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2022 | Buch

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Ecological Building Materials for Deserts and Drylands

verfasst von: Dr. Daniela A. Ottmann

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : SpringerBriefs in Geography

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book examines prospective climate adaptive building materials in desert and drylands in the context of climate change, desertification, urbanisation demands, and the consequent sustainable urban development challenges.

This preliminary collection of ecological materials covers the characterisation of biotic and abiotic resources for materials, their specifications and benefits for adequate bio-climatic design and construction. Particular emphasis is given to ecological composite materials for advances in desert architecture.

Based on the initial collection, the book culminates with potentials for new ecological building materials. The "eComposite Combinator" matrix offers potential research recipes and encourages the reader to conduct further climate-matters related research.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Building, Climate, Matters: Are We Creating the Right Future?

Abstract

The ongoing debate over observed climate change and urbanisation has centred around three critical questions: (Climate Zones) how can greenhouse gas emissions associated with urbanisation and construction in deserts and drylands be reduced in the future, (Climate design) which geographical locations will be most impacted by ongoing desertification rates, and (material, resources, and comfort) to what extent will climate-adaptive design and adequate material systems change have an effect on future. Yet, for an adequate climate design of healthy houses, especially in hot arid climate zones, there is a universe to discover alternatives to the ‘new’ old-fashioned (and undisputed climate change enhancers) plastic, concrete, and steel. The purpose of this publication is to synthesise existing knowledge about resources and ecological material systems with an emphasis to expand on future ecological hybrid materials for desert and dryland architecture.

Daniela A. Ottmann

Chapter 2. Rapid Urbanisation, Desertification and SDGs: Limits to Sustainability

Abstract

Efforts to limit the global warming potential increase to 1.5 °C require adaption strategies such as reduced energy and water usage in urban areas through greening cities and water recycling. Yet, desertification vulnerable areas continue to expand in tandem with an ongoing population expansion in precisely those climatically challenged regions. This chapter is devoted to summarising the policy and context of desertification, drylands, and the growing population of drylands. Within the constraints of natural resources required to fuel the rising urban construction demand, Urban Mitigation Strategies encompassing SDG15 to combat desertification are explored in conjunction with SDG11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) in hindsight of ecological material systems drylands.

Daniela A. Ottmann

Chapter 3. Desert Climate Culture

Abstract

The cradle of human civilizations have its home in desert and dryland regions. Cultural achievements and civilizational ingenuity go hand in hand with modifying local resources earth, vegetation, sun, wind and water. The metamorphosis of the abundant matters into entire empires and manifold inventions leads to these peoples’ success. Still, it impacts the way settlements and the use of materials and passive climate design works. With no electric-mechanical apparati to make things more convenient and architectural shape had to have bioclimatic and socio-cultural integrated reasoning. Here the interdependence of the molecular composition of matters into fractals of bricks, blocks, neighbourhood clusters and entire step pyramids are interrelated.

Daniela A. Ottmann

Chapter 4. Desert Climate Design

Abstract

People in hot and arid locations were driven to build their homes using climate-enhancing, resource-saving, and energy-saving measures due to a lack of biodiversity and water supplies. We discuss oasis settlements and vernacular passive cooling architecture as magnificent examples of human co-evolution with the natural ecosystem that is well-balanced. In light of the above and the requirement for urbanization in the drylands, this chapter finishes with a critical assessment of the required reduction of GHG emissions in the building industry and a reconsideration of local ecological resources climate-adaptive design concepts.

Daniela A. Ottmann

Chapter 5. Climate Matters: Ecological Materials for Deserts and Drylands

Abstract

Extreme bioclimatic environments necessitate extra efforts to create a habitable environment. We argue that local cultures in deserts and drylands have pioneered ecological material systems to create artificially inhabitable climate enclosures. As a result, a similar approach enhanced by technological progress in developing ecological materials for deserts and drylands is required to continue those efforts toward a sustainable future of net-zero desert and dryland architecture. The material selection criteria for this publication are discussed here, and the foresight of a tool to think new eco-efficient materials.

Daniela A. Ottmann

Chapter 6. Abiotic Materials

Abstract

This chapter seeks to catalogue abiotic resources found in deserts and drylands which are comprised of raw non-biotic materials, i.e. raw materials that are derived from non-living organisms. The source of material resources is essentially focused on hyper-arid, arid, semi-arid and sub-humid regions characteristic of drylands and deserts. With the objective of promoting existing ones and establishing new building materials, this chapter records materials in their raw format as well as their existing use as a construction material if applicable. Materials are classified under five basic applications: structural system, infill, cladding or skin, insulation or thermal mass and binding agent. Advantages and disadvantages consider criteria such as abundance, low GHG emission, resistance, durability, recyclability, toxicity, and thermal properties.

Daniela A. Ottmann

Chapter 7. Biotic Materials

Abstract

This chapter aims to provide a list of biotic resources found in deserts and drylands that are made up of raw biotic materials or materials generated from living creatures. Material resources are mostly concentrated in hyper-arid, arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid regions typical of drylands and deserts. This overview documents materials in their unprocessed state, as well as their use as building material. Materials are assigned to basic construction applications such as structural system, infill, cladding or skin, insulation or thermal mass, and binding agent for quick reference in their suitability to be utilised as future composite materials.

Daniela A. Ottmann

Chapter 8. Hybrid Materials

Abstract

This chapter aims to compile an overview of traditional and emerging ecological composite materials found in deserts and drylands. These materials could be a hybrid of abiotic and biotic components or just one material group. The material resources are concentrated in hyper-arid, arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid regions. The selection of hybrid materials considers reducing resource consumption, the local abundance, and the thermal and structural capacities relevant to the bioclimatic surround. The five basic construction uses of materials considered in this chapter are structural system, infill, cladding or skin, and insulation or thermal mass.

Daniela A. Ottmann

Chapter 9. Potentials for New Ecological Building Materials in Deserts and Drylands

Abstract

Based on the findings of various abiotic, biotic and hybrid building materials adhering to ecological standards, we are identifying further needs and demands for the development of exiting raw matters. The tradition has made use of a limited choice of materials but has equally invented ingenious mixes of biotic and abiotic sources, resulting in ecological composite materials. We discuss ecological composite building materials and a combination of previously listed biotic and abiotic resources in drylands. As potential ingredients for future ecological composites suitable for drylands, we rearrange those into categories of binder/matrix and reinforcement/filler.

Daniela A. Ottmann

Chapter 10. ‘eComposite’ Tool for Ecological Composite Building Materials

Abstract

For future ingenuity of bioclimatic building technology as well as working with renewable resources for future net-zero sustainable urban development, we propose a composition of compressive and tension strength materials applicable to compose composite materials. Furthermore, those material compositions are embedded into a circular urban repository approach where the consideration of reuse, recycling and upcycling plays a role as well. Low emission and sustainable production processes are also integrated into this combinatory matrix to ideate, design and development ‘new’ ecological composite materials for deserts and drylands.

Daniela A. Ottmann

Chapter 11. Conclusion: Future Desert Architecture Material Systems

Abstract

We discuss the applicability and the future challenges for bioclimatic building endeavours posed to ever-increasing construction activities at the rate of swindling renewable resources. The choice for low-emission building materials and systems is considered within the holistic smart design of building techniques. Based on ecological ingredients for material compositions in the previous chapters, we aim to expedite integrative research topics. We conclude that future ecological material systems consider integrated multifunctional building components and serve the bioclimatic design considerations for net-zero desert architecture.

Daniela A. Ottmann

Backmatter

Titel: Ecological Building Materials for Deserts and Drylands
verfasst von: Dr. Daniela A. Ottmann
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-95456-7
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-95455-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95456-7