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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Cold War Journalism as Utility: Leveraging Foreign Media Content

verfasst von : Kevin Grieves

Erschienen in: Cold War Journalism

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Sometimes, exposure to foreign information might be politically expedient for either side. Allowing coverage by news organizations from the other side might lead to valuable publicity on the home front, even if the foreign audience reacts negatively. This chapter examines circumstances in which governments, media organizations, and individuals did not seek to block or restrict journalistic activity across the Iron Curtain because some sort of perceived benefit could be reaped. This chapter draws on research on East Germans listening to the U.S. government-run station RIAS Berlin as well as research on listening to Radio Moscow in North America during the Cold War. The chapter also examines international reactions to a CBS documentary film on life in East Germany during the early 1960s.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Cold War Journalism as Threat: Shielding Against Foreign Media Content

Nächstes Kapitel Celebrating Transnational Journalistic Connections

Jack Gould, “TV: Documentary on East Germany Called Journalistic Coup,” New York Times, Jan. 5, 1962, p. 59.

“Amerika sah die DDR,” Berliner Zeitung, January 7, 1962, p. 5.

The Berliner Zeitung article refers to a five-column piece in the New York Times by a journalist identified only as “Nicholson.” A thorough page-by-page review of the print edition of the Times (via the New York Times’ TimesMachine archive of full-page scans of print edition during the period in question) located only the Jack Gould column discussing the documentary. Gould’s piece spans five columns on the page, but the focus on the documentary takes up only one of those. Gould does use the terms “incisive, human,” which seem to be replicated in the East German article with the equivalent “eindrucksvoll und menschlich.”

“Amerika sah die DDR.”

Gould, “TV: Documentary on East Germany Called Journalistic Coup.”

“Verstärkter Kampf gegen Sabotage,” Neue Zeit, January 27, 1950, 2; “Der Beschluß der Regierung,” Neues Deutschland, January 28, 1950, 4.

See for example Donald R. Browne, “RIAS Berlin: A Case Study of a Cold War Broadcast Operation,” Journal of Broadcasting 10 (Spring 1966): 119–135; Richard H. Cummings, Cold War Radio: The Dangerous History of American Broadcasting in Europe, 1950–1989 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co., 2009); Patrick Major, “Listening behind the curtain: BBC broadcasting to East Germany and its Cold War echo,” Cold War History 13, no. 2 (2013): 255–275; Richard L. Merritt, “Divided Airwaves: The Electronic Media and Political Community in Postwar Berlin,” International Political Science Review 7, no. 4 (1986): 369–399; Nicholas J. Schlosser, Cold War on the Airwaves: The Radio Propaganda War against East Germany (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2015), Chap. 5. See also Airy Curtains in the European Ether, ed. Alexander Badenoch, Andreas Fickers, and Christian Henrich-Francke (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2013).

Patrick Major and Rana Mitter, “East is East and West is West? Towards a Comparative Socio-Cultural History of the Cold War,” in Across the Blocs: Cold War Cultural and Social History, ed. Rana Mitter and Patrick Major (London: Frank Cass, 2004), 9.

Petra Galle, RIAS Berlin und Berliner Rundfunk 1945–1949 (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2003); Herbert Kundler, RIAS Berlin: Eine Radio-Station in einer geteilten Stadt (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 2002), 2nd ed.

“Für den Rundfunkhörer,” Neue Zeit, March 23, 1949, 6.

See for example Alexander Badenoch, Voices in Ruins: West German Radio Across the 1945 Divide (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).

Schlosser (2015), 16.

Galle (2003), 292–294.

“RIAS auf Welle 477,” Neue Zeit, December 20, 1947, 3.

“RIAS-Sendung über die Ernährungslage,” Neue Zeit, July 17, 1947, 4.

“Feder-Funk an der ‘Plumpe,’” Berliner Zeitung, September 5, 1947, 4.

“Heute auf dem Herthaplatz,” Berliner Zeitung, October 23, 1948, 4.

“Neue amerikanische Musik: ‘Stimmen der Völker,’” Berliner Zeitung, April 22, 1947, 3.

“Die alte Jungfer und der Dieb,” Berliner Zeitung, July 1, 1947, 3.

“Musik des Sonntags,” Neue Zeit, June 14, 1949, 4.

Werner Fiedler, “Amerikanische Kunst in Berlin/Ein Rückblick,” Neue Zeit, July 19, 1947, 2.

“Ein Stilfehler,” Neue Zeit, May 3, 1949, 1.

Schlosser (2015), 30–31.

Schlosser (2015), 5.

Rochelle B. Price, “Jamming and the Law of International Communications,” Michigan Journal of International Law 5, no. 1 (1984): 391; 399.

George W. Woodard, “Cold War Radio Jamming,” in A. Ross Johnson and R. Eugene Parta (eds.), Cold War Broadcasting: Impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010): 53.

See for example Memorandum of Conversation, Yuri Zhukov (Chair of Soviet State Committee for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries) and George Allen (USIA Director), September 15, 1959, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, Eastern Europe; Finland; Greece; Turkey, Volume X, Part 2, document 18. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v10p2/d18

See for example Kim Andrew Elliott, “Program Preferences of North American Shortwave Listeners,” Gazette 29, no. 3 (1982): 197–208; Don Smith, “Is there a U.S. Audience for International Broadcasts?” Journalism Quarterly 39, no. 1 (1962): 86–87; Don D. Smith, “Student audiences for international broadcasts,” Journal of Broadcasting 15, no. 1 (1970): 65–72.

Edna C. Sorber, “An Analysis of the Persuasion Used in Radio Moscow’s North American Service,” unpublished dissertation (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, 1959).

William S. Howell, “The North American Service of Radio Moscow,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 46, no. 3 (1960): 262–269.

Simo Mikkonen, “To Control the World’s Information Flows – Soviet Cold War Broadcasting,” in Alexander Badenoch, Andreas Fickers and Christian Henrich-Franke (eds.), Airy Curtains in the European Ether: Broadcasting and the Cold War (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2013): 260–265.

“Ear on Russian agriculture,” Broadcasting, April 6, 1959, 93.

See for example “Radio Moscow Plays Anthem for American,” Associated Press via Baltimore Sun, April 20, 1958, p. 2.

Randall S. Sumpter and Eric W. Rothenbuhler, “‘Operation Matthew’: The Cold War Comes to the Top 40,” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 55, no. 1 (2011): 1–18.

“Moscow News to be Broadcast,” UPI via Albuquerque Journal, Jan. 28, 1962, B11.

Sumpter and Rothenbuhler (2011).

“3 From N.E. Hit Jackpot In Radio Moscow Quiz,” Boston Globe, October 31, 1957, 1.

“Russ Radio Quiz Extolls Soviet Gains,” UPI via Kenosha Evening News, October 31, 1959, 6.

“‘Fix-Proof’ Dullness,” Traverse City Record-Eagle, November 2, 1959, 4.

Gary Thatcher, “Comrade Joe Adamov tells it all to you,” Christian Science Monitor, July 9, 1986, https://www.csmonitor.com/1986/0709/oadam.html

Magee Adams, “Radio,” Cincinnati Enquirer, May 16, 1975, I-6.

“Oh! the ‘Red’ Tape,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 13, 1979, 6.

Kay Bartlett, “Propaganda babble costing billions fills airwaves,” Associated Press via Southern Illinoisan, December 30, 1984, 21.

W.H. Earle, “Radio Moscow News Broadcasts are Rather Peculiar,” Sacramento Bee, March 21, 1982, Forum 1.

Anton Remenih, “Moscow Radio Appeals to U.S. for Fan Mail,” Chicago Tribune, June 16, 1951, H1.

“Moscow Mailbag,” 1964, exact date unknown. WNYC archives id: 150291, https://www.wnyc.org/story/150291-moscow-mailbag

“Moscow Mailbag,” exact date unknown. WNYC archives ID: 150022, https://www.wnyc.org/story/moscow-mailbag-letters-from-america

“Moscow Mailbag,” 1964, exact date unknown. WNYC archives ID: 150291, https://www.wnyc.org/story/150291-moscow-mailbag

“Moscow Mailbag,” 1965, exact date unknown. WNYC archives ID 150295, https://www.wnyc.org/story/moscow-mailbag

“Moscow Mailbag,” 1964 or 1965, exact date unknown. WNYC archives ID 150286, https://www.wnyc.org/story/150286-moscow-mailbag

“Moscow Mailbag,” 1964, exact date unknown. WNYC archives ID 150291, https://www.wnyc.org/story/150291-moscow-mailbag

“Moscow Mailbag,” exact date unknown, WNYC archives ID 92398, https://www.wnyc.org/story/92398-moscow-mailbag

“Moscow Mailbag,” exact date unknown. WNYC archives ID: 150022, https://www.wnyc.org/story/moscow-mailbag-letters-from-america

Tom Tiede, “Radio Moscow’s ‘Mailbag’ show sells Soviet lifestyle,” The (Flagstaff, AZ) Sun, August 26, 1986, 15.

John D. Lofton, “Radio Moscow’s funny answer man,” Galveston Daily News, March 7, 1980, 4-A.

“Broadcast Answers Queries on Russians,” Spokane Chronicle, April 28, 1959, 3.

See for example “Student gets a peek under Iron Curtain,” Associated Press via South Bend Tribune, March 28, 1985, 1.

“Americans listen to Radio Moscow,” Tallahassee Democrat-Sun, May 11, 1980 (TV Week), 39.

“South Florida listeners bombarded with Radio Moscow,” Lincoln Star, June 1, 1980, 2G.

Christopher Perzanowski, “A Florida Evening with Radio Moscow,” Miami Herald, March 1, 1981, 5E.

“Radio Moscow has some AM broadcasters hearing red,” Broadcasting, June 8, 1987, 68–69.

Minutes of National Security Planning Group Meeting, May 17, 1988. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1981–1988, Volume VI, Soviet Union, October 1986–January 1989, Document 154. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1981-88v06/d154

Spartak P. Alexeyev, Editor-in Chief, Radio Moscow, “Applying the spirit of Geneva,” The Berkshire Eagle, March 5, 1986, 6.

Tom McManus, KPBS station manager, quoted in “Getting Moscow on the line,” Broadcasting, May 30, 1988, 48.

Andrei Korolyov, “Radio Moscow: Broadcasting for Americans,” Soviet Life, May 1988, 63.

Hilliard Harper, “Hello, Yelena Petushkova? Go Ahead, Please, You’re on the Air,” Los Angeles Times, March 25, 1988, VI-1.

Kevin Brass, “Soviet Broadcaster Would Prefer Less U.S. Diplomacy,” Los Angeles Times, November 12, 1988, V-1.

Will Lewis, KCRW consultant, quoted in Hilliard Harper, “‘Calling Moscow’ Survives Bumps, Hopes to Grow,” Los Angeles Times, April 6, 1989, VI-4.

Marcel H. Van Herpen, Putin’s Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016): 74.

Anke Fiedler and Michael Meyen, “The steering of the press in the socialist states of Eastern Europe: the German Democratic Republic (GDR) as a case study,” Cold War History 15, no. 4 (2015): 449–470.

CBS Reports. “East Germany: The Land Beyond the Wall.” Airdate: Jan. 4, 1962. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, 2002; video recording.

Schorr, Staying Tuned, p. 161–162.

Christian Klusemann, “Nationale Tradition zwischen Theorie und Praxis: Die Wettbewerbe in den Aufbaustädten Magdeburg und Rostock von 1952,” in Sigrid Hofer and Andreas Butter (eds.), Blick Zurück nach vorn: Architektur und Stadtplanung in der DDR (Marburg: Kunstgeschichtliches Institut, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2017): 104–127.

CBS Reports. “East Germany: The Land Beyond the Wall.”

Ibid.

Anita Krätzner-Ebert, “Der Mauerbau und die Universitäten der DDR,” Die Hochschule: Journal für Wissenschaft und Bildung 24, no. 1 (2015): 12–23. https://www.hof.uni-halle.de/journal/texte/15_1/Kraetzner-Ebert.pdf

CBS Reports. “East Germany: The Land Beyond the Wall.”

Daniel Einstein, Special Edition: A Guide to Network Television Documentary Series and Special News Reports, 1955–1979 (Metuchen, NJ: 1987): 120, 123.

Jack Gould, “TV: Documentary on East Germany Called Journalistic Coup,” New York Times, Jan. 5, 1962, p. 59.

“Tonight’s TV Previews,” Orlando Evening Star, January 4, 1962: 20.

“TV Today,” Delaware County Daily Times, January 4, 1962: 35.

“TV Program Notes,” Minneapolis Star, January 4, 1962: 15.

Harry Harris, “East German Portrait is Disturbing,” The Philadelphia Enquirer, January 5, 1962: 24.

Ben Gross, “CBS Show Reveals Life in Communist E. Germany,” New York Daily News, January 5, 1962: 78.

“Report on East Germany is Feather in C.B.S. Cap,” The (Louisville) Courier Journal, January 5, 1962: 18.

Bettelou Peterson, “1961 Relived in Vivid TV Review,” Detroit Free Press, January 5, 1962: 29.

Harriet Van Horne, “CBS Distinguishes Itself With ‘Behind the Wall’ Report,” El Paso Herald, January 5, 1962: 6.

Fred Danzig (UPI), “TV in Review,” The Shreveport Journal, January 5, 1962: 9.

Leonard Hoffman, “TV Previews,” Tucson Daily Citizen, May 17, 1962: 46.

For ex. Flora Lewis, “Reds Now Appear Reluctant to Aggravate Crisis on Berlin,” Washington Post, January 8, 1962: A7.

“Unser Hauptanliegen: Westberlinfrage lösen – Wortlaut des Interviews W. Ulbrichts mit dem Vertreter des amerikanischen Fernsehens CBS, Schorr,” Berliner Zeitung, January 5, 1962, p. 3; “Souveränität der DDR achten! Westberlin keine USA-Kolonie!” Neues Deutschland, January 5, 1962, p. 2.

Ibid.

“Ami-Besatzer, Beine vom Tisch! Bürger der Hauptstadt der DDR zum Fernsehinterview Walter Ulbrichts,” Neues Deutschland, January 7, 1962, p. 1.

Schorr, Staying Tuned, p. 161.

See for ex. Wilfried Loth, Stalin’s Unwanted Child: The Soviet Union, the German Question and the Founding of the GDR (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998). The U.S. did not formally recognize the GDR as a sovereign state until 1974.

See for ex. Nancy Bernhard, U.S. Television News and Cold War Propaganda, 1947–1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Badenoch, Alexander. 2008. Voices in Ruins: West German Radio Across the 1945 Divide. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef

Badenoch, Alexander, Andreas Fickers, and Christian Henrich-Francke, eds. 2013. Airy Curtains in the European Ether. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

Browne, Donald R. 1966. RIAS Berlin: A Case Study of a Cold War Broadcast Operation. Journal of Broadcasting 10: 119–135.CrossRef

Cummings, Richard H. 2009. Cold War Radio: The Dangerous History of American Broadcasting in Europe. Jefferson: McFarland & Co.

Einstein, Daniel. 1987. Special Edition: A Guide to Network Television Documentary Series and Special News Reports, 1955–1979. Metuchen: Scarecrow.

Elliott, Kim Andrew. 1982. Program Preferences of North American Shortwave Listeners. Gazette 29 (3): 197–208.CrossRef

Fiedler, Anke. 2014. Medienlenkung in der DDR. Köln: Böhlau Verlag.

Fiedler, Anke, and Michael Meyen. 2015. The Steering of the Press in the Socialist States of Eastern Europe: The German Democratic Republic (GDR) as a Case Study. Cold War History 15 (5): 449–470.CrossRef

Galle, Petra. 2003. RIAS Berlin und Berliner Rundfunk 1945–1949. Münster: LIT Verlag.

Howell, William S. 1960. The North American Service of Radio Moscow. The Quarterly Journal of Speech 46 (3): 262–269.CrossRef

Klusemann, Christian. 2017. Nationale Tradition zwischen Theorie und Praxis: Die Wettbewerbe in den Aufbaustädten Magdeburg und Rostock von 1952. In Blick Zurück nach vorn: Architektur und Stadtplanung in der DDR, ed. Sigrid Hofer and Andreas Butter, 104–127. Marburg: Kunstgeschichtliches Institut, Philipps-Universität Marburg.

Krätzner-Ebert, Anita. 2015. Der Mauerbau und die Universitäten der DDR. Die Hochschule: Journal für Wissenschaft und Bildung 24 (1): 12–23. https://www.hof.uni-halle.de/journal/texte/15_1/Kraetzner-Ebert.pdf

Kundler, Herbert. 2002. RIAS Berlin: Eine Radio-Station in einer geteilten Stadt. 2nd ed. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.

Loth, Wilfried. 1998. Stalin’s Unwanted Child: The Soviet Union, the German Question and the Founding of the GDR. New York: St. Martin’s Press.CrossRef

Major, Patrick. 2013. Listening Behind the Curtain: BBC Broadcasting to East Germany and Its Cold War Echo. Cold War History 13 (2): 255–275.CrossRef

Major, Patrick, and Rana Mitter. 2004. East is East and West Is West? Towards a Comparative Socio-Cultural History of the Cold War. In Across the Blocs: Cold War Cultural and Social History, ed. Rana Mitter and Patrick Major, 1–22. London: Frank Cass.CrossRef

Merritt, Richard L. 1986. Divided Airwaves: The Electronic Media and Political Community in Postwar Berlin. International Political Science Review 7 (4): 369–399.CrossRef

Mikkonen, Simo. 2013. To Control the World’s Information Flows – Soviet Cold War Broadcasting. In Airy Curtains in the European Ether: Broadcasting and the Cold War, ed. Alexander Badenoch, Andreas Fickers, and Christian Henrich-Franke, 241–269. Baden-Baden: Nomos.

Price, Rochelle B. 1984. Jamming and the Law of International Communications. Michigan Journal of International Law 5 (1): 391–403. https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1841&context=mjil.

Schlosser, Nicholas J. 2015. Cold War on the Airwaves: The Radio Propaganda War Against East Germany. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.CrossRef

Schorr, Daniel. 2001. Staying Tuned: A Life in Journalism. New York: Pocket Books.

Smith, Don. 1962. Is There a U.S. Audience for International Broadcasts? Journalism Quarterly 39 (1): 86–87.CrossRef

———. 1970. Student Audiences for International Broadcasts. Journal of Broadcasting 15 (1): 65–72.CrossRef

Sorber, Edna C. 1959. An Analysis of the Persuasion Used in Radio Moscow’s North American Service. Madison: University of Wisconsin, Unpublished Dissertation.

Sumpter, Randall S., and Eric W. Rothenbuhler. 2011. “Operation Matthew”: The Cold War Comes to the Top 40. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 55 (1): 1–18.CrossRef

Woodard, George W. 2010. Cold War Radio Jamming. In Cold War Broadcasting: Impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, ed. A. Ross Johnson and R. Eugene Parta, 51–63. Budapest: Central European University Press.

Titel: Cold War Journalism as Utility: Leveraging Foreign Media Content
verfasst von: Kevin Grieves
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Cold War Journalism
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-65639-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-65640-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65640-9_4