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Erschienen in:
The Politics of Domestic Resource Mobilization for Social Development: An Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

9. Domestic Resource Mobilization for Social Development in Bolivia (1985–2014): Protests, Hydrocarbons and a New State Project

verfasst von : Verónica Paz Arauco

Erschienen in: The Politics of Domestic Resource Mobilization for Social Development

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Paz Arauco examines the economic conditions and political processes underlying the mobilization of domestic resources for social development in Bolivia during a period marked by profound transformations in state-society relations. Protest movements and large-scale social mobilizations called for reclaiming state ownership of natural resources, indigenous and regional empowerment and an economic alternative to neoliberalism. On the fiscal side, nationalization of the hydrocarbon sector by the government of Evo Morales, the country’s first indigenous president, generated positive economic and distributional outcomes. Bolivia’s dependence on foreign resources for funding its social contract ended, ushering in a period of sustained growth and lower rates of poverty and inequality. The author concludes by identifying future challenges.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Sharing the Wealth: The Politics of Subnational Distribution of Natural Resource Revenues
Nächstes Kapitel The Political Economy of Domestic Resource Mobilization in Nicaragua: Changing State-Citizen Relations and Social Development
Fußnoten
1
For comparative figures on tax collections in the region, see OECD et al. (2017). For social expenditure, consult database and statistical publications from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), available at: https://​estadisticas.​cepal.​org/​cepalstat/​Portada.​html.
 
2
Daroca Oller 2016; Paz Arauco 2016; Jiménez Pozo 2017; Paz Arauco and Daroca Oller 2014.
 
3
UNCTAD 2007; United Nations 2003, 2015; Moore 2013.
 
4
In 1982 GDP declined by 3.9 per cent. Between 1980 and 1985 regular revenues from the state fell from 40.1 to 27.1 per cent of GDP. However, during the same period, the interest payments on external debt increased from 3 to 7.2 per cent of GDP (Humérez Quiroz and Mariscal Ayaviri 2005). Hyperinflation reached 27,000 per cent during the first semester of 1985 (Echazú 2002).
 
5
See Table 9.2 and Paz Arauco (2016).
 
6
Civic Committees represent regional interests to the state. They include organizations such as chambers of commerce and industry, professional boards, business people or neighbourhood associations.
 
7
This measure was highly unpopular; 94 per cent of Bolivians expressed their inconformity with the impuestazo, leading to a decrease of the government’s approval rate from 49 to 15 per cent (Daroca Oller 2016).
 
8
The various protests and conflicts further spurred the loss of credibility of the political system for large parts of the population and a growing distrust of the country’s leadership (Daroca Oller 2016). This was reflected in several opinion surveys that were carried out at the time showing the population’s diminishing faith in the capacity of the state to address people’s needs: the ratio of respondents with a negative perspective on state capacity doubled between the years 1998 and 2003, according to the Latinobarómetro (2002–2011).
 
9
Implicit in the sense that it was not the result of formal negotiation processes (Daroca Oller 2016).
 
10
Bolivia is politically and administratively structured in nine departments: La Paz, Oruro, Potosí, Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Tarija, Santa Cruz, Beni and Pando. These nine departments represent a total of 339 municipalities.
 
11
Producing regions obtain 11 per cent of royalties; almost 60 per cent of IDH revenues are distributed to the departmental level (Jiménez Pozo 2017; Daroca Oller 2016).
 
12
For an overview of how renegotiated contracts based on Law 3058 and Decree 28701 compare with the previous law 1689 (Daroca Oller 2016): table 2. Key differences are related to risk distribution, hydrocarbon ownership, distribution of rents, asset ownership and location of arbitration courts.
 
13
The Social Communitarian Productive Economic Model is based on the existence and interaction between two economic sectors: strategic sectors generating a surplus and sectors generating revenue and employment. The strategic sectors are hydrocarbons, mining, electricity and natural resources; the sectors that generate employment and revenues are manufacturing, agriculture, services, trade and others. The role of the state under this new model consists in the redistribution of surpluses from strategic sectors towards sectors that generate employment and revenues (Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas 2011).
 
14
Between 2014 and 2017, public investment in relation to GDP remained above 12 per cent.
 
15
Contrary to the Bono Juancito Pinto and the Renta Dignidad, which have been funded by revenues generated by public enterprises, Bono Juana Azurduy has been funded with foreign resources.
 
16
For a detailed description of social policies that have been implemented since 2006 see UDAPE (2016).
 
17
With regard to the MDGs, Bolivia has been able to reach several of the objectives that had been established until the year 2015, among them MDG 1 (Eradicate Poverty and Hunger), 3 (Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women), 6 (Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases) and 7 (Ensure Environmental Sustainability) (UDAPE 2015).
 
18
Data for the year 2017 are available from Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas (2015).
 
19
Between 2014 and 2017, tax revenues from the hydrocarbon tax decreased from BOB (Bolivian bolivianos) 15.602 million to 6.313 million. See Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas (2015).
 
20
This tax was created with the objective of taxing internal and external commercialization of hydrocarbons.
 
21
These resources include municipal revenues and central government transfers.
 
22
This asset index takes into account two components: (1) household property of communication appliances, such as television and radio as well as appliances for access to information such as access to Internet, computers, landline phones or mobile phones and (2) goods that are used as means of transportation, such as cars, motorcycles or others.
 
Literatur
Crabtree, John, George Gray Molina, and Laurence Whitehead, eds. 2009. Bolivia, Pasado y Presente. La Paz: Plural.
Daroca Oller, Santiago. 2016. Protesta Social y Movilización de Recursos para el Desarrollo social en Bolivia. PDRM Working Paper No. 2016-3. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
Di John, Jonathan. 2010. The Political Economy of Taxation and State Resilience in Zambia Since 1990. Working Paper No. 78, Crisis States Working Papers Series No. 2. London: Crisis States Research Centre at LSE.
Fundación Aru. 2015. Explicando Cambios en Bienestar, Distribución del Ingreso y Pobreza en Bolivia durante los Años 2000. La Paz: Fundación Aru.
Hujo, Katja, ed. 2012. Mineral Rents and the Financing of Social Policy: Opportunities and Challenges. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan and United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
Humérez Quiroz, Julio, and Mirna Mariscal Ayaviri. 2005. Sostenibilidad y Gestión de la Deuda Pública Externa. Análisis Económico Volúmen 20. Unidad de Análisis de Políticas Sociales y Económicas. La Paz: Government of Bolivia.
Jiménez Pozo, Wilson. 2017. Movilización de Recursos Domésticos, Desarrollo Social y Cambio Institucional: Descentralización y Autonomías Municipales en Bolivia. PDRM Working Paper 2017–1. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
Machicado Saravia, Flavio. 2010. Historia Económica de la República de Bolivia (1952–2009). La Paz: Creativa.
Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas. 2011. El Nuevo Modelo Económico, Social, Comunitario y Productivo. Economía Plural. Monthly Publication of the Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas No. 1. La Paz: Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas.
———. 2014. Memoria de le Economía Boliviana 2013. Report. La Paz: Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas.
———. 2015. Memoria de le Economía Boliviana 2014. Report. La Paz: Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas.
Ministerio de Planificación del Desarrollo. 2006. Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. La Paz: Ministerio de Planificación del Desarrollo.
Moore, Mick. 2013. Obstacles to Increasing Tax Revenues in Low Income Countries. ICTD Working Paper No. 15. Brighton: International Centre for Tax and Development/United Nations Research Institute for Social Development/Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America and The Caribbean), CIAT (Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations) and IDB (Inter-American Development Bank). 2017. Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean 2017. Paris: OECD.
Paz Arauco, Verónica. 2014. Nuevos Caminos de la Política Social en Bolivia. El rol de las Transferencias en Efectivo. La Paz: United Nations Development Programme.
———. 2016. El Financiamiento del Desarrollo en Bolivia: Cambios y Continuidades en la Relación Estado-Cooperación Internacional (2006–2013). PDRM Working Paper 2016-15. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
Paz Arauco, Verónica, and Santiago Daroca Oller. 2014. La Movilización de Recursos Domésticos para el Desarrollo Social en Bolivia (1985–2012). Mimeo. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
Peres Cajías, José. 2014. Bolivian Public Finances 1882–2010. The Challenge to Make Social Spending Sustainable. Revista de Historia Economica - Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 32 (1): 77–117.CrossRef
Shultz, Jim. 2008. La Guerra del Agua en Cochabamaba y sus Secuelas. In Desafiando a la Globalización: Historias de la Experiencia Boliviana, ed. Jim Shultz and Melissa Crane Draper, 17–51. La Paz: El Centro para la Democracia.
UDAPE (Unidad de Análisis de la Política Económica). 2015. Dossier de Estadísticas Sociales y Económicas. La Paz: UDAPE. Accessed 13 July 2015. www.​udape.​gob.​bo.
UN (United Nations). 2003. Monterrey Consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development. New York: United Nations.
———. 2015. Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development. New York: United Nations.
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). 2007. Reclaiming Policy Space: Domestic Resource Mobilization and Developmental States. Geneva: UNCTAD.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2005. Informe Temático sobre Desarrollo Humano en Bolivia: La economía más allá del gas. La Paz: UNDP.
———. 2007. Informe Nacional sobre Desarrollo Humano: El Estado del Estado en Bolivia. La Paz: UNDP.
———. 2011. Claves de la Transición del Poder. Cuaderno de Futuro No. 26. La Paz: UNDP.
———. 2015. Informe Regional sobre Desarrollo Humano en América Latina y el Caribe. UNDP Report. La Paz: UNDP.
UNRISD (United Nations Research Institute for Social Development). 2012a. Politics of Domestic Resource Mobilization. Project Proposal. Geneva: UNRISD.
———. 2012b. Mineral Rents and the Financing of Social Policy: Options and Constraints. Research and Policy Brief No. 15. Geneva: UNRISD.
World Bank. 2014. A Measured Approach to Ending Poverty and Boosting Shared Prosperity: Concepts, Data and Twin Goals. Policy Research Report. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Metadaten
Titel
Domestic Resource Mobilization for Social Development in Bolivia (1985–2014): Protests, Hydrocarbons and a New State Project
verfasst von
Verónica Paz Arauco
Copyright-Jahr
2020
Buch
The Politics of Domestic Resource Mobilization for Social Development

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-37594-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-37595-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37595-9_9