Borderless World. Opinion on the Dutch Policy on Multiple Nationality), https://​acvz.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​2015/​06/​Advies-ACVZ-NR27-2008.​pdf, accessed 10 February 2017.
 
49
Cf. the use of this expression by Orr 2008.
 
50
Malfatti et al. 2011, at 101–112.
 
51
Hirsch Ballin 2014, at 68.
 
52
Avi-Yonah 2002.
 
53
Ibid., at 199.
 
54
Cf. the Janus-faced nature of citizenship as noted by Butenschøn 2003, at 556.
 
55
Weidenhaus 2015.
 
56
Cf. Domingo 2010, at 106–107.
 
57
Shachar 2011, at 115; Hirsch Ballin 2014, at 83.
 
58
Arendt 2000, at 37.
 
59
2012 Treaty on the European Union (Consolidated version), C 326/13 (TEU), Articles 9 and 10, which establish EU citizenship and democratic representation, as well as 2012 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (Consolidated version), C 326/47 (TFEU), Article 20 regarding the rights and duties of EU citizens, and specifically Article 22 TFEU which arranges the voting rights mentioned above.
 
61
The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of four autonomous countries in Europe and the Caribbean with a common single nationality and a mainly federalist constitutional structure. Equal rights are also under attack in the Netherlands, where—so far unsuccessful—attempts were made to limit the right of access of citizens from the Caribbean to the European territory of the state.
 
62
Branch 2014, at 184.
 
63
Cf. Weidenhaus 2015.
 
64
Miller 2016, at 141.
 
65
Hirsch Ballin 2014, Chap. 4.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Citizenship at Home and Across Borders
verfasst von
Ernst M.H. Hirsch Ballin
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Buch
Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 2016

Print ISBN: 978-94-6265-206-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-94-6265-207-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-207-1_10

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