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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Emissions from Solid Biofuel Combustion: Pollutant Formation and Control Options

verfasst von : Isabel Höfer, Martin Kaltschmitt, Alexander Beckendorff

Erschienen in: Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass)

Verlag: Springer New York

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Biomass

The biodegradable part of products, wastes, and residues of agriculture of biological origin (including animal and vegetable matter), forestry, and associated industries, including fisheries and aquaculture.

Combustion

During the thermochemical conversion of the complete combustion the chemical structure of biomass is destroyed by heat application and converted via intermediate steps to the main products carbon dioxide and water.

Main elements

Includes the elements with the highest amounts in biomass: C, H, O, N, and S. Typically, in case of combustion, the main products during the oxidation reaction are CO₂, H₂O, NO_x, and SO_x.

Minor elements

Includes the inorganic ash- and particulate matter-forming elements Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, P, Si, Al, Fe, and Cl in biomass.

Particulate matter

Complex mixture of extremely small particles (~ nm range) and liquid droplets that get with the exhaust gas of a combustion unit into the air. These small particles consist mainly of the elements K, Na, Cl, S, and P. Once inhaled, the particles can affect heart and lung and cause serious health effects.

Bottom ash

The noncombustible residue of biomass during the combustion process, mostly consisting of inorganic elements (see minor elements).

Additivation

Mineral (metallic) supplementary substances which are added to the biomass to prevent undesirable emissions and, in particular, to suppress the solid-gaseous-particle pathway of the particulate matter-forming compounds.

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

Recording the mass change of a sample as a function of temperature and time.

Elemental analysis (EA)

The determination of the concentration of the elements present in biomass or the respective biomass ash, mainly for main and minor elements, can also be applied for existing trace elements.

X-ray diffraction (XRD)

Identification of crystalline phases by diffraction of X-ray radiation on ordered structures.

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Titel: Emissions from Solid Biofuel Combustion: Pollutant Formation and Control Options
verfasst von: Isabel Höfer
Martin Kaltschmitt
Alexander Beckendorff
Verlag: Springer New York
Buch: Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass)
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7812-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4939-7813-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7813-7_1043