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2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

8. Definition of Climate Conflicts

verfasst von : Silke Marie Christiansen

Erschienen in: Climate Conflicts - A Case of International Environmental and Humanitarian Law

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The last chapter focuses on clarifying the term ‘climate conflict’ with an emphasis on the social response to climate change. Usually a definition would be the starting point of a legal analysis. As already indicated, this study established the facts of its object while analyzing the very same. The definition can thus not be the starting point of this work, because this analysis is the very requirement to draft a definition.

Despite the fact that the ‘climate element’ of the term ‘climate conflict’ is an addendum to the ‘older’ phenomena ‘conflict,’ to establish the ‘conflict’ component proved to be a higher challenge. Much literature can be found on the law of armed conflict (LOAC). Entire libraries can be filled with books relating to what codes are applicable in times of war and in naval conflicts, conflicts on land and in the air, who has to be protected at what time and under which circumstances. However, it is a real challenge to find a definition of the term ‘armed conflict’ or ‘conflict,’ i.e. the actual object of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). When do all these international regulations apply? What are the preconditions? The last chapter will cover these questions by trying to bring some light into the inconsistently used terminology of IHL, which is discussed at length in the chapter on International Humanitarian Law. The examination later draws on Peace and Conflict Studies to complete the legal definition.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Climate Conflicts and International Humanitarian Law

Nächstes Kapitel Conclusion

The preamble of the Hague Convention includes the Martens Clause.

Shelton and Kiss (2000), p. 286.

Kolb and Hyde (2008), p. 63.

Schmahl (2001), p. 57.

Duffield (2000), p. 73.

See e.g.: Hoffmann (2009).

Common article 3 to the Geneva Convention I–IV states:

In the case of an armed conflict not of an international character occurring in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties, each Party to the conflict shall be bound to apply, as a minimum, the following provisions:

(1) Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of the armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause, shall in all circumstances be humanely treated, without any adverse distinction founded on race, color, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria.

To this end, the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and any place whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons:

(a) violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture;

(b) taking of hostage

(c) outrages upon personal dignity, in particular, humiliating and degrading treatment;

(d) the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.

(2) The wounded, sick and shipwrecked shall be collected and cared for.

Additional Protocol II of 1977 adopted, developed and supplemented article 3. Additional Protocol II deals exclusively with non-international armed conflicts. Protocol II adopts a high threshold of application, by expressively providing that it shall not apply to

[…] situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence and other acts of similar nature.

Aust (2005), p. 245.

Boczek (2005), p. 420.

Ibid., p. 419; International Tribunal to the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) Tadić (para. 70); Pictet (1952), p. 29; Fox (2003), p. 22.

Boczek (2005), p. 420.

Kolb and Hyde (2008), p. 270.

Ibid., p. 73.

Ratione loci, refers to the territorial scope of the conflict. This factor needs to be interpreted in the light of climate change. GHGs are emitted in one area and their effects manifest somewhere else.

Ibid.

Goodhand and Hulme (1999), p. 14.

Dahrendorf (1961), pp. 201 f.

Ury et al. (1991), p. 20.

Brown (1983), p. 182.

Glasl (2010), p. 14.

http://hiik.de/.

Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (ed.) (2009), p. 84.

Aust (2005), pp. 254, 255.

http://hiik.de/.

Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (ed.) (2013), p. 9.

Ibid.

Ibid., pp. 9, 10.

In accordance with the idea of ‘extremes’ by Dahrendorf. Dahrendorf (1961), pp. 201 f. See above for explanation.

The active rejection of the claim is established in accordance with the findings of Ury and Brett. Ury et al. (1991), p. 20. See above for explanation.

To exclude the actual use of force from the conflict definition is in line with the jurisdiction of the Tadić case. See: International Tribunal to the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) para. 70; Boczek (2005), p. 419. See above for explanation.

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Duffield M (2000) Globalization, transborder trade, and war economies. In: Berdal M, Malone DM (eds) Greed & grievance: economic agendas in civil wars. Lynne Rienner, Boulder, London

Fox JR (2003) Dictionary of international and comparative law, 3rd edn. Oceana Publications, Inc., Dobbs Ferry, New York

Glasl F (2010) Konfliktmanagement – Ein Handbuch für Führungskräfte, Beraterinnen und Berater, 9th edn. Haupt Verlag Bern, Stuttgart, Wien; Verlag Freies Geistesleben, Stuttgart

Goodhand J, Hulme D (1999) From wars to complex political emergencies: understanding conflict and peacebuilding in the new world order. Third World Q 20(1), Routledge, London

Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (ed) (2009) Conflict Barometer 2009. University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg

Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (ed) (2013) Conflict Barometer 2013. University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg

Hoffmann FG (2009) Hybrid threats: reconceptualizing the evolving character of modern conflict. Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, Washington, DC

Kolb R, Hyde R (2008) An introduction to the international law of armed conflicts. Hart, Oxford, Portland, Oregon

Pictet J (1952) Commentary on the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, vol I. International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva

Schmahl S (2001) Der Menschenrechtsschutz in Friedenszeiten im Vergleich zum Menschenrechtsschutz im Krieg. In: Hasse J, Müller E, Schneider P (eds) Humanitäres Völkerrecht: – Politische, rechtliche und strafrechtliche Dimensionen. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden

Shelton D, Kiss A (2000) Martens clause for environmental protection. Environ Policy Law 30(6), IOS Press

Ury W, Brett JM, Goldberg SB (1991) Getting disputes resolved: designing systems to cut the costs of conflict. Jossey-Bass Inc., San Francisco

Titel: Definition of Climate Conflicts
verfasst von: Silke Marie Christiansen
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Climate Conflicts - A Case of International Environmental and Humanitarian Law
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-27943-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-27945-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27945-9_8