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Energy Efficiency

01.08.2011

Consistency of the French white certificates evaluation system with the framework proposed for the European energy services

verfasst von: Jean-Sébastien Broc, Dominique Osso, Paul Baudry, Jérôme Adnot, Luc Bodineau, Bernard Bourges

Erschienen in: Energy Efficiency | Ausgabe 3/2011

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Abstract

According to the directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy services (ESD), the European Member States shall adopt a national indicative energy savings target of 9% (or beyond) in 2016. The issue of the energy savings evaluation is crucial for its implementation. The French White Certificates (FWC) scheme is one of the important measures for France to fulfill its ESD target. However, the accountings of energy savings in the FWC scheme and in the ESD are different. Therefore, an analysis of the consistency of the two systems is needed. A concrete example of actions on residential buildings is used to illustrate the challenges for policy marker and stakeholders to set harmonized evaluation rules. The FWC and ESD calculations appear to be consistent from a physics point of view, as long as calculations are well-documented. But due to differences in the policy objectives, calculation routines may be necessary to convert national energy savings unit (e.g., kWh cumac) into supranational energy savings unit (e.g., ESD kWh). Finally, the work done to establish a transparent evaluation system brings additional benefits (e.g., increased visibility and quality of the actions), which will improve the results of the energy efficiency policies on long term.

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Fußnoten
1
Initially Task Force 190 now converted in Joint Working Group 4 Energy Efficiency and saving calculation.
 
2
See the task XXI of the IEA Demand Side Management Agreement: http://​www.​ieadsm.​org/​ViewTask.​aspx?​ID=​16&​Task=​21&​Sort=​0
 
3
Mainly free-rider and spill-over effects; see the corresponding definitions further in the text.
 
4
ESD implementation covers 9 years (2008–2016). The national targets were calculated in 2007, and consist for each Member-State of 9% (or above) of its annual average energy consumption (in absolute terms [GWh]), based on a reference period (the most recent 5-year period previous to 2008, for which data were available). The energy consumption taken into account in the ESD does not include that covered by the European Emission Trading Scheme (see Directive 2003/87/EC).
 
5
But the EMEEES projet produced also results for top-down evaluations.
 
6
Evaluation and Monitoring for the EU directive on Energy End-Use Efficiency and Energy Services (project including research centers, energy agencies and stakeholders), see (EMEEES 2007).
 
7
For more details on the results of the project, see (Thomas et al. 2009; Vreuls et al. 2008).
 
8
Also called Energy Savings Certificates (ESC).
 
9
This mechanism has also been used or considered in Australia (South Wales) and in the United States (Vine and Hamrin 2008).
 
10
TWhcumac means “annual savings lifetime cumulated and discounted”.
 
11
On the basis of an average lifetime of 13 years (corresponding to a discount coefficient of 10.39) (DRIRE 2009).
 
12
This kind of rebound effect may occur when an energy-efficient technology, building or service is used more extensively, since final users achieved savings from their energy bills. An overview of rebound effects could be found in (Greening et al. 2000).
 
13
Double counting is an issue specific to bottom-up evaluations, and deals with the risk that the same actions be reported several times (e.g., a variable speed drive installed due to an energy audit and a subsidies scheme, and reported for both measures). Definitions of multiplier (or spill-over) and free-rider effects can be found in (Vine 2008).
 
14
These studies look at whether the equipments are still in place and correctly used, and whether the action performances change over time.
 
15
This lifetime has often to be estimated, also taking into account for how long the existing equipment will continue functioning after the retrofit.
 
16
As current regulations and market shares are taken into account when considering the baseline and the eligibility conditions, the FWC calculation forms have been updated when necessary (for example due to the building code for existing buildings which entered into force in 2007).
 
17
For example, the reference for A+ fridge is the average efficiency based on market share (A and B-label).
 
18
Here data refers to data sources (e.g., national statistics) while value refers to the corresponding numerical figure used in the calculations.
 
19
- bonus (×2) for actions implemented in the overseas (DOM): the aim is to induce actions in these territories as they have higher electricity production costs;
- malus (×0.5) for “not BAT (Best Available Technique)” actions: for some equipments, several levels of energy performance may be available on the market. A performance threshold is then defined in the FWC forms, and the eligible but “not BAT” actions are only credited of 50% of their calculated savings in the FWC scheme, in order to induce “BAT” actions (which are credited of 100% of their savings).
 
20
Doing the same with the EMEEES formulas was not possible, as the corresponding needed data were often not available.
 
21
This threshold would have to be defined after a statistical analysis. We didn’t have access to enough data for that.
 
22
“The basis for the calculation of final energy demand (FED) is the specific heat demand of a building, which is determined mainly by the building envelope (area and U values for windows, facade, upper roof and cellar top), some parameters for the use (people living in the building, ventilation), energy gains by the sun, a standard inside temperature (20°C) and a figure for the outside temperature (usually: heating degree days)” (Amman et al. 2009, p.20).
 
23
“Specific heat demand usually refers to a reference climate and therefore no additional normalization is needed. It should be noticed that the calculation of the specific heat demand may differ from country to country. Generally, this calculation should follow the specifications of the European Norm EN832 (2000)” (ibid., p.20).
 
24
Here, η is not the efficiency of the boiler or the heating system as a technical unit. It is the relation of heat demand to final energy demand for heating and, thus, the characteristics of the whole building have to be considered. The final energy demand (FED) also includes losses by the heating and the distribution system, expressed by efficiency parameters (see Adnot et al. 2009).
 
25
E.g. part of the energy efficiency improvement will be used to increase the inner temperature, and not to decrease the energy consumption.
 
26
Taking account of what data are registered for each participant.
 
27
As explained above, no level 1 scenario was possible for insulation actions. That is why we compare different mix of levels 2 and 3 data.
 
28
In the medium disaggregation approach, we consider that the most accessible information is the climate zone (only related to the postcode) which is written on the invoice.
 
29
ATEE (2006). Technical Association on Energy and Environment. Energy saving certificate: calculation sheet for individual condensing boilers. BR85. rev. 9. January 2006
 
30
In this study, only space heating is taken into account.
 
31
The EDF program considered in this paper included also “low-temperature” boilers. But we keep for our analyses only the condensing boilers, in order to have cases as similar as possible with the one dealt with in the EMEEES method. Likewise, only the consumption related to space heating are included (not the one for sanitary water heating).
 
32
i.e., 80 kWh/m2 for France taking into account climate correction
 
33
First, no UE default value is proposed. Then the EMEEES methods rely on assessing the heating needs (from EPC) while in France the available statistics data are the energy consumption.
 
34
From a qualitative point of view, more data would be needed to define a quantitative threshold.
 
35
More than 15,000 craftsmen followed a training course on complete and efficient building refurbishment under the FWC scheme (DRIRE 2009).
 
36
The OPEN survey shows that the BAT refurbishment for heating space increased from 2006 to 2008 by 166%. Unfortunately, for insulation, only 10% of refurbishment are at the BAT level. However, 34% of dwelling retrofitted were said induced by tax credit and 20% by low value-added tax measures (ADEME 2009).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Consistency of the French white certificates evaluation system with the framework proposed for the European energy services
verfasst von
Jean-Sébastien Broc
Dominique Osso
Paul Baudry
Jérôme Adnot
Luc Bodineau
Bernard Bourges
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2011
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in
Energy Efficiency / Ausgabe 3/2011
Print ISSN: 1570-646X
Elektronische ISSN: 1570-6478
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-010-9100-8