Electrical Transmission Systems and Smart Grids

Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology

herausgegeben von: Miroslav M. Begovic

Verlag: Springer New York

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

Electric transmission networks are among the largest human-made engineering systems: For example, the transmission network in the United States covers over 300,000 km of lines and is served by 500 companies (electric utilities). In sharp contrast to the very incremental developments of the last century, transmission and control technologies experienced a major breakthrough at the beginning of the 21st century. The rapid growth of new energy generation technologies (renewables), significant advances in information processing applied to system monitoring, planning, operation, control, and protection, radical changes in distribution networks, and key shifts in end user behavior (advanced metering and control of demand response) have combined to produce the modern integrated electrical infrastructure commonly referred to as the smart grid.

Featuring state-of-the-art, peer-reviewed entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, this book provides a detailed introduction to select key topics which span energy technology, engineering, and urban planning. Worldwide experts discuss the integration of electric energy infrastructure into the broader critical infrastructures of the modern world and their various interdependencies. Dedicated chapters cover specific topics ranging from underground transmission and distribution, to energy and water interdependence, and their implications for urban areas. Coverage also includes the key role of new policy initiatives as catalysts of change.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Electrical Transmission Systems and Smart Grids, Introduction

Abstract

Transmission systems represent the backbone of the electric energy. They support transport of electric energy from large producers (power plants) to the load centers (residential areas, manufacturing facilities, business centers or a combination thereof). Those networks are probably among the largest human-made engineering systems – the transmission network in the United States covers over 300,000km of lines and is served by 500 companies (electric utilities).

Miroslav M. Begovic

Chapter 2. Distribution Systems, Substations, and Integration of Distributed Generation

Abstract

This entry describes the major components of the electricity distribution system – the distribution network, substations, and associated electrical equipment and controls – and how incorporating automated distribution management systems, devices, and controls into the system can create a “smart grid” capable of handling the integration of large amounts of distributed (decentralized) generation of sustainable, renewable energy sources.

John D. McDonald, Bartosz Wojszczyk, Byron Flynn, Ilia Voloh

Chapter 3. Renewable Generation, Integration of

Abstract

The integration of renewable generation consists of all of the changes in power system operations that are required in order to allow renewable generation sources to play a significant role in the electricity system. The impacts are mostly due to variable generation (VG), like wind and solar power. Historically these technologies have been labeled as intermittent generation, but recent trends prefer the label variable generation. Variable generators have a maximum available generation limit that changes with time (variability) and this limit is not known with perfect accuracy (uncertainty). This uncertainty and variability is in addition to that of the existing system and can therefore create additional challenges for grid operators to maintain their current levels of reliability.

Bri-Mathias Hodge, Erik Ela, Paul Denholm

Chapter 4. Transmission Blackouts: Risk, Causes, and Mitigation

Abstract

Power system blackouts result in complete interruption of electricity supply to all consumers in a large area. While it may be possible to trace a blackout’s beginning to a single incident (e.g., transmission line sagging into a tree), cascading outages are the result of multiple low-probability events occurring in unanticipated or unintended sequence. The likelihood of power system disturbances escalating into a large-scale cascading outage increases when the grid is already under stress.

Damir Novosel

Chapter 5. Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control

Abstract

A power system consists of generators which convert energy from some primary form – such as coal, wind, gas, sunlight, or water flow – into electric power. Most generators in modern power systems produce alternating currents and voltages (AC) which are then transmitted over appropriate distances to supply loads. It is economical to transmit power at higher voltages in order to limit losses in the transmission lines.

James S. Thorp, Arun G. Phadke

Chapter 6. Smart Grids, Distributed Control for

Abstract

Distributed control for smart grids is the use of distributed grid assets to achieve desired outcomes such as increased utilization of transmission assets, reduced cost of energy, and increased reliability. Distributed control is a key enabler to meet emerging challenges such as load growth and renewable generation mandates.

Frank Kreikebaum, Deepak Divan

Chapter 7. Underground Cable Systems

Abstract

Underground cables have been used from the earliest time as integral parts of the power distribution and transmission system. Compared to their overhead analogues, they have been long regarded as the most critical of components due in part to their high total installed cost, their unique ampacity requirements, and the complexity of their installation. Thus, even from the very first technical papers, the sustainability, through reliability and longevity, has been of paramount importance. This contribution addresses the focus on sustainability today while maintaining a linkage to the lessons that have been already learned.

Yamille Del Valle, Nigel Hampton, Josh Perkel, Caryn Riley

Chapter 8. Energy and Water Interdependence, and Their Implications for Urban Areas

Abstract

There are many definitions for sustainability. Mathis Wackernagel, creator of the ecological footprint concept, defined sustainability as “securing people’s quality of life within the means of nature”. The United Nations’ World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission) defined sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” . Throughout this report, sustainability will be defined as the development of the anthroposphere within the means of nature.

Liz Minne, Arka Pandit, John C. Crittenden, Miroslav M. Begovic, Insu Kim, Hyunju Jeong, Jean -Ann James, Zhongming Lu, Ming Xu, Steve French, Muthukumar Subrahmanyam, Douglas Noonan, Marilyn A. Brown, Jess Chandler, Yongsheng Chen, Eric Williams, Reginald Desroches, Bert Bras, Ke Li, Michael Chang

Chapter 9. Sustainable Smart Grids, Emergence of a Policy Framework

Abstract

A smart grid is an electricity network that can (1) cost-efficiently integrate a diverse set of generators, (2) enable consumers to play an active role in managing the demand for electricity, and (3) operate at high levels of power quality and system security. Policies to promote smart grids include net metering tariffs and time-of-use pricing; interconnection and technology standards; subsidies, targets and goals; customer privacy protection laws; and rules governing the ownership of renewable energy credits

Marilyn A. Brown, Shan Zhou

Backmatter

Titel: Electrical Transmission Systems and Smart Grids
herausgegeben von: Miroslav M. Begovic
Verlag: Springer New York
Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4614-5830-2
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-5829-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5830-2