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Erschienen in:
2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel
4. Classification of Calculating Aids and Related Instruments
verfasst von : Herbert Bruderer
Erschienen in: Milestones in Analog and Digital Computing
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
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Abstract
The chapter “Classification of Calculating Aids and Related Instruments” elaborates a classification of analog and digital mechanical and electronic calculating devices and machines that eliminates contradictions as well as possible. This also considers plotting and measuring devices, as well as astronomical instruments. Calculations are performed with all of these tools. The chapter describes the differences between calculating aids and calculating machines, adding and calculating machines, and mathematical machines and mathematical instruments. Planimeters, pantographs, sectors, proportional compasses, protractors, clinometers, coordinatographs, quadrants, sextants, and octants are introduced. Furthermore, the intercept theorems are explained. Among the popular calculating aids are also mathematical tables. Finally, the classification is recapitulated in the form of a list and a table.